3). How does a caregiver justify making decisions such as those mentioned above, decisions that are based on the caregiver's values and beliefs? Harris is very clear in this regard that these issues are both moral and philosophical, and the real problem is in how the issues are resolved and based on what standards and morals.
It's not merely about understanding the "natural of moral problems," John Harris explains (p. 4), and it's not just about what is right and what is wrong with reference to medical and human issues. But rather the answers following a decision that is framed in a morally right or wrong context have to be followed up with a good autonomous reason as to "why this is so," Harris continues (p. 4). It is Harris's assertion that a person can only claim that the action they took or the decision they made was based on…...

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Works Cited

Beckwith, Francis J. "Absolute Autonomy and Physician-Assisted Suicide: Putting a Bad Idea

Out of Its Misery," in Suicide: A Christian Response: Crucial Considerations for Choosing

Life, Eds. T. Demy ad G. Stewart.

Bickenback, Jerome E. "Disability and Life-Ending Decisions," in Physician-Assisted Suicide:

Autonomy and Pregnancy
Personal autonomy lies at the heart of the pro-choice movement and is an issue that impacts every pregnant woman. Any person who has been pregnant can tell you that pregnancy has consequences to the individual, both short-term and long-term. Some of those consequences are seemingly minor, but others can be literally life-threatening. However, while the pro-choice anti-choice debate focuses on maternal rights and fetal rights, there is little discussion of the impact of maternal choices on fetuses when mothers choose to carry a pregnancy to term, but engage in behaviors that are less-than-optimum for fetal health. The reality is that maternal behavior has consequences for the lifelong health for the developing child. There are several maternal behaviors, such as alcohol or drug usage during pregnancy that can lead to lifelong disabilities for the developing child. However, there are other maternal behaviors that are linked to optimal fetal health…...

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References

Munson, R. (2011). Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Medical Ethics. Cengage Learning.

Current brain imaging surveys and other experiments also present evidence that child abuse could permanently damage neural structure and the functioning of the developing brain itself (Carloff).
Cohen (2001) discusses the merits of art therapy with its innate therapeutic qualities, which simultaneously activate the nervous system, the brain, the endocrine and the immune system in a uniquely particular way to support effective clinical management. Psycho-neuroendoimmunology connects an unregulated stress response to health, with stress as the underlying neurological dynamics of psychological and behavioral symptoms. Stress triggers an adaptive sympathetic nervous system response aimed at maintaining an optional state of functioning. This nervous system regulates the fight, flight, or freeze response to stress, which in turn provides the energy for survival and temporarily sharpens memory and brain function. Nature intends the use of this sympathetic adaptive response for survival, but the external reality is that our daily lives or urban environment…...

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References

1. Al-Kurdi, H. (2006). Messing with Our Minds. Dirty Tricks, Inc. VOXNYC.  http://www.voxfux.com/features/mind_control_child_abuse_cover_up.html 

2. Bower, B. (1996). Small Hippocampus Linked to Higher Risk of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Science News: Science Service, Inc.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n20_v149/ai_18319734 

3. Brick, N.D. (2005). How Childhood Sexual Abuse Affects Interpersonal Relations. Smart News.  http://members.aol.com/smartnews/howchildhoodsa.htm 

4. Carloff, A. (2002). Child Abuse and Damage. Punkerslut.  http://www.punkerslut.com/articles/childabuse.html

This step would also require an assessment of the various "what-if" outcomes that might result from sharing the genetic information with the mother only, both the mother and the father, or neither of them.
Step Four

Based on the foregoing considerations, the physician would appear to have an ethical responsibility to share his discovery with the mother, but the decision to share this information with the father should be at the discretion of the mother. This step would require a careful assessment of Hispanic culture's views on these issues and what eventualities might interfere with the decision.

CONCLUSION

One of the unfortunate consequences of the human condition is the need to make tough decisions based on limited information that can have profound consequences. The research showed that patient autonomy is a particularly important area where the outcomes of ethical decisions can have life-or-death implications. The amount of medical information that should be provided…...

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References

Parens, E. & Asch, A. (2000). Prenatal testing and disability rights. Washington, DC:

Bowles, W., Collingridge, M, Curry, S. & Valentine, B. (2006). Ethical practice in social work:

An applied approach. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.

Cottone, R.R. & Claus, R.E. (2000). Ethical decision-making models: A review of the literature. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78(3), 275-283.

The Appeal Court reversed the decision declaring that 922(q) is invalid as it interfered in state matters. The Federal government did not have the right to interfere in matters such as possession of firearms in or near a school. The significance of the case is that it once again highlighted the limits of the power of the federal government. Chief Justice ehnquist declared that the congress had the power to regulate the channels of commerce, the instrumentalities of commerce and actions that affected interstate commerce. The Lopez case was therefore considered outside the federal jurisdiction.

Heart of Atlanta (Motel) v. The United States'

This case related to the application of commerce powers and also involved racial discrimination. This case involved commerce clause and Civil ights Act. The Court ruled that Congress had the power to regulate a business that served interstate travelers. It also declared that racial discrimination disrupts commercial intercourse and…...

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Reference: Nebbia v. New York, ( http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/case/272/print )

The plaintiff, an owner of a Motel in Georgia, which is easily accessible to the two main interstate highways solicited its patronage from within Georgia as well as nationally, where 75% of it registered guests originate. Prior to the passage of the Civil Rights Act, the motel had a policy of refusing service to African-Americans, and intended to continue that practice. The issue in the case was that if the refusal of motel patrons who are African-American is in violation of Title II?

This caring paradigm goes far beyond any one individual nurse and produces acts of caring that transcend any one theory and become associated with a greater good -- holism and non-judgmental care (Watson, 1989, 32).
Ethics- the power of Watson is that she does not see humans in a vacuum, but as the compilation of many different experiences that work to enrich and enliven their lives, but that cannot ever be known by the nurse unless the nurse is open to non-verbal communication. Too, transpersonal caring is the idea that the patient takes responsibility for their own health and works in conjunction with the nurse to achieve the best health outcome possible. (Watson, 1989, 70). This is a very Zen way of looking at healthcare -- the harmony between mind, body and soul -- with disease as disharmony -- but with a very real desire to change that experience into…...

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REFERENCES

Galadher, M. (2003). Nursing and Human Rights. Stoneham, MA: Butterworth.

Rai, G. (2009). Medical Ethics and the Elderly. Abington, UK: Radcliffe Publishers.

Watson, J. (1989). Nursing: Human Science and Human Care. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Watson, J. (1997). The Theory of Human Caring. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(1), 49-52.

Moreover, a hospital employee who saw Mrs. Edwards and the treatment that she was given could have understood that he or she is the only thing standing between the patient and probable death. By having Chantal as a nurse attending Mrs. Edwards the hospital staff failed to think about how the relationship between the two women made it difficult for the former to look at the situation from an impartial point-of-view. As a consequence, it is very probable that Chantal's intervention influenced the rest of the staff to express less interest in Mrs. Edward's case. Her 'eccentricity' thus came to be accepted as being real and the staff felt that all that they could do at this point was to discharge her.
Objection:

The right to refuse treatment is probably one of the most important rights presently accessible by hospital patients who suffer greatly and who feel that their torment is…...

autonomy guarantee a person harmful oneself? To ? Explain response ethical rationale. Part the principle of autonomy certainly does not grant an individual the right to harm others. Autonomy may be one of the most fundamental aspects of free will, or is better thought of as the ultimate expression of free will since it is not hampered. However, the autonomous exercise of that free will only exists within the context of other ethical considerations. In particular, Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative is an ethical principle that explicitly denotes that autonomy does not permit the harming of others. Kant's categorical imperative is the belief that there are certain actions or deeds that are innately moral, and that must be followed (Guthrie, 2008). Conversely, there are also some actions and deeds that are fundamentally immoral, and should never be engaged in. This concept relates to the notion that people should not inflict…...

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References

Beauchamp, T. (2008). "The Principle of beneficence in applied ethics." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from  http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/principle-beneficence/ 

Guthrie, S.L. (No date). "Immanuel Kant and the categorical imperative." www.sguthrie.net. Retrieved from http://sguthrie.net/kant.htm

Hirst, E.W. (1934). "The categorical imperative and the golden rule." Philosophy. 35 (9): 328-335.

Klempner, G. (2007). "Kant's categorical imperative and the golden rule." www.electronicphilosopher.com. Retrieved from  http://electronicphilosopher.blogspot.com/2012/03/kants-categorical-imperative-and-golden.html

Psychology of Sport Exercise
Conroy, D.E., and Coatsworth, J.D. (2007). Assessing autonomy-supportive coaching strategies in youth sport. Psychology of Sport Exercise, 8(50, 671-684.

Summary of Research Findings: Grounded in the application of self-determination theory to sports, this non-experimental study examines a component of motivational climate commonly referred to as autonomy support. The study was designed to examine whether youth engaged in organized sports could differentiate between the strategies used by their coaches to support the young athletes' autonomy.

The participants in the study consisted of 99 girls and 66 boys (N = 165) between the ages of seven and 18 years. Specifically, data was collected at three points during the six weeks the participants were engaged in a recreational summer swimming league. Measures were taken at the end of weeks 1 and 5 of perceived coaching behavior, and at week 1 and 6 for psychological need satisfaction.

The research instrumentation included the psychometric properties…...

hat is the current level of autonomy among NPs?

How independent are nurse practitioners? It is well-known that NPs desire and deserve autonomy -- which gives NPs "substantial control over [their] professional practice" (Bahadori, et al., 2009, p. 513). The research conducted by Bahadori and colleagues shows that of 48 primary care NPs (all of whom attended a state clinical conference in Florida and completed a detailed questionnaire with 30 items to evaluate), "…had very high levels of autonomy" (517). Specifically, NPs that had been practicing in "family specialty practice area" reported "greater clinical decision-making authority, and the NPs involved in acute care had "…very high levels of autonomy also" (Bahadori, 517). The conclusion for this article explained that while the NPs enjoyed "high levels of autonomy," and had high levels of skill and accountability, that had "…only moderate levels of empowerment" (rights, privileges, and legal status) (Bahadori, 518).

Collaboration and autonomy…...

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Works Cited

Bahadori, a., and Fitzpatrick, J.J. (2009). Level of autonomy of primary care nurse

Practitioners. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 21(9), 513-519.

Carryer, J., Gardner, G., Dunn, S., and Gardner, a. (2007). The core role of the nurse

Practitioner: practice, professionalism and clinical leadership. Journal of Clinical Nursing,

Patient Autonomy
The concept of patient autonomy, as opposed to medial paternity, is one that has gained much ground in recent years; "... about 30 years ago, issues began to appear that were difficult to solve using traditional ethics. New medical and reproductive technologies, research controversies, and a societal ethos that questioned all authority posed difficult questions." (Czaplyski, Larry, 2002)

At issue in this paper is the meaning and significance of patient autonomy and the way in which is relates to medical paternity. As the discussion will outline, the case for patient autonomy is not only ethically valid but also essential for the moral and practical balance in the medical profession. Underlying this view is the fact that the issue of patient autonomy does not exist in isolation or in the medical field alone - but relates to other issues and ethical problems in the society at large. These larger issues…...

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Bibliography

Bernstein Maurice, (2004) Social/Political Paternalism vs. Patient Autonomy.

Retrieved October 4, 2004 from Bioethics Discussion Blog: Web site: http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/2004/07/socialpolitical-paternalism-vs.-patient.html

Bradley, Gerard V. (1989). "Does autonomy require informed and specific

Refusal of life-sustaining medical treatment." Issues in Law & Medicine, December 22, 1989. Czaplyski, Larry. (2002)

Client Autonomy in Community Health & Nurse Safety in Community Practice
Nurses involved in community nursing often face ethical and practical dilemmas, particularly with regard to the issue of patient autonomy. Community practice differs for nursing in more formal settings in that there are many complex variables that can intervene in nursing care.

they are made more complex because of the influence of the setting (isolation from nursing colleagues, role ambiguity, the shift in control, family dynamics, and the increased need to collaborate). Even something as simple as access to patients in the community cannot be assumed in the same way it can be in acute care.

(Ethical Awareness for Community Care Nurses)

Examples of this complexity are cases where access is refused by the client, even when the client is in need of urgent assistance. This presents an acute problem on an ethical level for the community nurse. As Stulginski (1993) points out.…...

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Bibliography

Aulisio M. The Home Setting: Posing Ethical Challenges to Clients and Caregivers. Retrieved may 16, 2005 fropm Community Ethics. Web site:

http://www.pitt.edu/~cep/61homecarechallenges.html

Ellis. J. ( 2003) The Client's Right to Know Their Nurse and Question Care vs. The Nurse's Right to be Protected from Harm. Retrieved May 15, 2005 from RNABC. Web site: http://www.rnabc.bc.ca/registrants/nursing_practice/articles/Client_Right_to_Know.htm

Ethical Awareness for Community. Retrieved 15 May 2005 from Care Nurses. Volume 3, Issue 11 - January 2001 web site: http://www.phen.ab.ca/materials/intouch/vol3/intouch3-11.html

SOCIAL SCIENCE. The topic file I upload, I upload 2 lecture outlines. *The kit reading "Individual Autonomy Social Structure" Freedom Culture. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall,1959 PP.5-14 LEE, DOROTHY.
The key social problem that Dorothy Lee is addressing is the relationship between personal autonomy and the structure and characteristics of the society of which the individual is a part. In particular, she looks at how "personal autonomy is supported by the cultural framework." As Lee points out at page 9 of her work, the relationship between personal autonomy and structure or the cultural framework, perhaps not obvious at first, is given by the way the latter determines the first.

Indeed, as her eloquent example of the Burmese novices points out, personal autonomy is often determined by the cultural framework. In other words, the individual determines his degree of personal autonomy based on the existing structure of the society he is part of.…...

Nursing Definitions
Autonomy

Autonomy in the nursing profession states the importance of the client's role in making decisions that reflect advocacy for the client (Wade, 1999, p.310). Ultimately, this includes taking care of the patient physically as well as mentally and emotionally, developing a relationship with the patient that is beneficial to his care and actively advocating for the patient's rights and care. This type of autonomy, it is important to note, is not the same as individual or work autonomy, yet it must be considered that empowerment in nursing autonomy will inevitably lead to better professional and personal autonomy and should also lead to increased job satisfaction (Wade, 1999, p.310).

Typical definitions of autonomy would include the idea of complete independence for the person making the decisions. However, in the case of the nursing profession, the client's needs and desires must be heavily weighed and, in fact, become central to the idea…...

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References Cited

Wade, G.H. (1999). Professional nurse autonomy: Concept analysis and application to nursing education. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 30(2), 310-8.

Gaylord, N. & Grace, P. (1995). Nursing advocacy: An ethic of practice. Nursing Ethics, 2(1),

11-18.

White, L. (2004). Foundations of nursing: Second edition. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning.

Attribute of Organizations
Autonomy at work

Autonomy at work and freedom to make decisions goes a long way to motivate the employees on achieving much beyond their targets with little or no supervision since they will be responsible for their own decisions. The most interesting job that I have done is being a picnic and tours guide for the high school vacation groups particularly during the school breaks. This involves helping the students to access the interesting sites in groups, planning their logistics, guiding their tours and putting together activities for them. In as much as there was sufficient room to make decisions on my own, there could have been more autonomy extended to me as a guide in terms of the choice of the sites to suggest to the different groups instead of the employer always dictating the sites where a particular group was to be take. There could have been…...

To tackle a three-page essay on the meaning of freedom for enslaved people in the United States, it is very important to keep in mind that there was no single idea of freedom.  The condition of slaves varied tremendously throughout the United States.  Some slaves lived near urban areas and had relatively high amounts of personal autonomy as well as exposure to free people of color, while other slaves were in isolation on plantations and may not ever encounter free people or color or even regularly encounter slaves held captive on other plantations.  In addition, men, women,....

Ernest Hemingway’s short story “Hills Like White Elephants” is, in many ways, a traditional Hemingway tale.  What we mean by that is that the story could be read in a somewhat misogynistic manner and one of the protagonists is some version of the great white hunter that plays such a recurring role in Hemingway’s stories. 

To determine a thesis for the essay, it is important to understand the short story.  First, the story is short.  In fact, it is only four pages long.  Second, the interactions in the story only cover a very short....

Literacy is important in all subjects because it plays a crucial role in fostering effective communication and comprehension. It enables students to understand and interpret information, allowing them to engage with various subjects effectively. Here's the answer with proper spacing and format:

1. Improved Communication: Literacy skills provide students with the ability to read, write, speak, and listen effectively. These skills enhance communication, enabling students to articulate their thoughts, ideas, and opinions clearly in any subject.

2. Comprehension and Critical Thinking: Literacy equips students with the ability to understand and interpret various texts, whether they are related to mathematics, science, humanities, or....

Firms can effectively meet the challenge of technological change by redesigning their innovation ecosystem. Here is a step-by-step guide with proper spacing and format:

1. Assess the current innovation ecosystem: Start by analyzing the existing innovation ecosystem within the firm. Understand the strengths, weaknesses, and bottlenecks that hinder technological change adoption. This evaluation will provide insights into the areas that need redesigning.

2. Identify emerging technologies: Keep a close eye on emerging technologies in the industry. Understand their potential impact on the market and how they can disrupt existing business models. This step will help firms stay ahead of the curve and....