Money functions as a placeholder in any economic system; it does not have value outside of what its users place in it as a system of exchange. As noted by Asmundson & Oner (2012), the creation of money is one of the most significant developments in human civilization. Without money, human beings would be reduced to bartering for goods and services. While this may be feasible on a small-scale, community basis, this is not true for a national economy. For many centuries, gold and silver were the primary means of universal exchange, and all national currencies were linked to the possession of precious metals. But “eventually, the paper claim on the precious metal was delinked from the metal,” and paper money became common, although “fiat money is materially worthless, but has value simply because a nation collectively agrees to ascribe a value to it” (Asmundson & Oner, 2012, par. 10).…...

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References

Asmundson, I., & Oner, C. (2012). What is money? IMF Journal, 49 (3). Retrieved from:

Gandal, N., Hamrick, J., Moore, T., & Oberman, T. (2018). Price manipulation in the Bitcoin ecosystem. Journal of Monetary Economics. Retrieved from: Is blockchain the next great hope or hype? (2017). Wharton School. Retrieved from: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/blockchain-next-great-hope-hype/

Yellin, T., Aratari, D. & Pagliery, J (2016). What is Bitcoin? CNN. Retrieved from: http://money.cnn.com/infographic/technology/what-is-bitcoin/

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/09/basics.htm

Bitcoin
Explain the Functions of Money

Money as a Means of Exchange

This is a vital function of money in an economy because without money, the only way of exchanging goods and services would be by means of barter, which implies a direct exchange of one commodity for another. The economies we line in are monetary economies in which most of the goods and services produced are exchanged via the intermediary of money, rather than through barter. Whenever money is used to pay for goods and services or for the purpose of settling transactions, it is functioning as a medium of exchange (Jain et al., 2011).

Money as a Unit of Account

Money ought to be able to measure exactly what something is worth. Money should provide an agreed standard measure by which the value of different goods and services can be compared. This implies that the function of money in the economy would be…...

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References

Goldstein, J., Kestenbaum, D. (2011). What is Bitcoin? NPR. Retrieved 4 April 2016 from:  http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2011/08/24/138673630/what-is-bitcoin 

Jain, T. R., Ohri, V. K., Mahji, B. D. (2011). Principles of Macroeconomics. New Delhi: VK Publications.

Krugman, P. (2013). Bitcoin is Evil. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2016 from: http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/bitcoin-is-evil/?_r=1 

Schwartz, A. J. (2008). Money supply. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics.

Cryptocurrencies: Background, Details, Advantages
Anyone mildly acquainted with cryptocurrency has probably heard of a currency called Bitcoin. Bitcoin and the success of bitcoin are what helped surge interest within the entire cryptocurrency market, as many view bitcoin as the pioneer of the market as a whole. According to the authoritative website cointelegraph.com, “A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency designed to work as a medium of exchange. It uses cryptography to secure and verify transactions as well as to control the creation of new units of a particular cryptocurrency. Essentially, cryptocurrencies are limited entries in a database that no one can change unless specific conditions are fulfilled” (2017). The marketplace of cryptocurrency now has several digital-based coins, and many investors view it as where the future of money is headed, though to many it remains a nebulous somewhat mysterious place. 

Most Popular

As stated earlier, bitcoin is probably one of the most…...

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References

Bajpai, P. (2018, March 18). What Are the 6 Most Important Cryptocurrencies Other Than Bitcoin? Retrieved from

Bloomberg, J. (2018, March 10). We Need To Shut Bitcoin And All Other Cryptocurrencies Down. Here's Why. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonbloomberg/2018/03/10/we-need-to-shut-bitcoin-and-all-other-cryptocurrencies-down-heres-why/#1b7955841bca

Bradford, L. (2018, February 26). How Millennials are Using Cryptocurrency to Build the Future. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurencebradford/2018/02/26/how-millennials-are- using-cryptocurrency-to-build-the-future/2/#36c07997366b

Cointelegraph.com. (2017, December 5). What is Cryptocurrency. Guide for Beginners. Retrieved from https://cointelegraph.com/bitcoin-for-beginners/what-are-cryptocurrencies#history

Foley, S., Karlsen, J., & Putni?š, T. J. (2018). Sex, Drugs, and Bitcoin: How Much Illegal Activity is Financed Through Cryptocurrencies?

Medal, A. (2017, 11). 10 Incredible Uses for Cryptocurrency and Blockchain You Probably Haven't Thought of. Retrieved from https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/305859

Rogers, S. (2018, March 12). 8 Important Words You Should Know About Cryptocurrencies. Retrieved from https://interestingengineering.com/8-important-words-you-should-know-about-cryptocurrencies

https://www.investopedia.com/tech/most-important-cryptocurrencies-other-than-bitcoin/

RMMagazine 1
Tuttle, H. (2018). Only half of ransomware payouts result in data recovery. Retrieved from http://www.rmmagazine.com/2018/04/02/only-half-of-ransomware-payouts-result-in-data-recovery/
Tuttle (2018) describes how ransomware attacks are rising and people are losing their data to these attackers, who hack into computers and networks, take the information that is stored therein by locking out the users and obliging them to pay a ransom in order to get access to their data. This is why it is called ransomware. The hackers hold the data hostage (instead of people), and if the ransom is paid, then the hackers are supposed to give access back to the rightful owner. However, as Tuttle (2018) shows, there is really only a 50-50 chance of one actually getting their data back if they do decide to pay the ransom.
These findings come from the research firm CyberEdge Group, which “found that 55% of organizations were compromised by ransomware last year” (Tuttle, 2018). That is…...

The finance world is finally abuzz with news of bitcoin and other cryptocurrency. What are cryptocurrencies, and what do potential investor need to know about them? This bitcoin essay offers a brief background of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, also referring to the blockchain software that underlies them. Then, this bitcoin essay explores what financial analysts say about the viability of bitcoin as an investment. Finally, this essay will how and why people purchase bitcoin, as well as how bitcoin can be used as both currency or as investment.
Because they are taking the financial world by storm, is important to learn about bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. This bitcoin essay will explain bitcoin in simple terms anyone can understand. Ultimately, this essay will show that bitcoin is a risky but potentially lucrative investment. Although the numbers of “bitcoin billionaires” is low, there are a lot of ordinary people who have made a…...

Poverty in the Land of Prosperity: Problems and SolutionsIntroductionPoverty is a major problem in American societyone that has only gotten worse in recent years. One of the big factors in poverty is the offshoring of labor, which means the loss of domestic job opportunities, which are sent overseas. It means lost wages for Americans. At the same time there is also the other problem of the devaluation of the dollar, which lessens the purchasing power of the lower and middle classes. All of this leads to wealth transfer from the lower to the upper classes, and it helps the top 1% to become wealthier, while the lower 99% stay poor and become poorer. This paper argues that the offshoring of labor and the devaluation of the dollar are the two main problems regarding the issue of poverty; at the same time, others make the counterargument that globalization and central banking…...

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ReferencesBernanke, B. S. (2013). The Federal Reserve and the Financial Crisis. Princeton University Press.Congressional Budget Office. (2018). The Distribution of Household Income, 2016. Retrieved from   Eichengreen, B. (1992). Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919-1939. Oxford University Press.Scott, R. E. (2015). The China Toll Deepens: Growth in the Bilateral Trade Deficit Between 2001 and 2013 Cost More Than 3.2 Million U.S. Jobs, with Job Losses in Every State. Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved from The China toll deepens: Growth in the bilateral trade deficit between 2001 and 2017 cost 3.4 million U.S. jobs, with losses in every state and congressional district | Economic Policy Institute (epi.org)https://www.cbo.gov/publication/55413 

Information LearnedOne of the biggest ways the information learned in Cybersecurity Law and Policy will be applied to my life and work to increase my future career success in FIN TECH is simply in being able to use the understanding of laws and regulations. I am especially interested in applying this understanding to the realm of cryptocurrency, decentralized finance, and anti-money laundering activities. I would like to focus my career on the latter, but due to the rise and popularity of the former, I believe there will be a great deal of overlap, and I am interested in learning even more about it in the coming years.Banking regulation will always be a part of that environment as well, but there is a great deal of mistrust in the public about centralized finance, which I think is part of the reason for the rise of Bitcoin and altcoins. Understanding these as…...

Pony Botnet attack. Details about the attack, resolutions, and concerned parties will be studied.
Background/Hacking

Botnets can be loosely described as a collection of interconnected compromised devices, known as 'zombies', synchronously working with compromised devices to execute malicious tasks. Zombies are not self-directed like internet worms; they need proper direction to carry out a particular function. Zombies can be transmitted by a variety of channels for instance, an Internet elay Chat (IC) channel, from where the commands are sent by a master channel by these zombies (Jermyn et.al, 2014). Some typical botnet tasks include mass spamming a company's email address. One email address could be attacked by numerous zombie devices instigating a denial of service.

In case of smartphones, botnets can cause potential damage to cellular network infrastructure because they have firm hierarchical dependencies; therefore, they would be unable to counter this cyber-attack. The recent academic work based on mass botnet attacks…...

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References

Cybercriminals use Pony Botnet (2014, February 24). NBC News - Breaking News & Top Stories - Latest World, U.S. & Local News. Cybercriminals Use 'Pony' Botnet to Steal Bitcoins, Digital Currencies - NBC News. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from  http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/security/cybercriminals-use-pony-botnet-steal-bitcoins-digital-currencies-n37571 

Cyber Experts Uncover (2013, December 5). Insurance Journal - Property Casualty Insurance News. Cyber Experts Uncover 2 Million Stolen Passwords to Global Web Accounts. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from  http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/international/2013/12/05/313069.htm 

Jermyn, J., Salles-Loustau, G., & Zonouz, S. (2014). An Analysis of DoS Attack Strategies against the LTE RAN. Journal of Cyber Security,3(2), 159-180. Retrieved, from  http://riverpublishers.com/journal/journal_articles/RP_Journal_2245-1439_323.pdf 

Kushner, D. (n.d.). Rolling Stone -- Music, Movies, TV, Politics, Country, and Culture. Hackers Courted by Government for Cyber Security Jobs - Rolling Stone. Retrieved June 16, 2015, from  http://www.rollingstone.com/feature/the-geeks-on-the-frontlines#i.15aflb8xvvdm3r

In this dark net essay, we will investigate the dark net. We will describe what it is, what it is not, and how to access in it. The essay will contain information about how the dark web became a way to engage in criminal activity, including: buying and selling drugs; buying and selling weapons; buying and selling fake IDs; trafficking in counterfeit goods; and buying and selling credit card information, social security numbers, and other information necessary for identity theft. The essay will delve into some of the history of the dark net, including the founding of Silk Road, and other services such as nucleus and alpha bay. It will explore the relationship of the dark net to digital currency like bitcoin and blockchain. Our example essay will not only explain the dark net, but also show you how to write the individual parts of an essay including the: introduction,…...

In this dark net essay, we will investigate the dark net.  We will describe what it is, what it is not, and how to access in it.  The essay will contain information about how the dark web became a way to engage in criminal activity, including: buying and selling drugs; buying and selling weapons; buying and selling fake IDs; trafficking in counterfeit goods; and buying and selling credit card information, social security numbers, and other information necessary for identity theft.  The essay will delve into some of the history of the dark net, including the founding of Silk Road, and other services such as nucleus and alpha bay.  It will explore the relationship of the dark net to digital currency like bitcoin and blockchain.  Our example essay will not only explain the dark net, but also show you how to write the individual parts of an essay including the: introduction,…...

ECBs ole in Stabilizing the Euro: Literature eviewIntroductionIn 1999, the European Central Bank (ECB) took on the role of overseeing the monetary policy for the EU to ensure a stable currency. During the nearly two decades that have passed since, the ECB has faced two significant economic crises: the first very early on its new role, and the second approximately half a decade later when the Great Economic Crisis sent waves throughout the global economy. In order to understand the uniqueness of the ECBs challenge in overseeing monetary policy in order to ensure stability in the Euro, is that the EU is not one nation but several nations, distinct in culture and economy, brought together under one umbrella monetary management system as it were. Navigating the widespread differences and establishing a policy to manage them so that both Germans and Greeks, for example, can share in the benefits of the…...

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ReferencesBlundell-Wignall, A. (2014). The Bitcoin question: Currency versus trust-less transfer technology. OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, 37, 1.Cermak, V. (2017). Can Bitcoin Become a Viable Alternative to Fiat Currencies? An Empirical Analysis of Bitcoin’s Volatility Based on a GARCH Model.De Grauwe, P., & Ji, Y. (2015). Correcting for the Eurozone design failures: the role of the ECB.  Journal of European Integration, 37(7), 739-754.Funabashi, Y. (2009). Forget Bretton Woods II: the Role of U.S.-China-Japan Trilateralism. The Washington Quarterly, 32(2), 7-25.Gencer, G., & Musoglu, Z. (2014). Volatility transmission and spillovers among gold, bonds and stocks: an empirical evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 4(4), 705.Haitsma, R., Unalmis, D., & de Haan, J. (2016). The impact of the ECB\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s conventional and unconventional monetary policies on stock markets. Journal of Macroeconomics, 48, 101-116.Hall, S. G., Swamy, P., & Tavlas, G. S. (2012). Milton Friedman, the demand for money, and the ECB’s monetary policy strategy. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 94(3), 153-185.Heller, R. (2017). Monetary mischief and the debt trap. Cato Journal, 37(2), 247-261.Katsiampa, P. (2017). Volatility estimation for Bitcoin: A comparison of GARCH models. Economics Letters, 158, 3-6.Krugman, P. (2009). The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008. NY: W.W. Norton.Neuenkirch, M. (2012). Managing financial market expectations: the role of central bank transparency and central bank communication. European Journal of Political Economy, 28(1), 1-13.Poole, W., & Wheelock, D. C. (2008). Stable prices, stable economy: keeping inflation in check must be No. 1 goal of monetary policymakers. The Regional Economist, (Jan), 4-9.Reis, R. (2017). QE in the future: the central bank’s balance sheet in a fiscal crisis. IMF Economic Review, 65(1), 71-112.Rogers, J. H., Scotti, C., & Wright, J. H. (2014). Evaluating asset-market effects of unconventional monetary policy: a multi-country review. Economic Policy, 29(80), 749-799.Rosa, C. (2016). Fedspeak: Who Moves US Asset Prices?. International Journal of Central Banking, 12(4), 223-261.Schreiber, D., Ermel, U. T., Figueiredo, J. A. S., & Zeni, A. (2016). Analysis of innovation and its environmental impacts on the chemical industry. BAR-Brazilian Administration Review, 13(1), 56-75.Schwaab, B., & Eser, F. (2013). Assessing asset purchases within the ECB’s securities markets programme (No. 1587). European Central Bank.Van Lerven, F. (2016). Quantitative easing in the Eurozone: A one-year assessment. Intereconomics, 51(4), 237-242.Wang, S., & Vergne, J. P. (2017). Buzz Factor or Innovation Potential: What Explains Cryptocurrencies’ Returns?. PloS one, 12(1), e0169556.

57 Spillover Effect on the Stock Market and Bond Prices in Relation with GARCH
Abstract
This study examines the spillover effect between bond and stock markets in the U.S. using GARCH. The finding of a unidirectional spillover flow from bonds to stocks in the U.S. is discussed in the light of new marketplace variables that have been introduced into the markets in the previous decade. These variables include the rise of HFT, algorithm-driven trading, and central banking interventionism via unconventional monetary policy. The effect on forecasting volatility, price and return of asset classes, studied through the lens of other commodity price movement and volatility—such as oil and gold markets—creates a compelling picture for why GARCH models may need to be reworked to incorporate new data regarding the new ways in which the 21st century marketplace is using technology and central bank interventionism to shape market movements and market outcomes.
Table of Contents

1 Introduction 4
1.1…...

Pervasive Video Games as Art
The form and function of art has evolved and changed quite a bit over the years, decades and millennia. Paintings and sculpture have been artistic mainstays for much to most of the world of the civilized human race. However, with the technological revolution that has roared up over the last fifty years or so, new forms of art have bubbled to the proverbial surface. Digital technology has enhanced prior forms of art e such as photography. Beyond that, completely brand new forms have art have been created and the latter is what this report is assessing in the form of pervasive video games. The depth and breadth of this art and the effects it has on its users and fans when done will are worthy of massive study and analysis both in this report and elsewhere.

Chapter I - Introduction

Video games, at this point in history in…...

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References

Blizzard. "World of Warcraft." World of Warcraft.   / (accessedhttp://us.battle.net/wow/en 

May 29, 2014).

Bogost, Ian. Persuasive games: the expressive power of videogames. Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press, 2007.

Dave Collum's (2016) Annual Year in Review posted at Peak Prosperity and Zero Hedge one week ago gives a lengthy rundown on the year's social, political and economic events, with the core focus of the report going to what will happen in 2017 with the price of equities, precious metals (PMs), and bonds. Collum provides analysis on investing, the U.S. economy, banks, geopolitics and much more in order to justify why he is currently at nearly 60% cash (with expectations of a substantial market correction -- or "mean regression" as he puts it -- to the downside, Collum wants to be sure to have funds available to purchase at the bottom). This paper will analyze Collum's Review and evaluate outcome expectations using three general economic principles (taken from Mankiw's Ten Principles of Economics, three macroeconomic indices, their relation to the overall article, their impact on one another and an appropriate…...

Tesla AnalysisSWOT AnalysisStrengths Strong brand equity around the world Strong culture of innovation Strong and dynamic leadership team Economies of scale Access to low cost capital sources in both the debt and equity markets. Government policies cater towards productionWeaknesses Potential lack of focus with the acquisition of Solar City. Upfront costs relative to other transportation choices is still high Highly capital-intensive business which requires large amounts of continued investment thereby lowering distributable earnings to shareholders The product relies on commodities which are subject to high levels of inflation and price volatility.Threats The company is subject to economic recessions and depression that can occur unexpectedly Consumer sentiment towards the brand can change as new competitors enter the companies target markets Foreign competition can lower prices through various government subsidies and regulations (I.E. China)Opportunities Large amount of capital is being dedicated to the ESG space. Consumers have a large desire to purchase…...

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References1. Levin, T. (2021). From bitcoin to emissions credits, here\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\'s how Tesla got creative to turn its biggest profit ever. Retrieved from   Olsen, P. (2019). Tesla Model 3 Loses CR Recommendation Over Reliability Issues. Retrieved from  https://www.consumerreports.org/car-reliability-owner-satisfaction/tesla-model-3-loses-cr-recommendation-over-reliability-issues/ 3. Tesla. (2013). Mission statement. Retrieved from https://www.tesla.com/blog/mission-tesla4. Thompson, A. (2020). Crafting & Executing Strategy: Concepts and Readings for Competitive Advantage (Custom 22nd ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.5. Tully, S. (2020). Tesla’s biggest profit center is dangerously close to running out of power. Retrieved from  https://fortune.com/2020/09/30/tesla-profit-revenue-environmental-credits-elon-musk/https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-earnings-profit-bitcoin-regulatory-emissions-credit-sales-elon-musk-2021-4 2.

## Crypto Market Dynamics and Emerging Trends

### 1. Decentralized Finance (DeFi)

- Growth and Innovation: DeFi protocols offer a range of financial services, such as lending, borrowing, and trading, without the need for intermediaries.
- New Tokenomics: DeFi introduces innovative token designs that reward liquidity providers and community members.
- Interoperability: Cross-chain bridges allow users to transfer assets across different blockchains, facilitating DeFi activities.

### 2. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)

- Digital Collectibles and Art: NFTs represent unique and verifiable digital assets, enabling the ownership and trading of digital art, collectibles, and other items.
- New Markets: NFTs create new markets for digital creators, artists, and collectors.
-....

One recent news story related to drug trafficking in Italy is the arrest of Italian mafia boss Raffaele Imperiale in Dubai in November 2021. Imperiale has been on the run since 2016, when he was convicted in Italy for drug trafficking and sentenced to 30 years in prison. His arrest highlights the global reach of Italian organized crime groups and the challenges law enforcement agencies face in tracking down and apprehending these powerful criminals.

Another potential essay topic related to drug trafficking in Italy is the increasing use of cryptocurrency by drug traffickers to facilitate their illicit activities. In recent years,....

One recent news topic related to fraud that could make a good essay subject is the rise of fraud in the cryptocurrency market. With the increasing popularity of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, there has been a corresponding increase in fraudulent schemes targeting investors. From fake ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings) to Ponzi schemes, investors are vulnerable to falling victim to these scams. This essay could explore the factors contributing to the rise of fraud in the cryptocurrency market, the impact on investors, and potential solutions to combat this growing problem.
Another news topic related to fraud that could make a good....

I. Introduction
A. Background information on cryptocurrency
B. Definition of cryptocurrency

II. History of Cryptocurrency
A. Emergence of Bitcoin
B. Early challenges and adoption
C. Expansion of different cryptocurrencies

III. How Cryptocurrency Works
A. Blockchain technology
B. Encryption techniques
C. Decentralized nature

IV. Benefits of Cryptocurrency
A. Security and fraud prevention
B. Accessibility and inclusivity
C. Potential for financial growth

V. Challenges and Concerns
A. Volatility and price fluctuations
B. Regulatory issues
C. Environmental impact

VI. Adoption and Mainstream Integration
A. Companies accepting cryptocurrency
B. Government regulations and policies
C. Public perception and acceptance

VII. Future of Cryptocurrency
A. Potential developments and innovations
B. Integration into....