Bystander Apathy
The term bystander effect is often referred in relation to a situation where a greater number of people are present, observing a person in distress, yet they will be just watching him suffer rather than help the person out of prevent the situation. This is basic psychological reaction, people are more likely to help a person in distress or take action against a situation if there are no witnesses present, it the fear of being judged and evaluated. The reason there is always a dispersion of responsibility is because people feel less accountable or responsible to help in a situation where there are more witnesses around, hence we conclude that since there are more people around, they can always help. This diffusion of responsibility often and only occurs, simply saying, the responsibility gets spread out and dispersed thus at the end of the day, no one comes to help…...

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References

Healthtree (2010a). The science and psychology of motivation

Healthtree (2010b). The role and power of motivation

Latane, B. & Darley, J. (1969). Bystander "apathy."

Neill, J. (2003). Situation vs. personality debate

Summary According to the authors, the bystander effect, or the commonly-accepted notion that individuals are less likely to intervene if they believe others are likely to do so, is affected by both personal and situational factors. Factors such as empathetic sympathy for the victim and a sense of personal distress can facilitate a bystander being willing to assist (Hortensius et al., 2016). This can be driven both by altruism or egotistical behavior, in other words by the desire to look more noble versus to avoid psychological discomfort on the part of the individual providing assistance (Hortensius et al., 2016).
Based on an experiment using cued reaction time, the authors found that character traits were a significant influence on the extent to which the bystander effect was manifest (Hortensius et al., 2016). While perceived personal distress and a feeling of sympathy for the victim resulted in a faster response to the emergency situation…...

Death of Kitty Genovese in 1964 was a gruesome and prolonged affair. Not only was Genovese stabbed to death; her killer inston Mosley first stopped half-way in the midst of the murder, allowing his victim to temporarily try to seek out a safe haven. He was able to finish his attack on her with a fatal blow because none of the onlookers called the police. Although the onlookers gave many poor excuses, ultimately their behavior seemed to be attributed to the fact that crimes occurring at a distance often elicit less compassion than those occurring right before the viewer. The phenomenon became known as the "bystander effect" (Mcfadden). The bystander effect is the assumption that there is less of a sense of guilt and moral responsibility when individuals are part of a crowd. People believe that other people will act instead and so they do nothing. This psychological term was…...

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Works Cited

Gansberg, Martin. "37 who saw murder didn't call police." The New York Times.

27 Mar 1964. 4 Apr 2016. Web. 15 Sept 2016.

McFadden, Robert. "Walter Mosely, who killed Kitty Genovese, dies in prison at 81."

The New York Times. 4 Apr 2016. Web. 15 Sept 2016.

One of the most easily noticeable applications of social psychology theories to the real world is the diffusion of responsibility. Related to the bystander effect, diffusion of responsibility describes what takes place when individuals do not take action to help others when in they are in a group, ostensibly because they believe someone else can or should be responsible. Individuals tend to stand by and watch assuming someone else will help, which is why diffusion of responsibility is known as the bystander effect. As natural as it might seem to diffuse responsibility when one is in a crowd, the consequences of the bystander effect can be devastating including loss of life (Lickerman, 2010). For this reason, organizations have recently incorporated Bystander Effect Training into their employee development programs (“Diffusion of Responsibility,” n.d.). For this exercise, I pretended to be a tourist who did not know how to buy a ticket…...

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References

“Diffusion of Responsibility,” (n.d.). UPenn. Retrieved online;

Lickerman, A. (2010). The diffusion of responsibility. Psychology Today. Retrieved online: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/happiness-in-world/201006/the-diffusion-responsibility

http://sites.psu.edu/aspsy/2014/02/18/diffusion-of-responsibility/

" (in Carr, 2005) Violation of privacy issues is a concern and Epstein (2002) makes the suggestion that incoming students be asked to sign a release enabling administrators to initiate actions should their behavior cause concern or seem erratic.
The work of anyard (2008) entitled: "Measurement and correlates of prosocial bystander behavior: The case of interpersonal violence" reports a study that examined the effects of gender and specific personality characteristics on bystander attitudes and behaviors. Findings of the study are stated to have been "…consistent with previous findings in that prosocial behaviors were higher among individuals with greater knowledge of sexual violence. Those who perceived higher effectiveness as a bystander were more willing to practice prosocial behaviors, and reported a greater number of actual behaviors." (anyard, 2008)

The work of Alan D. erkowitz entitled: "The Social Norms Approach to Violence Prevention" states that social norms research "…suggests that most males are mistaken…...

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Bibliography. Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention, Online available at: www.edc.org/hec/socialnorms/.

Berkowitz, a (2003B). Applications of Social Norms Theory to Other Health and Social Justice Issues. Chapter 16 in HW Perkins (Ed). The Social Norms Approach to Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse: A Handbook for Educators, Counselors, Clinicians, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass

Fabiano, P, Perkins, HW, Berkowitz, a, J Linkenbach & C. Stark. (2003) Engaging Men as Social Justice Allies in Ending Violence Against Women: Evidence for a Social Norms Approach. Journal of American College Health, 52(3):105-111.

Gottfried, MGS (2002). Perceptions of Others' Masculinity Beliefs: Conforming to a False Norm? Presented at the 110th Conference of the American Psychological Association, August 22-25, Chicago. Kilmartin, CT, Conway, a, Friedberg, a, McQuiod, T, Tschan, P & Norbet, T. (1999) Using the Social Norms Model to Encourage Male College Students to Challenge Rape-Supportive Attitudes in Male Peers. Paper Presented at the Virginia Psychological Association Spring Conference, Virginia Beach, VA.

Perkins, HW. (2003). The Social Norms Approach to Preventing School and College Age Substance Abuse: A Handbook for Educators, Counselors, Clinicians, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.

hat all this shows is that "there is something about a crowd of bystanders that inhibits helping behavior" (101).
The results of Latane and Darley's research were shocking. hy do some people act in altruistic or pro-social ways while others do not? To act altruistically means to work in a way that goes beyond our selves, our own egos, and work for the benefit of someone else. A true act of altruism has two properties: It must benefit someone else and it must be potentially costly to the benefactor (Clarke 6). alster and Poliavin define altruism as, "helping behavior that is voluntary, costly to the altruist and motivated by something other than the expectation of material or social reward" (6). This definition is a good one as it makes clear that there is a great distinction between egoism and altruism. True altruism is a regard for others without the concern…...

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Works Cited

Barber, N. Kindness in a Cruel World: The Evolution of Altruism. Prometheus Books, 2004.

Print.

Changing Minds. "The Bystander Effect. Changing Minds. 2011. Web. Accessed on March 14,

2011:  http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/bystander_effect.htm

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY AND WHAT DOES IT AIM TO STUDY?
Inspired by Kurt Lewin (1951), social psychology adopted the experimental method to study human behavior (Wood & Kroger, 1998). In this regard, Wood and Kroger (1998) report that, "Lewin's experiments in leadership style (autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire) became classics in the new experimental social psychology" (p. 267). Lewins' early work was carried on by Festinger and others who explored cognitive dissonance for the next 20 years at MIT and subsequently at the Universities of Michigan and Minnesota, making this one of the foundations of social psychology (Wood & Kroger, 1998).

Simply stated, social psychology uses the scientific method to study human social behavior (ogers, 2003). According to ogers, psychological social psychology "studies how social events and phenomena influence the ways in which individual people feel, think and act. It is concerned with the psychological processes (such as social perception and cognition) that go…...

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References

Hayes, D. (2004). RoutledgeFalmer guide to key debates in education. New York:

RoutledgeFalmer.

Karakashian, L.M., Walter, M.I., Christopher, A.N. & Lucas, T. (2006). Fear of negative evaluation affects helping behavior: The bystander effect revisited. North American

Journal of Psychology, 8(1), 13.

Ethics
The ole of Ethics in My Life

Ethics refers to the systematic and logical study of right and wrong behavior. The challenge with ethics is that ethical decisions are often subjective. Variables like personality, culture, and upbringing can all affect one's ethical character. Age and gender can also impact one's ethical decision-making process. The study of ethics has been an ongoing one in the field of philosophy, but it also has direct applications in fields ranging from law to medicine.

Almost all decisions have an ethical component. Even deciding what food to eat is an ethical decision, because the consumer chooses things like fair trade and organic over factory farmed and exploitative. Therefore, ethics can help me to create a more ethical and just society, by making choices that are congruent with core ethical principles. Ethical principles may include such things as fairness and the refrain from harm. Generally, there are two…...

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Reference

Hill, Kate. "The bystander effect: keeping silent on family violence." ABC. Retrieved online:  http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2014/05/07/3999663.htm

Part C

A number of excuses are given over the course of the film. The brother and sister of one of the perpetrators said they initially assumed the killer was drunk and disoriented. Later, they say that they didn't want to be involved in something 'negative.' The girlfriend of one of the killers also said he initially sounded drunk and confused. When she discovered the body of the victim, she called 911, but refused to give much information. The mother of one of the killer's friends says she was initially told the victim was fine, and then assumed he had been taken to an area hospital after the body was discovered. When 911 was called -- twice -- the vague attitude of both of the callers caused emergency personnel to treat the call as a non-emergency.

Decision tree

Source: Prevos, Peter. (2006, January 3). Explanation models for the bystander effect in helping behavior.…...

Human beings, being the more intelligent of all the other creatures, ought to act in a structured, responsible, and accountable way -- more so when it comes to the maintenance and/or restoration of order in the society. In so doing, they are expected to abandon and reject actions or behaviors that fly against the principles of an orderly society. In the picture resource provided, we can see several people going about their daily routines, oblivious of what else is happening around them. A casual look at the picture does not reveal anything out of the normal. However, upon closer inspection, several unusual things stand out -- including some weed overgrowth, litter, a stray dog on the loose, and two snakes lurking about despite this not being their natural habitat. None of those captured in the picture seem to be concerned at all about the state of their immediate environment. They…...

.....personal ethics derive from a combination of established codifications of moral conduct, such as those embedded in political documents or in religious scripture, but also from my personality, my upbringing, and my worldview. I tend towards a utilitarian point-of-view, in that I do believe that the consequences of actions are more important than worrying about whether an action is inherently right or wrong. I also believe that there are situational variables that make true deontological ethics almost impossible to apply universally and without hypocrisy. Although I make some decisions based on the principle of doing the maximum amount to good for the maximum number of people, I also recognize the importance of a strong ethical character when making decisions "Six Ethical Theories Rough Overview," n.d.). This is why I believe that there can be no one ethical theory that encompasses all situations. A person who has a strong ethical character,…...

, 2006). He visualized and described the malignancy process. He suggested that early that "cells of tumors with unlimited growth" would develop with the elimination of chromosomes, which inhibit the growth. The multiple genetic alterations in these inhibiting chromosomes are today known as TSGs. The theory supposes that cancer arises from functional defect or absence of one or more TSGs. Clinical trials of TSG gene replacement therapy for breast cancer include the viral wild-type p53, Rb, and mda7. Molecular chemotherapy involves the introduction of suicide genes. The concept evolved from the assumption that cancer cells could be made more sensitive to chemotherapeutics or toxins by introducing "suicide genes." It was a concept initiated in the late 80s. Suicide gene therapy is categorized into toxin gene therapy and enzyme-activating pro-drug therapy. Suicide gene therapy is also called gene-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy or GDEPT. GDEPT treatment consists of the delivery of the…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abaan, O. D and Criss, Wayne E (2002). Gene therapy in human breast cancer. 32

(2002): 283-291 Turkey Journal of Medical Science: Tubitak. Retrieved on April 15,

2010 from  http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/issues/sag-02-32-4-1-0204.pdf 

Lowery, A.J., et al. (2009). MicroRNA signatures predict oestrogen receptor,

Booker Prize-winning novel Amsterdam by Ian Mcewan is not really about euthanasia per se; it is about the twisted relationships between the two main characters, Clive Linley, composer, and Vernon Halliday, newspaper editor. Deeply affected by the death of their mutual friend and lover Molly Lane, Clive and Vernon agree that if they should ever exhibit the symptoms of some deadly illness, that they agree to assist the other in euthanasia. Thus, the two friends initially start out by presenting a view of euthanasia that is strongly ethical; euthanasia is a meaningful and sometimes even necessary means to alleviate unnecessary suffering. After all, life is already filled with enough suffering. Extension of life by a matter of days, weeks, or even years does not necessarily equate with promoting the values inherent to a good quality of life.
As the events of the novel progress, however, Vernon and Clive demonstrate that their…...

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Works Cited

McEwan, Ian. Amsterdam. New York: Anchor, 1999.

"The Envelope. In your mail, there's something from UNICEF. After reading it through you correctly believe that, unless you soon send in a check for $100, then, instead of each living many more years, over thirty more children will die soon" (Unger, 1996:9, cited by Gordon, 1998). But people throw the UNICEF envelope out and buy a new pair of shoes instead.
Evolutionary theory states that the altruistic impulse has survived because it is helpful for the species to survive (Lecture notes: Module Six, 2007:1). However, this does not explain why some people are generous in some instances, and less generous in others Social learning theory postulates we learn from our culture and family -- firefighters may have seen altruism championed within their family, while the New ork unspoken code of 'look away' in the face of crime, don't make eye contact or get involved is an accepted cultural norm…...

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Yet New York City's history also holds a terrible example of one of the most extreme actions of human selfishness and indifference. A young woman named Kitty Genovese was murdered outside of her apartment. People were home, heard her screams yet no one tried to extend her any meaningful assistance. This example of selfishness, or the so-called bystander effect at its most insidious can be seen on the highway everyday, as a stranded motorist waits, while cars whiz by, and everyone continues to hurry to their next appointment, hoping that the person who has stranded has a working cell phone (Lecture notes: Module Six, 2007:4-5). Social responsibility becomes so diffuse in such instances no one gave aid, while the magnitude of 9/11 made everyone want to give all they could.

Philosopher Peter Unger points out that while most people would argue that it is a moral obligation for a person to jump into a river and muddy their clothes to save a drowning child, if they are physically capable of doing so, millions refuse to give to charity. "The Envelope. In your mail, there's something from UNICEF. After reading it through you correctly believe that, unless you soon send in a check for $100, then, instead of each living many more years, over thirty more children will die soon" (Unger, 1996:9, cited by Gordon, 1998). But people throw the UNICEF envelope out and buy a new pair of shoes instead.

Evolutionary theory states that the altruistic impulse has survived because it is helpful for the species to survive (Lecture notes: Module Six, 2007:1). However, this does not explain why some people are generous in some instances, and less generous in others Social learning theory postulates we learn from our culture and family -- firefighters may have seen altruism championed within their family, while the New York unspoken code of 'look away' in the face of crime, don't make eye contact or get involved is an accepted cultural norm of selfishness (Lecture notes: Module Six, 2007:2).Sociocultural theories suggest similarly that expectations leads those who are professional helpers should help, or those who are able-boded should help -- or at least donate blood to the cause of the fallen of 9/11. But only social-cognitive theory suggests that very personal variations of self-image are equally important, putting more of a personal 'spin' upon the altruistic impulse, and explaining why selfishness and altruism can exist in tandem in the same person. This image and these expectations of why and when we should help may vary from person to person within a culture and situation to situation (Lecture notes: Module Six, 2007:3-4). For example, a firefighter whose self-image is that of a masculine lifesaver may risk his life to save a strange child in a

Moreover, there were a number of smaller issues which augmented the overall failure of the project as a whole. Part of this was a result of the team members not wanting to obscure the fast paced frequency the project was being created in. There was essentially too much of a focus on getting the project done fast, rather than allowing the opportunity for creative differences to become a part of the process in order to mold the idea into a more appropriate direction for the client. Yes, the fast pace strategy completed the project a month ahead of schedule, but it failed the team by rushing an idea that was not properly matched to the client's needs and approved by the client before progressing further towards a final presentation. The client was not properly informed of the decision before the shooting process began. This created a situation where the team…...

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References

Robbins, Stehpen P. & Judge, Timothy a. (2008). Organizational Behavior. Prentice Hall.

Crafting Compelling Titles for Your Cyberbullying Essay

1. The Scourge of Cyberbullying: Digital Aggression and its Devastating Consequences
2. Cyberbullying: A Silent Epidemic Ravaging the Digital Landscape
3. From Keyboard to Cruelty: Exploring the Harmful Effects of Cyberbullying on Adolescents
4. The Cyberknife: Dissecting the Weaponization of Social Media for Harassment
5. Cyberbullying and the Erosion of Mental Well-being: A Call to Action

6. The Cyber Shadow: How Anonymity Fuels Online Victimization
7. Policing the Digital Wild West: Challenges and Strategies for Combatting Cyberbullying
8. The Bystander Effect in Cyberbullying: Uncovering the Role of Social Responsibility
9. Beyond the Screen: The Real-World Impact of Cyberbullying
10. Breaking the Cycle of....

The bystander effect is a social phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. This diffusion of responsibility can lead individuals to believe that someone else will take action, resulting in inaction on the part of all bystanders.

In emergency situations, the bystander effect can greatly impact individual responsibility. People may feel less accountable for taking action because they assume that others will step in and help. This can lead to a delay in providing assistance or even a complete failure to intervene, which can have serious consequences for the victim.

Additionally,....

The Bystander Effect: Diluting Individual Responsibility in Emergencies

The bystander effect, a psychological phenomenon, posits that individuals are less likely to intervene or help in emergency situations when other people are present. This curious tendency runs counter to the intuitive expectation that more onlookers should translate into more assistance. However, numerous studies have consistently demonstrated the paradoxical effect that as the number of bystanders increases, the likelihood of any one individual taking action decreases.

Factors Contributing to the Bystander Effect

Several key factors contribute to the bystander effect:

Diffusion of Responsibility: When multiple individuals are present, each person feels a reduced sense of....