The game further progressed to shooting each other off the top of the jeep with their fingers as they yelled "bang"
This game certainly showed some of the more aggressive sides of all the boys. The fact that the boys stuck with it and turned it into a more violent game would indicate some issues of gender difference as well. The game continued to evolve until another boy got knocked off the jeep and went crying to his mother. Most of the other parents then stepped in and pulled their boys from the game. (Some kids appeared to be entirely unsupervised. I was surprised to find that I could not figure out who their parents or caretakers were.) This was one of the times when Will was forced to return to his father for a timeout.

One of the chief observations I made about Will was how focused he was on…...

Parents, of course, will each raise their children a certain way, based on what they believe to be right and wrong. By observing a child at play, it is sometimes possible to get an idea of the parenting styles of that child's mother and/or father. For the child observed by this paper, there was the possibility that she had been the product of a particular kind of raising. Her mother was young, and sat nearby on a park bench. She was within reach, but far enough away that the child had the chance to experience some autonomy. The mother read a book, and was quiet - much like her child. Was that genetics at work, or was it a product of raising, intelligence, or something more? Again, it is all speculation.
Parents who strike a good balance between discipline and friendship generally have the most well-adjusted children, but there are…...

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References

Huitt, W & Hummel, J. (2003). Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University.

Sears, R.R., Maccoby, E.E., & Levin, H. (1957). Patterns of child rearing. Oxford, England: Row, Peterson, & Co.

Whiting, B.B. (1963). Six cultures: Studies of child rearing. Oxford, England: Wiley.

Child Observation (Deviant ehavior)
Labeling Theory and Deviant ehavior

In his book "Studies in the Sociology of Deviance," Howard ecker takes an unconventional approach to the concept of social deviance. ecker discusses the labeling theory in detail, giving examples of people whose behavior is deviant simply because it is labeled as deviant, such as marijuana users that are only deviant because of the label given to them. ecker discusses that once the "deviant" is so labeled, it will affect that person and to some degree he or she will accept this label, and the original behavior will be amplified. An observation of children at a day care center between the ages of four and five years old reveals an occurrence of labeling theory affecting social deviance.

The day care facility observed had twelve children under the supervision of two adults. The location of the facility was in an average middle-class neighborhood. Seven of…...

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Bibliography

Becker, Howard. Outsiders: Studies in Sociology of Deviance. Simon & Schuster, 1997.

Psychological scientists are levying great stress on using naturalistic observations methods for gaining understanding of human behavior as it is fundamental for development of new theories and methods of treatments of psychological patients. The naturalistic observation is a type of study classified under the broader category of field studies; no experimental approaches used in the field or in real-life settings. In the naturalistic observation method the researcher very carefully observes and records some behavior or phenomenon, sometimes over a prolonged period, in its natural setting. Its simple application to real life makes it easier to be used by Psychologists and becomes a preferred option as compared to experimental studies.
Naturalistic observation can be preferred over other experimental methodologies applied in assessment of child's behavior mainly because of its advantages. This method of assessment allows the observer to perform assessment of the behavior exactly as it takes place in the reality.…...

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References

McBurney, DH, & White, T.L. (2006). Research methods. (7th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing.

Miller, D.B. (1977). Roles of naturalistic observation in comparative psychology. American Psychologist, 32(3), 211-219. Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/amp/32/3/211/

Bratton, S., Ray, D., & Rhine, T. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: A meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes. Journal of Professional Psychology Research and Practice, 36(4), 376-390.

Cook, R.E., Tessier, A. & Klein, M.D. (2000). Adapting early childhood curricula for children in inclusive settings (5th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Merrill Prentice- Hall.

Child Observation
Term: Winter, 2014

John

Age of Child: 6 years old

Date of Observation: February 3, 2014

Time of Observation: 9:00 to 10:00

Place of Observation: Child Care Center

Other People Present in the Observation Setting: 1 teacher, 1 assistants, 15 other children

Development: Appears mostly normal; has some problems with fine motor skills and challenging cognitive skills.

Permission: Permission was granted by the Director of the Child Care Center, the child's teacher and his parents

John was observed unobtrusively from some distance. The observer sat at a desk in the classroom while the teacher and assistant worked with children. The observer did not interact with the child and in fact remained out of the way of the children and teachers for the duration of the observation. The observation included classroom activities such as children writing their names, coloring, and building puzzles. The children then had snacks after which they were allowed to play outside.

Social Development

John's social development proves…...

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References

McLeod, S. (2009). Jean Piaget. Simple Psychology. Retrieved from:  http://www.simplypsychology.org/piaget.html 

McLeod, S. (2007). Lev Vygotsy. Simple Psychology. Retrieved from:

Both of the children were a bit older, so he was not constantly monitoring their every move. Instead, his attention shifted from watching the girl, who was playing with another set of children, and watching his son, who was also playing in a separate area with another group of children. Periodically however, he was texting on his phone. This texting interrupted his watching the children. The girl would go to him for a couple of minutes at a time, but then she would run off with her friends again. The son did not approach his father again once he was playing with the other kids. The father was however, sitting less than ten feet away from the areas where both of his children were playing.
The father in this case was careful in terms of periodically observing what his children were doing and where they were, but he could have…...

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References:

Associated Press. (2009). Long-lost children rarely turn up. FoxNews. Retrieved 29 April 2013 from www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,528038,00.html

Child Care
Developmental Observation of Five-Year-old

Statement of esearch/Observation: To observe a five-year-old female child in her natural setting to determine age appropriate developmental stages.

Description of Child Being Observed: The subject is a five-year-old female: Maribel.

Planning Stages:

My friend has a five-year-old niece. The subject's mother was contacted and agreed to allow the observations to take place in her home and on the playground. The project was discussed and plans were made to accommodate all involved parties.

Introductory Visit:

The introductory visit was conducted at my friend's house, also the child's grandmother's home. Maribel often visits her grandmother and is very comfortable within this home setting.

Upon this visit, Maribel was introduced to me as her aunt's visitor. She said, "hi" to me, and asked me if I was visiting her aunt. I replied yes, and asked Maribel if she would like to sit with me and wait for her aunt. She said yes, so we…...

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References

Alliance for Childhood. "Importance of play." 2 May, 2003 http://www.allianceforchildhood.net/projects/play/index.htm

Bergen, D. Pretend Play and Young Children's Development. ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood, 2001. ERIC,ED458045.

Fisch, S.M., & Truglio, R.T. (2001). "G" is for growing: Thirty years of research on children and Sesame Street. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kagan, J. "Child." World Book Online Reference Center. 2004. World Book, Inc. 25 Mar. 2004.  http://www.worldbookonline.com/wb/Article?id=ar110700 .

In the second phase of the research, testing of the children in various areas related to their attitude towards outdoor play will take place. Appreciation and awareness of the natural world, signs of emerging independence or continuing dependence, and a variety of other variables associated by previous research with outdoor play will be examined. This will also provide some direct insight as to the factors that motivate outdoor play, allowing for further extrapolation. Specifically, plans and procedures for motivating increased outdoor play and more positive attitudes towards/greater appreciations of outdoor play will be recommended based on the findings of the two research phases. From this, the beginnings of a comprehensive view of early childhood attitudes towards outdoor play and the benefits of increasing positive attitudes towards outdoor play will hopefully be established.

Conclusion

The observations made in this research will not provide enough evidence to lead to any entirely conclusive results concerning…...

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References

Chan, L. & Louie, L. (2003). "The Use of Pedometry to Evaluate the Physical Activity Levels among Preschool Children in Hong Kong." Early childhood development & care 173(1), pp. 97-107.

Kernan, M. & Devine, D. (2010). "Being Confined within? Constructions of the Good Childhood and Outdoor Play in Early Childhood Education and Care Settings in Ireland." Children & society 24(5), pp. 371-85.

Maday, G, (2005). "Indoor play systems." Scholastic early childhood today 19(6), pp. 33-4.

Valentine, G. & McKendrick, J. (1997). "Children's outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children's safety and the changing nature of childhood." Geoforum 28(2), pp. 219-35.

Child Guidance
The Watertown (MA) Family Network creates a community for mothers who may not have anyone to ask questions about their infants and toddlers. As the video's narrator stated, "There are no roadmaps to raising children." With the Network, which is free and provides resources such as a new mom support group, parents do not need to feel as if they are all alone with this rewarding, but challenging, job of raising a child.

Epstein (2009) suggests there are five types of family engagement: childrearing, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, and representing other families. A comprehensive family involvement plan can be developed by choosing several of these types.

In the church-based childcare center where I worked, as with the Watertown Network, staff helped parents who had questions about what they should do at home. This center was in a military community where many young mothers were away from their own mothers and…...

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References

Grisham-Brown, J., Hallam, R., and Brookshire, R. (2006). Using authentic assessment to evidence children's progress toward early learning standards. Early Childhood Education Journal 34(1), pp. 45-51.

Kostelnik, M.J., Soderman, A.K., and Whiren, A.P. (2011). Developmentally appropriate curriculum: Best practices in early childhood education. Boston: Pearson.

Mueller, J. (2011). Authentic assessment toolbox. Retrieved from http://jfmueller.faculty

.noctrl.edu/toolbox/whatisit.htm

Interviews with his parents reveal a disturbing trend. His parents do not seem to want to challenge Christopher in any meaningful way and instead enable his lack of progress. Perhaps out of fear for his tantrums, Christopher's mother makes excuses for her son's behavior. The experiment of homeschooling Christopher has therefore been unproductive because he is not challenged, and therefore is not learning as much as he could be. His social skills have also been hampered by his homeschooling environment, and by the attitudes of his parents. Christopher does not understand certain social conventions. For instance, he will pass gas while talking to people or make a wolf whistle at a female.

Christopher has no real friends his own age. He seems to prefer being around adults due to the extra compassion and attention they show him. Christopher throws temper tantrums when he feels anxious or put on the spot, such…...

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References

"Asperger's Syndrome." WebMD. Retrieved online:  http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/tc/aspergers-syndrome-symptoms 

"Cleft Lip and Palate," (2011). Retrieved online:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002046/

This developmental theory provides one possible explanation for why Pelzer continued to defend and protect his mother for so long, and felt such a duty to do so; as the object of his repressed desires and his attempts to exhibit protective and masculine behavior, this would have been his essential task (Heffner 2003).
The age of six is somewhat on the cusp of Piaget's stages of preoperational and concrete operational. Many of the author's observations, such as that he "could determine what kind of day [he] was going to have by the way [his mother] dressed," suggest that he was already in the concrete operational stage, where future events could be abstracted from current information in a cause-and-effect manner (Pelzer 1995; pp. 30). Becoming stuck in this developmental phase due to a lack of stimulation and motivation was almost certainly a factor in the author's perspective throughout much of his…...

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References

Fraser, C.; Burchell, B. & Hay, D. (2001). Introducing social psychology. Malden, MA: Blackwell.

Heffner. (2003). "Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development." Accessed 12 October 2009.  http://allpsych.com/psychology101/sexual_development.html 

Pelzer, D. (1995). A Child Called it. Omaha: Omaha Press.

Springhouse. (1990). "Piaget's Cognitive Stages.'  http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/piaget.htm

In relationship of his reading comprehension -- Manuel knows how to read at grade level. He really does get the plain indication and can figure out the connotation of a lot of words in the course of context clues. He can effortlessly recapitulate what he has just read and grabbed some of the main ideas as well as extrapolations. His writing needs a lot of work. A lot of the time he leaves out things like prepositions and over uses the imperative regarding creating the words so that they could be plural. For instance -- take the word "children." Manuel will normally just adds an "s" on it so that it can be plural. During other times he does not make certain terms plural. Homonyms are a big issue for Manuel. His language appears to emphasis needs to be on structuring a basis of appropriate sentence structure and sentence…...

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Works Cited

Belland, B.G. (2008). A scaffolding framework to support the construction of evidence-based arguments among middle school students. Education Tech Research Dev., 21(9), 79-89.

Bodrova, E. & . (1998). Scaffolding emergent writing in the zone of proximal development. Literacy Teaching and Learning, 21(8), 1-18.

Clay, M.M. (2005, June 6). Literacy lessons designed for individuals: Teaching procedures. NH: Heinemann. Atlanta, Georgia.

Rodgers, E.M. (2004). Interactions that scaffold reading performance. Journal of Literacy Research, 12(7), 23-67.

Children's Literature
"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." This adage takes on various meanings according to context -- in the early twenty-first century, it will most likely be used to imply too much seriousness about schoolwork. But in the consideration of children's literature in the nineteenth century, we face the prospect of a society where child labor was actually a fact of life. e are familiar with the stereotypes that still linger on in the collective imagination, of young boys forced to work as chimney-sweeps or girls forced to labor in textile factories. But the simple fact is that between the present day and the emergence of children's literature as a category of its own, largely during the nineteenth century, there has been a widespread reform in labor practices and social mores which has altered the meaning of what "work" might mean for young Jack, or indeed…...

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Works Cited

Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women. Edited with an introduction by Elaine Showalter. New York: Penguin Books, 1989. Print.

Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Edited with an introduction by John Seelye. New York: Penguin Books, 1986. Print.

Child Abuse and Sexuality
There has been increasing awareness about stopping sexual child abuse, which has now become an important public health concern (Hammond, 2003; hitaker, Lutzker, & Shelley, 2005). In 2005 more than 83000 cases related to child sexual abuse have been listen in the state-based reports, that have been accumulated by the office of Child Abuse and Neglect (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [U.S. DHHS], 2007). Majority of these cases related to sexual abuse never get registered or reported. Finkelhor, Ormrod, Turner, and Hamby's (2005) conducted a survey a while back in which the sample constituted of parents along with children. The results of the survey were that, in the year before the survey, out of every 1000 children 82 have been a victim of sexual abuse (hitaker, 2008).

The abused child undergoes various problems socially, behaviorally, psychologically and physically. Depression, PTSD, somatization, and personality disorder affects the…...

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Whitaker, D.J. et al. (2008). Risk factors for the perpetration of child sexual abuse: A review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect 32, 529 -- 548.

Yoshihama, M. And Horrocks, J. (2010). Risk of intimate partner violence: Role of childhood sexual abuse and sexual initiation in women in Japan. Children and Youth Services Review 32: 28 -- 37

Ziersch, A., Gaffney, J., & Tomlinson, D.R. (2000). STI prevention and the male sex industry in London: Evaluating a pilot peer education program. Sexually Transmit ted Infections, 76, 447-453.

Thus, the participants with ASD were as able to attend to the images as the control group and imitate the perceived emotional state. However, only the typically-developing children showed activity in the pars opercularis during the imitation task. The pars opercularis is associated with some mirroring functions.
As expected, the scans revealed that the participants with ASD had far less activity throughout the MNS. Also as predicted, results indicated an inverse relationship between MNS activity and autism symptom severity. Symptom severity was assessed by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Interview.

Results therefore supported the hypothesis that ASD is correlated with a dysfunctional MNS. Children with autism often cannot understand, anticipate, or read the emotional expressions of others and the current study points to a possible underlying cause for this dysfunction. Typically developing children not only imitated the observed emotion but likely felt it as well; children…...

I. Introduction
A. Background information on child observation
B. Purpose of child observation
C. Thesis statement outlining the importance of observing children

II. Setting and Participants
A. Description of the setting where the observation took place
B. Demographic information about the child being observed
C. Information about any other participants present during the observation

III. Observation Details
A. Date and time of observation
B. Activities the child engaged in during the observation
C. Specific behaviors and interactions observed
D. Any notable interactions with other children or adults

IV. Key Findings
A. Description of key behaviors or characteristics observed
B. Analysis of....

Tips for Outlining an Essay on Child Observation

I. Introduction

Begin with a compelling hook, such as a vivid anecdote or thought-provoking statistic.
Briefly state the thesis statement, outlining the main argument or claim you will make about child observation.
Provide a brief overview of the essay's structure and main points.

II. Body Paragraph 1: Importance and Benefits of Child Observation

Discuss the significance of child observation in understanding child development and behavior.
Highlight the benefits of observing children firsthand, such as gaining insights into their cognitive, social, and emotional development.
Support your claims with research and examples from your own observations.

III.....