Civil ights Movement
Civil rights since 1954 with special reference to California's role

A growing Cause, 1776-1865

The Declaration of Independence asserted that "all men have been created equal," as well as in 1788, the U.S. Constitution presupposed to "secure the blessings of liberty" towards the United States citizens. These rights as well as liberties, nevertheless, had been meant just for white individuals of property. The actual Founding Fathers by no means thought that women, African-Americans (either slave and totally free), or males devoid of home may be the equal of the propertied white males vested with involvement within the civic area (Kukathas, 2008).

19TH century territorial development elevated civil rights problems amid those individuals who lost their areas as well as for brand new immigrants looking for financial success. Mexicans who apparently acquired their constitutional legal rights of citizenship following the U.S. takeover of the South west faced conflicts in racial conflicts, lynchings,…...

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References

Appleby, J., Brinkley, A. And Broussard, A.S. (2004). The American Vision, Florida Edition. The Civil Rights Movement 1954 -- 1968. Chapter 29. McGraw-Hill Companies / Glencoe.

Cobb, D.M., and Fowler, L. eds. (2007). Beyond Red Power: American Indian Politics and Activism Since 1900. Santa Fe, NM: School for Advanced Research.

Kukathas, U. (2008). Native American Rights. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press.

U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI). (2002; Revised -- 2008) Civil Rights in America: A Framework for Identifying Significant Sites. National Historic Landmarks Program, National Park Service.

Civil Rights Movement: rown v. oard of Education
There were many great moments in the civil rights movement, but none stands out more than the landmark case of rown v. oard of Education of Topeka. That case truly addressed the horrors of segregation and gave a measure of equality to black school children who wanted to be able to attend school with their white counterparts. Occurring in 1954, the rown case went all the way to the Supreme Court, where school segregation was determined to be against the United States Constitution (Patterson, 2001; Valadez, 2000). The decision was unanimous, which gave a lot of insight into the times and how they were changing to better address what was taking place in the hearts and minds of the people of the United States. Many things that have happened in the civil rights movement since the rown case have occurred because people realized…...

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Bibliography

Kasher, Stephen. The Civil Rights Movement: A Photographic History (1954 -- 1968). NY: Abbeville Publishing Group (Abbeville Press, Inc.), 2000.

Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality. NY: Knopf, 1975.

Patterson, James T. Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy. NY: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Valadez, Jorge M. Deliberative Democracy: Political Legitimacy and Self-Determination in Multicultural Societies. NY: Westview Press, 2000.

The milestone that the Civil ights Movement made as concerns the property ownership is encapsulated in the Civil ights Act of 1968 which is also more commonly referred to as the Fair Housing Act, or as CA '68. This was as a follow-up or reaffirmation of the Civil ights Act of 1964, discussed above.

It is apparent that the Civil ights Act of 1866 outlawed discrimination in property and housing there was lacking any provisions for the federal government to enforce it. This Act came in to put more weight on the previous Acts and ban discrimination on the sale, rental, and financing of housing pegged on race, religion, and national origin. This was further expounded upon in 1974 on gender as well as 1988 protecting the disabled under the same Act.

With the passing of these fundamental Acts and several others that augmented it, there was an upsurge in entry into…...

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References

About.com, (2011). 1909 - NAACP Is Founded. Retrieved March 12, 2011 from  http://history1900s.about.com/od/1900s/qt/naacp.htm 

Blackmon D. Slavery by another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II, Anchor Books (2009)

Case briefs, (2011). Civil Rights Cases. Retrieved March 12, 2011 from http://www.ecasebriefs.com/blog/law/constitutional-

law/constitutional-law-keyed-to-cohen/application-of-the-post-civil-war-amendments-to-private-conduct-congressional-power-to-enforce-the-amendments/civil-rights-cases/

During the mid 1960s, "highly public demonstrations" (525) became more popular and gained momentum among the community because popular and significant individuals close to the cause supported them. The power and attention these protest garnered illustrated just how serious African-Americans were in achieving their goals. The protests proved to the people that they could do more than they thought they could. They could accomplish things even though they were not in power and even while they suffered at the hand of oppression. Confidence and hope in one's generation was something very positive that emerged from the Civil Rights Movement.
The protests were good in that they empowered the people but this does not mean that they were without negative effects. Violence was one of the negative outcomes of the civil rights movement. Violence was never the goal during any civil rights gatherings or protests. Morris believes that from the beginning…...

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Works Cited

Bailey, Thomas and Kennedy, David. The American Pageant. Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company. 1994.

Carmichael, Stokely. "Black Power," Black Protest. Joanne Grant, ed. New York:

Ballentine Books. 1968. Print.

"Cities: The Fire This Time." Time Magazine Online. Web. February 2, 2011.

The Black Power phase was best embodied by one of its leaders, Malcolm X, a Muslim convert who used the Islam religion as his philosophy in promoting the Black Power movement's objectives, which promotes the use of violence as replacement to moral idealism in the black Americans' fight against discrimination and prejudice. More than anything else, the Black Power movement promoted the use of violence directly against white Americans -- that is, black Americans need to use violence in order to protect themselves against the oppressive white American society.

Under Malcolm X's leadership, the Black Power civil rights movement developed more radical goals. While under King's leadership, creating a society wherein both black and white Americans are equal is the social ideal of black Americans, the Black Power movement re-focused its demonstrations and protests to a more radical and idealistic goal: create a new social order wherein black Americans will dominate,…...

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Right after the success of Martin Luther King's fight against racial segregation through the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Black Power phase of the civil rights movement rapidly ascended to contest the congenial stance of King's SCLC.

The Black Power phase was best embodied by one of its leaders, Malcolm X, a Muslim convert who used the Islam religion as his philosophy in promoting the Black Power movement's objectives, which promotes the use of violence as replacement to moral idealism in the black Americans' fight against discrimination and prejudice. More than anything else, the Black Power movement promoted the use of violence directly against white Americans -- that is, black Americans need to use violence in order to protect themselves against the oppressive white American society.

Under Malcolm X's leadership, the Black Power civil rights movement developed more radical goals. While under King's leadership, creating a society wherein both black and white Americans are equal is the social ideal of black Americans, the Black Power movement re-focused its demonstrations and protests to a more radical and idealistic goal: create a new social order wherein black Americans will dominate, solely assuming control of this new society's economic and political activities and decisions. Combining both his Muslim beliefs and his being black American, Malcolm X argued for a new social order -- the Nation of Islam -- wherein this new society will have Islam's religious philosophy and traditions as the dominant and prevalent social order. Ultimately, the Black Power movement negated King's call for an integration of black and white Americans within one nation and territory, the United States.

In 1934 he published his first collection of short stories, entitled, the ays of hite Folks, which provided a series of short insights into the humorous and tragic interactions between the two races. During this time Hughes also established several theater groups in such cities as Los Angeles and Chicago. In 1935 he also received a Guggenheim Fellowship, which he used to help begin to write scripts for movies and plays. However, his dreams to create black films were stifled by the rampant racism of Hollywood. (Hughes, 1993; 122).
Shortly before his death, Hughes was awarded the Spingham Medal for distinguished achievements by an African-American from the NAACP. In 1961 he was inducted into the National Institute of Arts and Letters and, in 1971, the City College of New York awarded the first Langston Hughes Medal. (Hutson, 96).

One of Hughes most recognized poems is the work entitled Montage of a…...

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Works Cited

Bernard, Emily. Remember Me to Harlem: The Letters of Langston Hughes and Carl Van Vechten. New York: Knopf, 2001.

Hughes, Langston. The Big Sea: An Autobiography. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993.

Hughes, Langston. The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes. New York: Knopf, 1994.

Hutson, Jean Blawckwell and Nelson, Jill. "Remembering Langston." Essence Magazine. February 1992; p. 96.

By extension, this decision was expected to pave the way for a more equitable society.
The Civil Rights Act also served other equal-rights movements, such as the women's movement. This law gave women's rights activists in the 1970s legal standing to fight for equal pay and anti-sexual harassment policies. Furthermore, feminist theorists like Patricia Hill Collins pointed out black women faced dueling prejudices regarding their gender and race (Collins 2004). This integration of race and gender as interlocking systems of domination has had profound influences on the development of black feminist thought.

Feminists like Collins have drawn on the issues raised by the civil rights movement to articulate how women of color have different experiences and needs from their female counterparts.

The Civil Rights Movement also had important contributions to changes in the structure and role of the American family. In 1993, for example, the Family and Medical Leave Act was signed…...

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Works Cited

Collins, Patricia Hill. 2004. Black Sexual Politics: African-Americans, Gender, and the New Racism. New York: Routledge.

Newman, Mark. 2004. The Civil Rights Movement. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Patterson, James. 2002. Brown V. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (Pivotal Moments in American History). New York: Oxford University Press

Stuntz, William J. 2002. "Local Policing After the Terror." The Yale Law Journal, 111 (8). June.

It only makes sense that there be some Black bus drivers.
MLK: What if they offer some type of compromise?

Rosa: No compromises. I'm not just risking a fine and going through a legal battle. We've got to be realistic here. If this isn't successful, you and I and everyone else involved is going to be hounded for the rest of our lives. We're putting ourselves and our families at risk forever. For that, I think we need to hold out and make sure that we get everything we hope for.

MLK: Are you prepared to face the risks that they might try to hurt you in jail?

Rosa: I have. Do you any ideas about that?

MLK: Are you familiar with Mahatma Ghandi?

Rosa: Yes.

MLK: I think we need to stress to people that we all need to follow Ghandi's example. We can engage in civil disobedience, but we need to make sure to…...

The movement merely asked the founding fathers of this country to live up to their promises and provide freedom and equal opportunities for all.
In the early phases of the civil rights movement leaders asked the government to live up to its promises and provide equal opportunities from all. It received much support from minorities and even whites living in the United States.

After the period of 1965, considered the 'highlight' of the civil rights movement as described in this work, the emphasis and goals of the civil rights movement changed somewhat. Instead of merely seeking de-segregation among the goals adopted by the civil rights movement included access to equal employment opportunities, trade unions, utilization of affirmative action programs, fair housing and a "redistribution of wealth and services, changes in the functioning of institutions" and structure of fundamental affairs within the United States.

The moral fiber of the nation's Constitution and governing…...

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Bibliography

African-American Odyssey - Civil Rights Era." [Online]. 17, November 2004:  http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9.html 

Beck, S. "Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement." [online] 17, November, 2004: http://www.san.beck.org/WP26-MLKinghtml

Bennett, Lerone, Jr. What Manner of Man: A Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. New York:

Pocket Books, 1965. Abridged.

These two laws constituted the real beginning of the end for Jim Crow laws and practices.
EMPOWERING THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

The civil rights movement may have gained impetus and cooperation among people with differing opinions and goals from what Canady (1998) called the "animating principle," or the principle that got people of differing views and backgrounds working effectively together: the idea that dignity was the right of all men, women and children in the country, and not just those born to relative power. This sense of personal dignity was reflected in the Declaration of Independence, Lincoln's speeches during the Civil War, by Justice Harlan in his dissenting opinion of 1896, the rown vs. oard of Education ruling by the Supreme Court in 1954, and in the civil laws that followed. The Civil Rights movement embraced Harlan's view that our Constitution should be color-blind. People of all races and backgrounds worked…...

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Bibliography

Canady, Rep. Charles T. 1998. "America's Struggle for Racial Equality." Policy Review Number 87, Jan-Feb. Published by the Heritage Foundation. Accessed via the Internet 8/15/05. (Canady, 1998)http://www.policyreview.org/jan98/equality.html

Eagles, Charles W. 2000. "Toward New Histories of the Civil Rights Era." Journal of Southern History, Vol. 66.

Graham, Hugh Davis. 1997. "The Civil Rights Commission: The First 40 Years." Civil Rights Journal, Vol. 2.

Gueron, Nicole L. 1995. "An Idea Whose Time Has Come: A Comparative Procedural History of the Civil Rights Acts of 1960, 1964, and 1991." Yale Law Journal, Vol. 104.

Johnson (Edwards, Wallenberg, & Lineberry, 2008; Friedman, 2005). Likewise, American public schools had been officially desegregated by the 1957 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Ed. (EEOC, 2008), but progress implementing the requirements of that decision was painfully slow in many areas (Edwards, Wallenberg, & Lineberry, 2008).
The Civil ights movement suffered two tremendous setbacks in 1968 when both Martin Luther King and Senator obert F. Kennedy were assassinated. Martin Luther King had championed the process of non-violent protest, so it was sadly ironic that his assassination sparked riots in many large cities (Edwards, Wallenberg, & Lineberry, 2008). obert Kennedy had championed the cause of Civil ights, taking up the cause initiated by President John F. Kennedy before his 1963 assassination; in fact, it was the late president who had actually spearheaded the development of the Civil ights Act signed into law by his successor in office after his…...

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References

Edwards, G.C., Wallenberg, M.P., Lineberry, R.B. (2008). Government in America:

People, Politics, and Policy. New York: Longman.

Friedman, L. (2005). A History of American Law. New York: Simon & Schuster.

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of

Civil Rights Movement of the 1960's is a prime example of a movement containing both utopian and practical elements. To the outside observer, the passive resistance of the Montgomery Bus Boycotts and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s rousing "I Have a Dream Speech," seems hopeful and utopian. In contrast, the gritty determination of Malcolm X and the Black Muslims, who sought equal rights, but not integration, seems the more practical approach. However, both extremes of the Civil Rights Movement contained both practical and utopian elements. The outcome of the Civil Rights Movement was to accomplish most of the practical goals of both extremes and even some of the ideals. However, almost 40 years after the assassinations of both Dr. King and Malcolm X, the remnants of both extremes, as well as the rest of Americans, are still trying to decide which version of utopia to support.
Most Americans have at least…...

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Works Cited

"Study Guide." Brother Malcolm. 2004. Twenty-First Century Books. 10 Dec. 2004

<  http://www.brothermalcolm.net/studyguide/sg_main.html >.

'The Text of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' Speech." Holidays on the Net.

2004. Studio Melizo 9 Dec. 2004 <  http://www.holidays.net/mlk/speech.htm >.

Civil ights
Coming of Age in Mississippi is Anne Moody's memoir of the civil rights movement in the United States. It therefore serves a different purpose as primary source historiography, rather than analytical secondary source historiography such as that written by David Garrow and Harvard. Moody grew up on a plantation, in conditions that are simply extensions of slavery. Her first hand awareness of what racism is, and what it does not just to individuals but whole communities, offers chilling contrast to the otherwise colder and more distant historical analyses. The "Childhood" section of Coming of Age in Mississippi details the harrowing conditions under which Moody was raised. Poverty and the grinding effects of racism on their souls have beaten down Moody's family, and they take out their anger and frustration on their children. Anne's father leaves the family for another woman, leaving Anne forced to work as a domestic servant…...

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References

Cobbs-Hoffman and Blum, Edward J., 2012. Major Problems in American History, Volume II. Cengage.

Garrow, David J. "A Leader for his Time."

Moody, Anne, 1968. Coming of Age in Mississippi. Random House.

Sitkoff, Harvard. "Preconditions for Racial Change."

Civil Rights Movement Through illiam Moyer's Map
Civil rights movement in the United States has a long history that dates back to the 18th Century due to issues associated with slavery and other problems in the country. Despite the existence of this movement for a long period of time, it gained considerable attention in the 19th Century largely because of racial discrimination and equality issues that became prevalent across the country. Some of the other issues that fueled the re-emergence and development of the movement include voting rights, hate crimes, and racial profiling. In essence, the major factor that contributed to the emergence and growth of the civil rights movement is the struggle African-Americans experienced in attempts to achieve significant equality through ending racial discrimination. However, the development of the civil rights movement from the early 1950s over the next five decades can be explained on the premise of the Moyer's…...

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Works Cited

Andrew. "The Movement Action Plan." War Resisters' International. War Resisters'

International, 7 Aug. 2014. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. .

Hall, Jacquelyn D. "The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Political Uses of the Past." The Journal of American History (2005): 1233-263. Print.

American Civil ights Movement, which garnered large support and public attention in 1960 and continued for the next decade is largely considered one of the most powerful and driving force behind significant changes that took place on both a social and legislative level within the United States. The movement itself took place in order to stop racial discrimination and racism against African-Americans that for years had run rampant throughout the country. Despite the Movement's categorization of being dominant in American culture from around 1960 to around 1970, the truth exists that the American Civil ights Movement and its core values can be traced as far back as the 1783, which was the year that Massachusetts legally outlawed slavery within its borders (ThinkQuest 2010, pp.1). From then on, African-Americans, and their respective supporters rallied for change within the country, facing significant obstacles and set-backs along the way.
In viewing the history of…...

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References

Bailey, P. 2010. Black folks and the illusion of inclusion, in The Washington Informer,

46(49): pp. 22-24. Web. Retrieved from: ProQuest Database. [Accessed on 8 December 2011].

Civil Rights Act. 1964. CRA Title VII: Equal Employment Opportunities -- 42 U.S. Code.

Web. Retrieved from:   _act_of_1964 _cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21 [Accessed on 8 December 2011].http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights 

In turn-of-the-century America, there were some major civil rights advances for some groups, while other groups saw no advances in their civil rights and even saw advances that had been made begin to erode.  The time period was well after the end of the Reconstruction era and the beginning of Jim Crow laws, the rise of the suffragette movement, and a continued assault on rights for Native Americans.  There was also a significant increase in anti-Asian discrimination. Here are some suggested titles and thesis statements for an essay about civil rights in this era.

Essay Title....