The Federalist papers and constitutional ratification debates
In Federalist 10, James Madison discussed the types of factions, parties and interest groups that result from differences in wealth and property, as well as differences of opinion in religion, politics or ideology. He thought that differences in wealth and rank, at least those not based on birth, were determined by the diversity in faculties or abilities in human beings, and that government had to protect such diversity. Certainly, the two major political parties that exist today have significant differences by social class, religion, race, region and income, although there are also a huge number of factions, associations, lobbyists and interest groups outside of these parties.
Research Paper
Undergraduate
Student Rights and School Discipline: Key Supreme Court Cases
This paper discusses three recent US Supreme Court cases, all of which set limits upon discipline meted out to students within the public school system. The Court has found that students have a right to due process, although First Amendment rights are not absolute (the suspension of a student waving a pro-drug banner was upheld). While searches of student belongings and outer clothing have found to be constitutional, strip searches by school personnel must only be conducted under extreme circumstances such as when there is a risk to other student's lives and well-benig.
Piracy in the Mediterranean: Greene's Maritime History Review
Piracy is often thought of in narrow terms of seafaring criminal activity. However, at points in history, piracy was in fact a major force in helping to define the distribution of maritime power. The text by Greene, discussed in this essay, makes the case that the piracy that flourished in the Mediterannean during the 17th century would be a critical determinant in how cultural, religious, economic and sovereign powers would ultimately align.