Deontology vs. Utilitarianism
THE RIGHT CHOICE

Deontology is an ethical theory, which states actions should be performed according a previously ranked set of values (Johnson, 1996). It states that some rights must not be violated even if it may produce the greatest overall good. It sees rightness as something intrinsic, rather than extrinsic, to the action performed. It is generally attributed to the philosophy of Immanuel Kant on categorical imperatives. Deontology urges that actions or means to actions must themselves be ethical. It upholds ethical norms and truths to be universally applicable. Immoral actions are those, which are wrong in themselves and of themselves. Deontology requires that all people act with the view that their act be a universal pattern or norm of behavior. Immanuel Kant also maintains that people arrive at moral conclusions on what is morally right or wrong through rational thought. Deontology insists that the means must justify the…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andre, C. And Velasquez, M. (2010). Calculating consequences: the utilitarian approach to ethics. Markkula Center for Applied Ethics: Santa Clara University. Retrieved on November 9, 2011 from  http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v2n1/calculating.html 

Johnson, R.N. (1996). Deontological ethics. Macmillan: Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Retrieved on November 9, 2011 from http://web.missouri.edu/~johnsonrn/deon.html

The potential to be a good person is the core of Aristotelian ethics, which also posits that individuals should make decisions based on their desire to do good and their potential to do good. Virtue ethics is not based either on consequences or on absolute moral values and can thus provide a solid middle ground for basing any ethical economics theory. Unlike deontology, virtue ethics does not rely on authorities for enforcement. Instead, virtue ethics depends on internal issues like trust.
Neither deontology nor virtue ethics alone can create a substantial theory of ethical economics. Van Staveren thoroughly addresses situational variables that might constrict the application of either ethical theory to real-world economics. Her analysis is based on sound examples and reasoning. Deontology is too absolute to be of any ultimate value, whereas virtue ethics cannot be applied universally. Van Staveren draws the only logical conclusion: that both virtue ethics…...

As stated in the AICPA code of conduct, the accountants need to put aside their own points-of-view and use the unified school of thought that is presented in the code. This means that the accountants should work on a deontological perspective since the utilitarianism perspective is akin to breaking or bending the rules in order to satisfy their own interests.
The professional code of conduct was developed as a result of regulating the accountants who had failed to self-regulate themselves. This is also the reason behind the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Naturally, people are known to think about themselves first without considering the interests of others. Therefore allowing the utilitarianism point-of-view will simply be allowing the accountants to do as they please. Every person has their own virtues and thoughts on what is right or wrong. The basic tenet of utilitarianism will thus hurt the businesses since it will bring about egotism…...

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References

Hess, D. (2007). A Business Ethics Perspective on Sarbanes-Oxley and the Organizational Sentencing Guidelines. Michigan Law Review, 105(8), 1781-1816.

Micewski, E.R., & Troy, C. (2007). Business Ethics -- Deontologically Revisited. Journal of Business Ethics, 72, 17-25. doi: 10.1007/s10551-006-9152-z

By happiness it is intended pleasure, and the absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure." (Philosophical Classics, 2010. P.946).
This approach has been experienced a lot within the accounting fraternity. The actions of the accountant can be weighed to be right or wrong depending on the amount of pleasure they bring or otherwise. This approach helps in the quest for pleasure and the well being of each member of the community.

The utilitarian theory therefore is a pointer that the qualifications that are to be met or instituted within the accounting field by the AICPA are or should aim at being for the good of the clients and the firms as well as the practitioners for the eventual good of the accounting fraternity.

Bearing the sensitivity of the accounting field, the proneness to malpractice and the various abuses that can come up when loopholes are discovered, which end…...

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References

Catherine Rainbow (2002), Descriptions of Ethical Theories and Principles. Retrieved August 29, 2012 from  http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/kabernd/indep/carainbow/Theories.htm 

Philosophical Classics. (2010). Utilitarianism and Morality essays. Retrieved August 29, 2012 from http://www.*****/viewpaper/27298.html

" (Duska and Duska, 2003)
Duska and Duska state that the accountant has three obligations:

1) to be competent and know about the art and science of accounting;

2) to look out for the best interests of the client; avoiding the temptation to take advantage of the client; and 3) to serve the public interest. (2003)

These responsibilities are clearly stated in the AICPA code of ethics, which states:

Competence is derived from a synthesis of education and experience. It begins with a mastery of the common body of knowledge required for designation as a certified public accountant. The maintenance of competence requires a commitment to learning and professional improvement that must continue throughout a member's professional life. It is a member's individual responsibility. In all engagements and in all responsibilities each member should undertake to achieve a level of competence that will assure that the quality of the member's services meet the high level…...

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Bibliography

Adams, Barbara L.; Malone, Fannie L. And James, Woodrow, Jr. (1994) Ethical Reasoning in Confidentiality Decisions. The CPA Journal 1994. Online available at  http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/old/15611655.htm 

Dolfsma, W. (2004) Institutional Economics and the Formation of Preferences. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; in Dolfsma, Wilfred (2005) Accounting as Applied Ethics: Teaching a Discipline. Erasmus Research Institute of Management - Report Series - Research in Management

Dolfsma, Wilfred (2005) Accounting as Applied Ethics: Teaching a Discipline. Erasmus Research Institute of Management - Report Series - Research in Management

Duska, Ronald F. And Duska, Brenda Shay (2003) Accounting Ethics. Blackwell Publishing. Online available at  http://books.google.com/books?id=Y4LgVJgynCsC&dq=deontology+%26+utilitarianism+accounting+profession&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0

Philosophy: Deontology vs. Utilitarianism
In this paper I will discuss why I feel Deontology (Immanuel Kant's philosophy) is more correct than Utilitarianism (John Stuart Mill), as applied to a specific issue. First I will give an interpretation of Kant's deontology, and point out the strong and logical points within his arguments; secondly I will offer an analysis of Mill's Utilitarianism, and why I feel Mill's views fall short.

Explanation: In Kant's The Moral Law, "Ethics is based not on feeling but on reason" (343) and our "moral duties," according to Pojman's analysis of Kant, "are not dependent on feelings but on reason." And so, actions are morally correct based on the source of their motives, one could say; those actions are morally correct if, that is, the motives for the actions are drawn from a sense of "duty." Duty is important in Kant's work, and therefore the deontological comes into play. Ethics,…...

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Reference

Pojman, Louis P. Philosophy: The Quest for Truth. Belmont, California: Wadsworth,

As advanced by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, it is a system built entirely on the effects or consequences of an action, regardless of the intentions. This makes it quite clearly the opposite of deontology; according to deontological ethics, telling a lie is wrong even if it saves a million lives. According to utilitarianism, even doing something purposefully bad would be good if it accidentally had a good effect. In order to measure the morality of an act, its total utility -- the overall effect it has on all persons involved -- is determined, and anything that leads to more good than bad is considered ethically correct. Utilitarian ethics is often summed up in the phrase, "the greatest good for the greatest number."
For Bentham and Mill, "good" was measured in happiness, which was also equated with the absence of pain. The specific calculus Bentham developed to measure happiness…...

virtue ethics deontology emphasizes importance virtues, moral character, deontology emphasizes duties rules. Suppose obvious helped. A deontologist point fact, helping agent acting accordance moral rule " Do " a virtue ethicist fact helping person charitable benevolent.
To 'do good' or to 'be good'?: Deontological vs. virtue ethics

In our daily lives, we often find ourselves torn between the competing demands of virtue ethics vs. deontology. Do we go with our 'gut instinct' and hope that virtue in our character will guide us in the right way, or do we follow the rules of a moral order, even when doing so is unpleasant and even counterintuitive? Ultimately, while virtue ethics is somewhat problematic in its construction because of the vague and highly debatable nature of what constitutes virtue, it is a more feasible means to govern one's ethical life than the rigidity of deontology.

According to deontologists, rather than speculate about the possible…...

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References

Alexander, Larry and Moore, Michael. "Deontological Ethics." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (Fall 2008 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 22 Nov 2012. .

Hursthouse, Rosalind. "Virtue Ethics." The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2012

Edition). Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 22 Nov 2012.

.

Health Nursing
Healthcare Perspectives

Deontology

Deontology decides what one should and should not do based on what is fundamentally right and wrong. It basis ethical theory on what is morally required by duty, what is forbidden or wrong according to societal standard, and what is permitted or allowed based on normative ethical standard. Effect has nothing to do with choices; one simply obeys based on moral standards and duty. Moral right takes priority over everything else, in some case even over what one may consider the "good" of a matter. Moral agents have obligations that they must take certain actions, because it is their duty to do so; therefore they must do so.

Deontological theories are those suggesting that one's actions are right when they accord with what is ethically correct, according to certain ethical maxims, rights, rules, or duties (Cherry & Jacob, 2005; Chitty, 2005). Deontology states that actions might be morally obligated,…...

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References:

Cherry, B. & Jacob, S.R. 2005. Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends & management. Elsevier Mosby.

Chitty, K.K. 2005. Professional Nursing: Concepts and Challenges. Elsevier Saunders.

Cowen, P.S. & Moorhead, S. 2006. Current issues in nursing. Mosby Elsevier.

Kamm, F.M., 1996, Morality, Mortality: Volume II: Rights, Duties, and Status, New York:

Ethics and Morality: Utilitarianism, Deontology, And ights Ethics Principles
Dramatized Example of Utilitarianism

At some point in the popular investigative TV show 24, Jack Bauer, an influential counterterrorism officer, questions terrorist Syed Ali, seeking to get him to reveal the location of a nuclear bomb that has been set to detonate in Los Angeles. Ali, however, is reluctant to cooperate, and Bauer, who unfortunately does not have the pleasure of time, orders his officers to kill the elder one of Ali's two sons and threatens to kill the younger one if Ali still does not cooperate. In a bid to save his son, Ali reveals the weapon's location, and Bauer's men get to neutralize it just in time to save Los Angeles. Bauer's action spurs a heated debate, and even Supreme Court officials find themselves divided. The question on everyone's mind is - should Jack Bauer be convicted for killing Ali's son…...

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References

CMU. (2002). Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy: Utilitarian Theories. Carnegie Mellon University Library. Retrieved 10 June 2014 from  http://www.cmu.edu/index.shtml 

Conway, P. & Gawronski, B. (2013). Deontological and Utilitarian Inclinations in Moral Decision-Making: A Process Dissociation Approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(2), 216-235.

Westside Toast Masters (n.d.). The Universal Nature of Ethical Principles. Westside Toast Masters. Retrieved 10 June 2014 from  http://westsidetoastmasters.com/resources/thinking_tools/ch12lev1sec4.html

Executive Interview with a TeacherFor this interview, a high school teacher was interviewed. He described his ethical beliefs to me in person. The interview was conducted in his classroom and was recorded using video for future reference. The interview was semi-structured, which allowed for a more reflective and immersive but also guided interview process to take place (Dearnley, 2005). The analysis for this paper is taken from that interview recording.Description of the Subjects Ethical BeliefsThe ethical beliefs and practices of a teacher are an important foundation for providing quality education. The subjects self-described ethical beliefs were based on the system of virtue ethics. Virtue ethics is centered around acting in accordance with ideals that if pursued will improve ones moral character; ultimately the development of ones character contributes to the development of society as a whole, as ones good and right (i.e., virtuous) conduct will positively impact others and perhaps…...

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ReferencesDearnley, C. (2005). A reflection on the use of semi-structured interviews. Nurse researcher, 13(1).Froming, W. J. (1978). The relationship of moral judgment, self-awareness, and sex to complicance behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 12(4), 396-409.Morrell, K., & Dahlmann, F. (2022). Aristotle in the Anthropocene: The comparative benefits of Aristotelian virtue ethics over Utilitarianism and deontology. The Anthropocene Review, 20530196221105093.Trianosky, G. (1990). What is virtue ethics all about?. American Philosophical Quarterly, 27(4), 335-344.Van Staveren, I. (2007). Beyond utilitarianism and deontology: Ethics in economics. Review of Political Economy, 19(1), 21-35.

DeontologyDeontology posits that the rightness of an action is based upon its inherent quality, i.e., whether it corresponds to ones duty based on ones state in life (p. 242). Kant prescribed absolutes when it came to defining this quality, but others have not. Kant stated that a good will is good in itself and this goodness is not dependent upon performance or effects (p. 245). It is good, in other words, because it is doing what it should be doing. In a sense, this is similar to the idea of virtue ethics, because both rely on an idea of universalsgood defined in an absolute way. Frankena posits that one may break a promise (p. 262). Ross contends that we must intuit what is right by consulting deep within ourselves (p. 276). This is more or less what Carter Druses father tells the young man he must do when Carter says…...

Deontology and DNR: Addressing the Issue Introduction
Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) orders are an issue for a number of care providers in hospitals, especially those who work within the context of hematology and oncology care. As Weissman (1999) notes, DNR is a stumbling block for many nurses and nursing students: for example, he states that his students unanimously struggle to understand the purpose of asking terminally-ill patients what their preferences are on resuscitation—“We know it’s required under hospital policy to ask patients their preference about resuscitation, but these cancer patients . . . well . . . you know . . . they’re dying . . . it doesn't make sense” (Weissman, 1999, p. 149). Weissman (1999) states that while DNR orders were “designed to ensure patient autonomy while at the same time identifying patients in whom resuscitation is not indicated,” they have come to serve, unfortunately, as “an example of how…...

Business Ethics
An ethical issue refers to a situation whereby an organization is required to choose amongst alternatives that must be evaluated as either wrong or right. For example, an ethical issue arises when a business company opts to make as much profit while pollution the environment, the dilemma here being the regulation and social consequences. The company management may opt to bribing the regulation implementing organization as long as they continue making short-term profits before the law catches up with them, by then they may be forced to attire with the rule or shut down but they will have made as much finances than when they may have started and the consequences on the social life will have reached the stage where it affects their health and made the environment unbearable. The principle of autonomy; which requires individuals to be left on their own independence to conduct their activities, make…...

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References

Andrew, J. (2008). Utilitarianism and deontology theories. New York: John and sons ltd.

Ferrell, O.C., & Fraedrich, J. (2012). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making & Cases. Salt Lake: Cengage Learning.

Joanne, B. (2010). Ethics and Business success. Mexico: Greenwood press.

John, K., & Berlyn, M. (2009). Assessing the effectiveness of decision making models. Normative and rationale models, 15 (14), 319-325.

Mudra did not act according to this principle when he ignored the warning signs of Daniel's condition.
The best course of action would therefore have been a focus on beneficence/non-maleficence rather than upon respect for autonomy. Daniel's age is also an important factor. Concomitantly with his condition, Daniel's immaturity and a desire to "prove" his independence to his parents, could have contributed to his death. When treating such young persons, it is perhaps advisable to place emphasis upon non-maleficence rather than respect for autonomy. In terms of these two principles, it would be acceptable for the parents to complain.

In terms of scope, the final principle, justice, is not as applicable to Daniel's case itself as it is to his parents. The parents feel aggrieved by the practitioner's lack of in-depth knowledge and action regarding Daniel's condition. They are seeking justice for themselves, but it is too late for such justice…...

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Bibliography

Stone, J. (2002) an ethical framework for complementary and alternative therapists.

Routledge.

Applebe, G. & Wingfield, J. (1997) Applebe's Pharmacy law and ethics. The Pharmaceutical Press

Gillon, R. & Lloyd, a. (eds.) (1993). Principles of health care ethics. Wiley.

1. The Concept of Justice in Rawls and Nozick's Political Theory:
- Analyze and compare John Rawls' and Robert Nozick's theories of justice.
- Discuss the implications of their views on social and economic equality.
- Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of their respective arguments.


2. Utilitarianism vs. Deontology: A Comparative Analysis:
- Compare and contrast the ethical theories of utilitarianism and deontology.
- Explore the strengths and weaknesses of each theory in terms of their application to political decision-making.
- Discuss the relevance of these theories in contemporary political debates.


3. The Legitimacy of Political Authority:
- Examine different theories of....

Outline: The Complexity of Human Nature

I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a thought-provoking question or anecdote that highlights the enigma of human nature.
B. Thesis statement: State the central argument that humans are multifaceted beings with both noble and darker impulses.

II. The Social Facet
A. Prosociality: Discuss humans' capacity for empathy, altruism, and cooperation.
- Cite evolutionary theories on the benefits of social behavior.
- Provide examples of individuals who display extraordinary acts of kindness.
B. Conformity: Analyze the tendency to follow group norms, even when they conflict with personal beliefs.
- Explain the psychological mechanisms behind conformity.
- Discuss....

I. Introduction

A. Background and Significance
- Emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and its increasing presence in society
- Potential benefits of AI, such as automation, efficiency, and personalized experiences

B. Ethical Concerns

- Ethical implications of AI in areas such as:
- Privacy and data security
- Job displacement and economic inequality
- Bias and discrimination
- Automation of decision-making and accountability

II. Literature Review

A. Existing Research on Ethical Implications of AI
- Review of previous studies that have examined ethical issues related to AI
- Identification of key ethical concerns and perspectives

B. Theoretical Frameworks
- Discussion of ethical theories that can be applied to AI, such as:
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The dynamic intersection between philosophical ethics and Christian theology is a complex and rich area of study that involves examining the moral principles and values that guide human behavior and decision-making, in both secular and religious contexts. This paper aims to explore this intersection, tracing the historical development of ethical thought in Western philosophy and Christian theology, and examining the ways in which these two disciplines have influenced each other over time.

One of the central themes in this exploration is the concept of moral realism, which asserts that moral values and principles are objective and independent of human beliefs or....