Education -- Special Education
YOUNG CHILDREN ITH DISABILITIES AND IMPLEMENTING APPROPRIATE INTERVENTIONS

Developmental delays in young children occur in several areas encompassing the gamut of human functions. A young child may experience delays in one or more of the areas of cognitive functioning, social-emotional functioning and adaptive behavior. Through decades of shared research and experience, trained professionals can observe delays in relatively impaired development of the skills humans use to understand and act in their world. Fortunately, experts have also developed intervention strategies for dealing with those delays and providing the child with enhanced skills, experiences and opportunities.

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Characteristics of young children with delays in the following developmental areas:

a. Cognitive functioning

Delays in cognitive functioning of young children can run the gamut from mild deficiencies in one or more areas to extreme intellectual impairments with marginal functioning. These mental processes that empower a person to amass knowledge and information, informing his/her understanding and behavior…...

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Works Cited

Carter, A. S., Briggs-Gowan, M. J., & Davis, N. O. (2004). Assessment of young children's social-emotional development and psychopathology: Recent advances and recommendations for practice. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(1), 109-134.

Case-Smith, J. (1996, January). Fine motor outcomes in preschool children who receive occupational therapy services. Retrieved from ajot.aota.org:  http://ajot.aota.org/Article.aspx?articleid=1862312 

Horn, E. M., & Kang, J. (2012, February). Supporting Young Children With Multiple Disabilities: What Do We Know and What Do We Still Need To Learn? Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3932659/ 

Maccow, G. (2011). Assessing adaptive behavior in young children. Retrieved from images.pearsonassessments.com:  http://images.pearsonassessments.com/Images/PDF/webinar/Assessing_Adaptive_Behavior_Handout.pdf

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and the Difficulties Associated ith the Assessment and Treatment of Psychological Childhood Disorders
By any measure, childhood is a challenging period in human development where young people are forced to actively participate in the educational process while developing human relationship skills that they will need for the rest of their lives. Against this backdrop, it is not surprising that many young people experience behavioral difficulties that detract from their ability to attain their full academic and social potential including one of the most commonly diagnosed conditions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To gain some new insights into this condition, this paper reviews the relevant literature concerning attention deficit hyperactivity disorder followed by a discussion concerning the difficulties that are associated with assessing and treating psychological childhood disorders. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings concerning these issues are presented in the conclusion.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

According to…...

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Works Cited

"Facts about ADHD." (2016). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web.

Mash, Eric J. and Barkley, Russell A. (1999, May 1). "Treatment of Childhood Disorders, Second Edition." Behavioral Disorders 24(3): 258-261. Print.

McCabe, Paul C. (2009, Annual). "The Use of Antidepressant Medications in Early Childhood: Prevalence, Efficacy, and Risk." Journal of Early Childhood and Infant Psychology 5: 13-15. Print.

McLoone, Jordana and Hudson, Jennifer L. (2006, May). "Treating Anxiety Disorders in a School Setting." Education & Treatment of Children 29(2): 219-223. Print.

DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIESDevelopmental DisabilitiesThere are a wide range of concepts I have learnt during this particular course. I am confident that going forward, these will have a significant impact on my professional practice. One of the most crucial concepts I have learnt relates to the relevance of early intervention with regard to autism spectrum disorders. Various studies have in the past established that early intervention could on this front promote positive outcomes. It is important to note that with advances in the diagnostic realm, ASD can in some instances be detected before a child celebrates his or her 2nd birthday. At this age, the brain of the child is deemed to be in a plastic state which essentially means that it is easier to change it than would be the case at a later stage. When the relevant interventions are instituted at this point, the child has a greater chance…...

Other Medical Issues

While neurological issues delays are primarily responsible for the functional developmental delays in children other complications can also affect the development of a preterm child. These problems include: cardiovascular complications; respiratory problems such as respiratory distress syndrome or chronic lung disease; a number of severe metabolic and gastrointestinal problems that can result in delayed growth and other problems; immune system problems, such as susceptibility to infections or diseases like pneumonia; and hematologic complications (Saigal & Doyle, 2008).

Neurodevelopmental Sequelae

Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy is a heterogeneous group of neurologically-related disorders that can involve central nervous system functions as well as other functions such as leaning, movement, vision, hearing, and cognitive speed (Saigal & Doyle, 2008). As a result there are several variations of cerebral palsy including dyskinetic (mixed tone in the muscles that leads to difficulties with posture and movement), spastic (increased muscle tone leading to stiff and jerky movements), ataxic…...

Parents, Children and the Search for Identity
Initial Responses

Before engaging with the reading material and conducting some preliminary research, my knowledge of the autistic spectrum was definitely limited. I have never known anyone directly that dealt with autism and my only exposure the disorder came from classwork and through the media. My feelings about the disorder were something along the lines of that it was a serious condition and had to be difficult for the parents, or that savant type manifestation was incredibly interesting. I assumed that parents in general had access to resources that could help them mitigate the worst symptoms of living with the disorder. I assumed that evidence-based practices were likely well-developed and there were pretty clear pathways to help these individuals. However, not having any exposure to personal stories about what it is actually like to directly live with this condition, I did not fully realize…...

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Works Cited

Davis, N., & Carter, A. (2008). Parenting Stress in Mothers and Fathers of Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Associations with Child Characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1278-1291.

Karst, J., & Van Hecke, V. (2012). Parent and Family Impact of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review and Proposed Model for Intervention Evaluation. Clinical Child Family Pyschology, 247-277.

Kim, H., & Kollak, I. (2006). Nursing Theories: Conceptual & Philosophical Foundations. . New York: Springer.

Seave, P. (2011). Evidence-Based Practices Reduce Juvenile Recidivism: Can State Government Effectively Promote Implementation Among Probation Departments? American Journal of Community Psychology, 138-140.

Elementary Special Education Teachers Place Value in the use of Technology Resources for Students?
Alix Desulme

Technology is an integral part of society. Students learn through use of technology like personal computers, tablets, and e-books (Garland & Tadeja, 2013). Computers can provide access to videos, documents, and other forms of data that students have the choice of absorbing via visual or auditory methods. Tablets provide the same access but with a light-weight, touch responsive interface. Technology investment within schools not only enables varied learning opportunities for students, but it also helps students discover or improve their own ability to research and analyze information, collaborate and communicate, and solve problems (Lim, Zhao, Tondeur, Chai, & Tsai, 2013). Comment by Steve Moskowitz: Yes, this is the reason

Technology helps provide other benefits. Integrating technology in schools, especially in other areas like special education enable staff to develop new ways of teaching and creating curriculum…...

hile Dr. Asperger called the condition "autistic psychopathy" and described it as a personality disorder primarily marked by social isolation, today Asperger's Syndrome is identified as a brain, communication, or neurological disorder like autism, not a personality disorder like, for example, antisocial personality disorder ("Asperger's Syndrome fact sheet," 2008, NINDS).
Like autism, Asperger's Syndrome is characterized by repetitive routines, rituals, and movements, poor social skills, and odd ways of communicating that do not take into consideration the other person's feelings and needs. The distinguishing feature of Asperger's, in contrast to classical autism, is that the individuals all have normal IQ but show "limited interests or an unusual preoccupation with a particular subject to the exclusion of other activities" ("Asperger's Syndrome fact sheet," 2008, NINDS). Unlike autistic individuals who show little interest in others, Asperger children may seek out companionship, but may drive other people away because of their refusal to…...

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Works Cited

Autism." (11 Apr 2008). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

NINDS). Retrieved 10 Apr 2008 at  http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/autism/detail_autism.htm 

Autism spectrum disorders (Pervasive developmental disorders)." (3 Apr 2008).

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Retrieved 10 Apr 2008 at  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/autism/complete-publication.shtml

Controversy with vaccines, adverse reactions of the MM vaccine and the negative publicity surrounding it
SHAPE

Measles, Mumps and ubella Vaccine:

Absence of Evidence for Link

to Autistic-Spectrum Disorders

Henry K. Nguyen, MD Candidate

Increased incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella is directly due to controversies regarding the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine despite the absence of data supporting a correlation between this combined vaccine and development of autism.

Correspondence to:

Mentor:

Dr. Anshu Kacker

5650 including Abstracts

Increased incidence of measles, mumps, and rubella is directly due to controversies regarding the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine despite the absence of data supporting a correlation between this combined vaccine and development of autism.

Methods and materials: A literature search was performed using key phrases, including the search-requisite abbreviation 'MM' (measles, mumps, rubella), such as: 'autism mmr vaccine', 'colitis mmr vaccine', 'controversy mmr', 'mmr adverse results', 'vaccines autism-spectrum disorders', 'vaccine effects mmr', 'vaccine measles', and 'vaccine rubella'. The results were compiled, following which…...

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References

Anderberg, D. (2009). Anatomy of a Health Scare: Education, Income and the MMR Controversy in the UK. Wrong source cited -- found article ===> Journal of Health Economics 03/2011; 30(3):515-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.01.009

Andrews, N.,Miller, E., Taylor, B., Lingam, R., Simmons, A., Stowe, J., Waight, P. (2002). Recall bias, MMR, and autism. Arch Dis Child, 87, 493-4.

ADDED

Autism Watch (2015)  http://www.autism-watch.org/news/lancet.shtml

Psychodynamic Model, The Model's Developmental Processes, And Use In Assessment And Treatment Psychodynamic Model
A large proportion of this research relied on historical data. Most of the data originated from institutions that take care of the aged, books, and journal articles. The views of health experts and professionals in mental health also shaped the judgement of this paper. The paper focused on extracting information from the four models under its analysis. Most of the findings originated from the four frameworks. ( The psychodynamic, the cognitive behavior, the stress and coping model, and the family systems model).

Given the demographics of the present age, almost all adult mental shape practice will certainly include older adults. As people grow older, various changes occur, more valuable is the vulnerability to stress and illnesses. The challenges one faces through the years like the death of loved ones, loneliness and others exposes one to the risk of…...

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ReferencesTop of For

Top of F

Blaikie, A. (2009). Ageing And Popular Culture. Cambridge U.A.: Cambridge Univ. Press.

Kerry Kelly, N., & Jack, N. (n.d). A New Model of Techniques for Concurrent Psychodynamic

Work with Parents of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy Patients. Child And

unning head: DSM DSM 5Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): ecent ChangesDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5): ecent ChangesThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is considered the gold standard of how mental illness is diagnosed and treated within the psychiatric community of the United States. Although laypersons may think of mental illness or sanity versus insanity as stable classifications, the DSM has, in fact, undergone a number of significant changes over the years. For example, in much earlier editions of the DSM, homosexuality was classified as a mental illness. This is fortunately no longer the case. Changes from the DSM-IV to the DSM-V are far more recent and less extreme, although there have been some notable shifts that are clinically and culturally relevant.Perhaps the most significant of these is the elimination of Aspergers syndrome as a separate classification and its classication as part…...

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ReferencesGrohol, J. (2013). DSM-5 released: The big changes. Psych Central. Retrieved from: from  https://psychcentral.com/blog/dsm-5-released-the-big-changes

In that regard, the counselor would want to explore any possible connection between the social turmoil that might have been responsible for generating his subsequent social disillusionment. To the extent the counselor determines that the subject's social disenfranchisement is attributable to his involvement or response to those social conflicts he would assist the subject evaluate the objective conclusions and expectations that have shaped his outlook as an older adult in substantially different social circumstances and living in a very different society than the one responsible for his feelings about government representatives and authority figures in general (Gerrig & Zimbardo, 2008).
B. Preliminary Hypotheses of Main Apparent Problems

Hypothesis # 1 -- Multiple Causes of Intimacy Issues

First, it is likely that there are multiple concurrent causes of the subject's apparent difficulty establishing and maintaining close intimate relationships and effective communications within his marriage. The psychodynamic perspective teaches that it is relatively rare…...

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References

Adler, a. (1927) Understanding Human Nature. Center City: Hazelden

Frain, M.P., Bishop, M., and Bethel, M. "A Roadmap for Rehabilitation Counseling to Serve Military Veterans with Disabilities." Journal of Rehabilitation, Volume 76,

No. 1; (2010): 13-21.

Gerrig, R, and Zimbardo, P. (2008). Psychology and Life.. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Self-esteem and self-efficacy are issues that are of primary importance. These are affected by a number of environmental factors, including immediate family, but also the environment in which a person moves, as well as the wider social environment.

Contextualism

Contextualism was promoted in 1942 by S.C. Pepper, and was previously known as "pragmatism." This term was often used in the work of Charles S. Peirce, William James, Henri

ergson, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead (Morris, 1997). In psychological development, contextualism suggests the influence of a broad number of categories, beginning with the immediate family, and broadening to the peer group, society, and global environment. ehavior is therefore to be seen in the context not only of immediate family and peer influence, but also in the context of broader society.

According to Morris (1997), Pepper's use of the term "contextualism" first occurred during 1932, where he referred to John Dewey's pragmatism. According to this…...

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Bibliography

Blunden, Andy. (2001, February). "The Vygotsky School." Spirit, Money and Modernity Seminar. http://home.mira.net/~andy/seminars/chat.htm

Blunden, Andy (1997). "Vygotsky and the Dialectical Method."

Domitrovich, Celene E. (2001, April). "Parenting practices and child social adjustment: Multiple pathways of influence" In Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. Wayne State University Press

Erikson, E.H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGYDevelopmental Psychology: Lifespan and Individual DifferencesThe levels of proximity, love, and care experienced during infancy years have been proposed to show positive behaviors such as high self-esteem in adulthood. The degree of attachment is strongly rooted in the source of security during the nave years of a child\\\'s life, who shows several degrees of attachment corresponding to the level of attachment he gains from his caregivers. This paper aims to explore the association of early attachment problems affecting the variation of self-esteem in later life stages.esearchAccording to attachment theory presented by John Bowlby, the differences in the mother\\\'s treatment of both the parents contribute to a detailed specification of how infants would exhibit their attachment patterns (Cassidy, Jones & Shaver, 2013). Also, if the caregivers show love and security, the infant is more likely to develop stronger emotional security, leading to his later life stages. Children show greater…...

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ReferencesAlShawi, A. F., & Lafta, R. K. (2014). Relation between childhood experiences and adults\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\' self-esteem: A sample from Baghdad. Qatar Medical Journal, 2014(2), 82–91.   X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W. & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting styles and parent-adolescent relationships: The mediating roles of behavioral autonomy and parental authority. Frontiers in Psychology, 9.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187 Cassidy, J., Jones, J. D., & Shaver, P. R. (2013). Contributions of attachment theory and research: a framework for future research, translation, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4 Pt 2), 1415–1434.  https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000692 Lee, A., & Hankin, B. L. (2009). Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology: The Official Journal for the Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, American Psychological Association, Division 53, 38(2), 219–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410802698396Queiroz, P., Garcia, O. F., Garcia, F., Zacares, J. J., & Camino, C. (2020). Self and nature: Parental socialization, self-esteem, and environmental values in Spanish adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3732.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103732 Shevlin, M., Boyda, D., Elklit, A. & Murphy, S. (2014). Adult attachment styles and the psychological response to bereavement. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.23295Suzuki, H. & Tomoda, A. (2015). Roles of attachment and self-esteem: Impact of early life stress on depressive symptoms among Japanese institutionalized children. BMC Psychiatry, 15.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0385-1  https://doi.org/10.5339/qmj.2014.14 Bi,

Autism Spectrum Disorders
esearch shows that in today's society, the awareness of Autism has went from something that people were ashamed of, all the way to the forefront of education. It is also noted that research is increasing due to the rising amount of people and children that are suffering from Autism Spectrum disorders. However, this disorder is gaining attention all over the world. With that said, this paper will challenge and explore the mystery of this condition, and expectations for the future, concerning this disorder in an ever developing and expanding society.

What is Autism?

Autism came on the scene in 1943. At first, the condition is was believed to be some kind of a mental retardation condition. Some even categorized this condition as someone that is insane. However, Leo Kanner recognized that these children did not fall into the category of emotionally disturbed children. Instead, he recorded patterns and documented that…...

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References

Andrea L Roberts, K. L.-E. (2016). Maternal exposure to intimate partner abuse before birth is associated with autism spectrum disorder in offspring. Autism, 26-36.

Attwood, T. (2003). Attwood, T. (2003). Why does Chris do that?: Some suggestions regarding the cause and management of the unusual behavior of children and adults with autism and Asperger syndrome. Shawnee Mission, KS: Autism Asperger Publishing Company. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons, Inc.

Debbaudt, D. (2012). Debbaudt, D. (2002). Autism, advocates, and law enforcement professionals: Recognizing and reducing risk situations for people with autism spectrum disorders. . Philadelphia, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Frymiare, M. A. (2012). Does the Autistic Brain Lack Core. Journal of Developmental and Learning, 9, 3-16.

Prosopagnosia
According to A.J. Larner's book, "A Dictionary of Neurological signs," prosopagnosia is a neurological condition, "a form of visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize previously known human faces or equivalent stimuli (hence a retrograde defect) and to learn new ones (anterograde defect)" (Larner, 2010). Larner further distinguishes between two forms of prosopagnosia: apperceptive and associative agnosia. This "category-specific recognition disorder," as G, Neil Martin calls it in his "Human Neuropsychology" is often, but not always, associated with other forms of visual agnosia such as alexia or achromatopsia.

Prosopagnosia can be congenital or developmental, or a consequence of brain damage, following a stroke, a brain injury, or caused by a degenerative disease (Kinai, 2013) . There are two types of prosopagnosia: apperceptive prosopagnosia and associative prosopagnosia. This form of visual impairment has various degrees of manifestation, from mild to severe and can or cannot be associated with other types of…...

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Bibliography

Bowles, Devin C. McKone, Elinor. Dawel, Amy. Duchaine, Bradley. Palermo, Romina. Schmalzl, Laura. Rivolta. Davide. Wilson, Ellie. Yovel. Galit.

Cognitive Neuropsychology, "Diagnosing prosopagnosia: Effects of ageing, sex, and participant-stimulus ethnic match on the Cambridge Face Memory Test and Cambridge Face Perception Test." Available at:  http://www.faceblind.org/social_perception/papers/Bowles%2009%20CN.pdf 

Sperry, Roger Wolcott. Ed.Trevarthern, Colwyn B. 1990. Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger Wolcott Sperry, Author. Cambridge University Press

Newman, Nancy J. Miller, Neil R. Biousse, Valerie. 2008. Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology: The Essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

1. The benefits and challenges of early intervention for children with autism
2. The role of parents and caregivers in supporting individuals with autism
3. The misconceptions and stigmas surrounding autism and how to combat them
4. The impact of technology and assistive devices on the lives of individuals with autism
5. The importance of inclusive education for students with autism
6. The link between autism and other developmental disorders
7. The relationship between genetics and autism
8. The challenges faced by adults with autism in the workforce
9. The effectiveness of different therapies and interventions for individuals with autism
10. The portrayal....

Maternal Alcohol Consumption during Pregnancy and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Introduction
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is a leading cause of preventable birth defects. Exposure to alcohol in the womb can have severe and lifelong consequences for the developing fetus, leading to a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, including fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).

How Alcohol Affects the Fetus
Alcohol can cross the placenta and reach the fetus directly. Once in the fetal circulation, it can disrupt cell growth and differentiation, particularly in the brain and other organs that are rapidly developing. Additionally, alcohol can interfere with the production of essential nutrients, such as folic acid, which are....

Defining Mental Illness According to the American Psychological Association (APA)

Introduction

Mental illness, commonly referred to as mental health disorders, is a broad term encompassing a wide range of psychological, behavioral, and emotional conditions. The American Psychological Association (APA), the leading scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States, provides a comprehensive framework for defining and classifying mental illnesses in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Definition

According to the DSM-5, the current edition of the DSM, mental illness is defined as a "syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects....

Neurological and Genetic Disorders' Contribution to Criminal Behavior
Neurological and genetic disorders can significantly influence an individual's behavior, potentially contributing to criminal activity. These disorders can impair cognitive functioning, decision-making abilities, and emotional regulation, which can increase the risk of engaging in antisocial or criminal behavior.
Neurological Disorders
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): TBIs can disrupt brain function, leading to cognitive impairments, personality changes, and impulse control difficulties. These impairments can increase the likelihood of violent or impulsive behavior.
Epilepsy: Certain types of epilepsy, such as temporal lobe epilepsy, can be associated with aggression, irritability, and altered states of consciousness, which may contribute....