Digital Forensics to Capture Data ources
Network Intrusion

Prioritizing Data ources

Account Auditing

Live ystem Data

Intrusion Detection ystem

Event Log Analysis

Malware Installation

Prioritizing data sources

Activity Monitoring

Integrity Checking

Data Mining

Insider File Deletion

Prioritizing data sources

Use of Uneraser program Recovers the Deleted Data

Network torage

A recent advance in information technology has brought about both benefits and threats to business organizations. While businesses have been able to achieve competitive market advantages through the internet technology, the hackers are also using the opportunities to penetrate the organizational network systems to steal sensitive data worth billions of dollars. A recent wave of cybercrimes leads to the growth of forensic investigation dealing with a collection of evidence to track cyber offenders. The study investigates different data sources that can assist in enhancing digital forensic investigation. The study identifies event log analysis, port scanning, account auditing, and intrusion detection system as important strategies for data sources.

Introduction

The explosive growth of interconnection of network and computer systems has…...

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Stallings, W. (2011). Cryptography and Network Security Principles and Practice (Fifth Edition). Pearson Education, Inc. Prentice Hall.

Vigina, G. Johnson, E. Kruegel, C. (2003). Recent Advances in Intrusion Detection: 6th International 6th International Symposium, RAID 2003, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, September 8-10, 2003, Proceedings, Volume 6. Springer Science & Business Media.

Xu, M., Yang, X. Wu, B. et al. (2013).A metadata-based method for recovering files and file traces from YAFFS2. Digital Investigation. 10 (1); 62-72.

Digital Forensics in the Criminal Justice SystemA wide array of challenges has emerged for digital forensic practitioners in recent years, including most especially the significant ethical dilemmas that are inherent to the field. In addition, innovative technologies such as the Internet of Things and drones as well as artificial intelligence and machine learning have also created numerous challenges and opportunities for advancement of the field by digital forensics. To identify potential solutions, the purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic review of the literature concerning these issues, followed by a summary of the findings in the conclusion.Describe two ethical dilemmas that may be encountered by a digital forensic practitioner and the steps they should take to ensure their integrity isnt called into questionProtect unrelated sensitive information: During an era of high-profile whistleblowing, it is clear that digital forensic practitioners are in a good position to exploit personal or…...

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References

Dang, A., Dang, D., & Vallish, B. N. (2023). Extent of use of artificial intelligence & machine learning protocols in cancer diagnosis: A scoping review. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 157(1), 11–21.

Guttman, C. (2022, June 1). Drones Connect to Cloud Computing to Analyze Data from the Sky. The Forecast. Retrieved from   technology/drones-connect-to-cloud-computing-to-analyze-data-from-the-sky.https://www.nutanix.com/theforecastbynutanix/ 

Jacobsson, A., Boldt, M., & Carlsson, B. (2019). A risk analysis of a smart home automation system. Future Generation Computer Systems, 56, 719–733.

computer forensic offense. ecommendations for investigation will be addressed. Further, an example of an industrial espionage case will be cited.
Crimes Committed/Background

This lawsuit entailed contract violation cross-claims, with the dispute between the two parties chiefly revolving around events that had transpired during the latter half of 1998. esidential Funding Corporation (FC) was requested to salvage and present related emails dated from October to December 1998, from its backup drives. The corporation's internal legal consultant discovered that the company didn't possess requisite internal resources for email retrieval from backup source in the time period allowed. Therefore, the company retained Electronic Evidence Discovery's services, for support with email retrieval. Many weeks into employing established recovery techniques, the corporation was able to present a total of 126 emails (dated between January and August 1998) as well as 2 emails dated September of the same year (Computer Forensic - Computer Forensic Case Studies --…...

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References

(n.d.). Computer Forensics Services & Electronic Discovery by ACE Data Group . Computer Forensic - Computer Forensic Case Studies -- ACE Data Group. Retrieved December 16, 2015, from http://legalforensics.com/case-studies.html

(n.d.). Electronic Discovery Law -- Legal issues, news and best practices relating to the discovery of electronically stored information. Court has Broad Discretion to Fashion Sanctions for Breach of Discovery Obligations -- Electronic Discovery Law. Retrieved December 16, 2015, from  http://www.ediscoverylaw.com/2004/12/court-has-broad-discretion-to-fashion-sanctions-for-breach-of-discovery-obligations/

Essay Topic Examples
1. Emerging Trends in Cyber Forensics: Challenges and Solutions:
This essay could explore the latest advances in cyber forensic technology and methodologies. It can delve into the challenges that come with new forms of cybercrime and how professionals are developing innovative solutions to stay ahead in the digital arms race. Specifically, it could address the shift towards cloud forensics, mobile device analysis, and the implications of the Internet of Things (IoT) on investigative techniques.

2. The Ethics of Digital Forensics: Navigating rivacy and Surveillance:
This topic would examine the ethical dilemmas faced by cyber forensic experts, such as the balance between an individual's right to privacy and the needs of a criminal investigation. The essay could discuss the implications of surveillance technologies, decryption techniques, and legal precedents that guide the ethical boundaries of digital forensic work.

3. The Role of Digital Forensics in Combating Cyber Terrorism:
This…...

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Primary Sources

Casey, Eoghan. \"Digital Evidence and Computer Crime: Forensic Science, Computers, and the Internet.\" 3rd ed., Academic Press, 2011.

Carrier, Brian. \"File System Forensic Analysis.\" Addison-Wesley Professional, 2005.

McKemmish, Rodney. \"What is Forensic Computing?\" Australian Institute of Criminology, Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, no. 118, 1999.

Brenner, Susan W. \"Cybercrime: Criminal Threats from Cyberspace.\" Praeger, 2010.

Garfinkel, Simson L. \"Digital Forensics Research: The Next 10 Years.\" Digital Investigation, vol. 7, no. S1, 2010, pp. S64-S73.

Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime Investigation
HCC Partner is the top healthcare company in the United States, and the management has noticed an intrusion in the systems based on the alerts from their IDS (Intrusion Detection System) logs that causes the management to question the reliability of the system. Analysis of their systems reveals that HCC uses the Snort IDS that is running in Linux system. Moreover, the HCC database administrator has received and downloaded the strange email from the Human Resources Department, which makes the system behaving strangely after they open the attachment.

he objective of this project is to analyze the HCC database server, the network system and other workstations suspected leading to data leakage. he project will investigate whether there is a possibility of evidence of data breach.

A: Plan for Processing the Incident Scene and Potential Crime

he study uses the staircase model for the investigation processing because the model…...

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The next step is to develop a documentation of the evidence. The study suggests using the digital camera take the photos of all the evidence. The photo must ensure 360-degree coverage of the scene. The photo must reveal the location of all the seized computer systems. The front, back, and, side by all photos must photograph. However, there is a need for a videotaping of the active screen monitor. The photographs should reveal the position of mice, computer components, cables and other evidence.

Reference

Casey, E. (2011). Digital evidence and computer crime: forensic science, computers and the Internet. Waltham: Academic Press.

Digital Evidence: Plan of ActionIntroductionThis paper outlines the approach for examining digital evidence related to a suspected violation of company policy. It presents senior management with a plan for collecting and maximizing evidence in the case of John Smith, accused of digital IP theft. The methods described are grounded in forensic best practices and standards.Strategy for Maximizing Evidence Collection and Minimizing ImpactBased on the standards of ISO/IEC 27037 and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication 800-86, the strategy should begin with an initial assessment and containment. First, there needs to be a clear understanding of the scope of the potential breach. That means knowing exactly what John Smith did and how he did it.The first step, in accordance with ISO/IEC 27037:2012 (regarding identification, collection, and preservation of evidence), then is to discreetly monitor John Smith\\\'s digital activities and pinpoint the devices he uses or has used. This…...

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ReferencesAjijola, A., Zavarsky, P., & Ruhl, R. (2014, December). A review and comparative evaluation of forensics guidelines of NIST SP 800-101 Rev. 1: 2014 and ISO/IEC 27037: 2012. In World Congress on Internet Security (WorldCIS-2014) (pp. 66-73). IEEE.Baráth, J. (2016). Monitoring of department network–administrator view. Science & Military Journal, 11(1), 56.Burschka, S., & Dupasquier, B. (2016, December). Tranalyzer: Versatile high performance network traffic analyser. In 2016 IEEE symposium series on computational intelligence (SSCI) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.Dykstra, J., & Sherman, A. T. (2012). Acquiring forensic evidence from infrastructure-as-a-service cloud computing: Exploring and evaluating tools, trust, and techniques. Digital Investigation, 9, S90-S98.Jansen, W., & Ayers, R. (2007). Guidelines on cell phone forensics. NIST Special publication, 800(101), 800-101.Kolla, V. R. K. (2022). A Comparative Analysis of OS Forensics Tools. International Journal of Research in IT and Management (IJRIM), 12(4).Shah, M. S. M. B., Saleem, S., & Zulqarnain, R. (2017). Protecting digital evidence integrity and preserving chain of custody. Journal of Digital Forensics, Security and Law, 12(2), 12.Wilson-Wilde, L. (2018). The international development of forensic science standards—a review. Forensic science international, 288, 1-9.

A combination of Ethernet and USB data acquisition products would be useful.
A hash is a one way operation that is performed on a block of data to create a unique hash value that represents the contents of the data. No matter when the hash is performed, the same hashing algorithm performed on the same data will always produce the same hash value. If any of the data changes, the hash value will change appropriately. Hashes are not useful for encrypting data because they are not intended to be used to reproduce the original data from the hash value. Hashes are most useful to verify the integrity of the data when used with an asymmetric signing algorithm. ("Creating a Hash with CNG," 2010, para. 1)

In choosing a hash the one chosen for this essay is the HashTab Shell Extension to Windows, HashTab provides OS extensions to calculate file hashes. HashTab…...

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References

Creating a Hash with CNG. (2010). Retrieved from (vs.85).aspxhttp://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa376217

Losey, R. (n.d.). Computer Hash. Retrieved from  http://e-discoveryteam.com/computer-hash-5f0266c4c326b9a1ef9e39cb78c352dc 

Michael, Dr., & Penrod, L. (n.d.). How to Choose a Drive. Retrieved from htpp://www.directron.com/howtochoosesha.html

In 2002 the crime lab in the state of Mississippi found that the semen in the victim's body belonged to two different men and neither of them was Kennedy rewer. alko concludes by stating: "Forensic scandals have been troublingly common of late, with phony experts, fake results, and incompetent testing recently uncovered in Virginia, Maryland, Kansas, Illinois, and Texas, to name just a few. Courts need to take a more active role in weeding out the Michael Wests of the world before they ever take the witness stand. ut professional organizations also need to be more vigilant about policing their own. Dr. West's peers should more vocally have questioned his methods long before he was permitted to testify more than 70 times in courts across the country. One would think they'd step up their standards to protect the integrity and reputation of their profession. ut these continuing scandals suggest…...

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Bibliography

Danger to Society: Fooling the Jury with Phony Experts (nd) Chapter Three. State of Texas Law Review.

Bite Mark Evidence Dispute in Murder Cases (2008) CNN.com Crime. 29 Feb 2008. Online available at http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/02/29/bite.marks.ap/

Bowers, C. Michael and Johansen, Raymond J. (2001) Digital Rectification and Resizing Correction of Photographic Bite Mark Evidence. Forensic Science Communications. July 2001. Vol. 3 No. 3. Online available at;

 http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/july2001/bowers.htm

It is thus that technologies which work to yield that crucial data from the memory store of any such device have become so valuable to law enforcement in the age of terrorism. According to the Computer Forensics Tool Testing Program (CFTT), "a cellular forensic tool shall have the ability to logically acquire all application supported data elements present in internal memory without modification" (Ayers, 15)
This is to indicate that such technology should be able to hack into mobile communication devices without detection by the subject, making it a valuable tool in investigating crimes and preventing suspected crimes. The evaluate of its requirements is produced by the CFTT, which is an organization that "provides a measure of assurance that the tools used in the investigations of computer-related crimes produce valid results." (Ayers, 6)

A major drawback of such technologies, and one that invokes a yet far more complex discussion concerning the…...

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Works Cited:

Ayers, R. (2008). Mobile Device Forensics-Tool Testing. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Bourque, L. (2008). Five Essential Computer Forensics Tools. Enterprise it Planet.

Online at  http://www.enterpriseitplanet.com/security/features/article.php/3786046

FTK Imager, the Digital Forensic Toolkit
FTK Imager is an imaging and data preview tool used for forensic analysis. Typically, the FTK imager can create disk images for USB and hard drives. The FTK can also create forensic images (perfect copies) of data without altering the original evidence. Moreover, the FTK imager can create MD5 or SHAI hashes of files and be able to recover deleted files from ecycle Bin.

Objective of this project is to investigate the strategy of using the FTK for forensic investigation.

Use of the FTK

The first step is to install the FTK Imager, which can be accessed from the following website: http://accessdata.com/product-download/?/support/adownloads

After opening the webpage, the current releases of the digital forensic tools appear ad being revealed below:

Then, click FTK Image and Click the FTK Imager, version 3.4.2, and Click download. After completing the installation, the next section discusses the method of adding a file folder or…...

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Reference

Access Data (2015).Forensic Toolkit® (FTK®). USA.

Combating Digital Crime & Digital Terrorism
"Describe the overall impact (e.g. economic, social, etc.) of utilizing technologies in combating digital crime and digital terrorism"

It has become very obvious over the past few years that the United States' technologies that are supposed to combat cyber attacks on corporate, personal, and government computers are enormously ineffective. Some would say that is an understatement. This paper discusses ways to combat cyber crime and cyber terrorism. There is good reason why this subject needs addressing not just in college research papers but by the agencies that are supposed to protect Americans and the U.S. government and its employees (including the Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Secret Service, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, among others).

hy better digital crime prevention is imperative

In fact one of the most devastating digital attacks on U.S. government computers occurred earlier in June, as hackers linked to China gained access…...

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Works Cited

Bennett, B., and Diersing, C. (2015). Hacked U.S. files not encrypted. Los Angeles Times.

Retrieved June 17, 2015, from  http://www.latimes.com .

Bissell, K. (2013). Fighting Cybercrime with Collective Intelligence and Technology.

The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 17, 2015, from  http://deloitte.wsj.com .

Federal Forensic Data Analytics
There are definite advantages to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Digital Forensic Data Analytics program. Many of those advantages are well aligned with the integration of this program into the Strategic IT Plan for this organization. Essentially, the aforementioned program can increase the efficiency of the bureau's information technology initiatives, while simultaneously lowering costs and reducing the sort of infrastructure required to sustain this program. Additionally, this program can help this bureau maximize its current resources without needing to make substantial investments in other ones.

The analytics capabilities of the Digital Forensic Data Analytics program of the FBI far surpass those that it previously had for forensic analytics. One of the most immediate impacts of this program towards costs relates to the predictive capabilities of this program. By utilizing various components of cognitive computing including machine learning and other sophisticated algorithms such as deep learning and neural networks…...

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References

Cheng, W. (2016). What's a CFO's biggest fear, and how can machine learning help? www.analyticsweek.com Retrieved from https://analyticsweek.com/content/whats-a-cfos-biggest-fear-and-how-can-machine-learning-help/

Harper, J. (2016). Creating "Data Culture" with self-service analytics. www.analyticsweek.com Retrieved from  https://analyticsweek.com/content/creating-data-culture-with-self-service-analytics/

Assurance and Security (IAS) Digital forensics (DF)
In this work, we take a look at three laboratory-based training structures that afford practical and basic knowledge needed for forensic evaluation making use of the latest digital devices, software, hardware and firmware. Each lesson has three parts. The duration of the first section of the three labs will be one month. These labs would be the largest labs. The Second section would consist of smaller labs. The training period duration in these labs would also generally be one month. The third section would consist of smallest labs. The duration of training period in these labs would be one week. The training will be provided in the field of software, programming concepts, flowcharting and algorithms and logical reasoning- both linear and iterative.

Part 1 Larger Labs:

Lab 1(Timeline Analysis)

Purposes and goals of the Lab (Lab VI):

Use MAC (Media Access Control, internet adapter physical address) to…...

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References"

[1] Lab VI: Timeline Analysis. Available at https://cs.nmt.edu/~df/Labs/Lab06_sol.pdf

[2] LAB IV: File Recovery: Meta Data Layer. Available at

[3] Lab V: File Recovery: Data Layer Revisited. Available at

[4] Windows Client Configuration. Available at

Forensic Lab
Forensic crime labs are important institutions within the criminal justice system and each lab must be up to standard in order for this system to operate at a high and fair level. A good crime lab begins with a good design based on solid fundamentals and thorough planning. The purpose of this essay is to design a digital forensic crime lab that can be used in a university setting. In order to this, the essay will explain the budgeting process while keeping business objectives in mind. The next step of the design will introduce how the physical controls can be used to implement this design. Criteria for success will also be discussed as well as a suggested floor plan to house the lab.

Budgeting

The setting for this digital forensic lab is within a university setting which denotes that funds could most likely be attained for these purposes. In most cases,…...

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References

Al Falayleh, M. (2013). Building a Digital Forensic Laboratory For an Educational Institute. American University in the Emirates, 2012. Retrieved from   library/web-admin/upload-pdf/00000357.pdfhttp://sdiwc.net/digital -

Mount, M. & Denmark, A. (nd). Digital Forensics: Architectural and Engineering Facility Design Requirements. AIA, . Retrieved from http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/ek_members/documents/pdf/aiab092706.pdf

Taylor, M. (2012). NIST Offers Guidance on Building 21st Century Forensics Labs. NIST Law Enforcement Standards. Retrieved from  http://www.nist.gov/oles/forensics/facilities_forensics.cfm 

Vacca, J. & Rudolph, K. (2010). System Forensics, Investigation and Response. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 1 edition (September 24, 2010)

Systems
COMPUTE SCIENCE

Computer forensic is a scientific method of analyzing the digital information which is used as evidence for the criminal, administrative and civil cases. In the contemporary legal environment, computer forensic has become a vital part in solving the complex crimes. Since computer forensic experts use data to solve high level cases, effective data storage and retrieval is critical aspect of forensic investigation and effective data storage is very essential to assist in achieving the data integrity. ISO9660 file system has become an effective method that forensic experts employ to store and retrieve data. (Dixon, 2005). Preserving and storing the critical data and information without alteration of the original state of data is the most important aspect of Computer Forensics. Some of the techniques employed are by using the ISO9660 file system to store data. It is essential to realize an employee might inadvertently overwrite valuable data. Otherwise, a…...

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References

Carrier, B. (2005). File System Analysis. Addison Wesley Professional .USA.

Carrier, B.D. (2010).Different interpretations of ISO9660 file systems. Digital Investigation. 7:S 1-2 9-S 1-3 4

Coward, J. (2009). Computer Forensics: Breaking down the 1's and 0's of cyber activity for potential evidence. Information Security Writers.

Dixon, P.D. (2005). An overview of computer forensics. IEEE Potentials (IEEE) 24 (5): 128-136.

1. The Art of Digital Forensics: Unveiling the Secrets of Forensic Image Analysis

2. Pixels and Clues: Exploring the Evidentiary Landscape of Forensic Image Analysis

3. Deciphering the Digital Enigma: A Comprehensive Guide to Forensic Image Analysis

4. The Eye of the Digital Detective: Forensic Image Analysis as a Tool for Unraveling Mysteries

5. Illuminating the Dark Web: Forensic Image Analysis for Cybercrime Investigations

6. Beyond the Surface: Exploring the Hidden Depths of Forensic Image Analysis

7. The Anatomy of an Image: A Forensic Examination of Digital Artifacts

8. Unmasking the Cybercriminal: Using Forensic Image Analysis to Identify Perpetrators

9. Forensic Image Analysis: The Bridge between the Virtual....

Forensic Science in the UK and USA: A Comparative Overview

Forensic science plays a crucial role in the criminal justice systems of both the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA). However, there are several key differences in the use and application of forensic science in these two countries.

Structure and Organization

UK: Forensic science services in the UK are primarily provided by the Forensic Science Service (FSS), a government agency responsible for conducting forensic examinations and providing expert testimony in criminal cases. The FSS has a centralized structure, with laboratories located throughout the country.

USA: Forensic science services in the....

Law enforcement agencies around the world have faced significant challenges in combating cybercrime in the digital age. With the increasing reliance on technology for communication, financial transactions, and various aspects of daily life, criminals have found new opportunities to exploit vulnerabilities in cyberspace. As a result, law enforcement agencies have had to adapt their strategies and capabilities to effectively investigate and prosecute cybercrimes.

One way in which law enforcement has adapted to cybercrime is by investing in specialized training and technology. Many agencies now have dedicated cybercrime units staffed with experts in digital forensics, computer science, and cybersecurity. These units....

Police Functional Adaptation to the Digital or Post Digital Age: Discussions with Cybercrime Experts

Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) worldwide are undergoing a significant transformation in the digital age, driven largely by the rise of cybercrime. This essay explores how LEAs have adapted their functions and approaches to combat cybercrime effectively through discussions with cybercrime experts.

Technological Advancements and Capacity Building

One of the most prominent adaptations involves the integration of advanced technologies into police operations. LEAs are investing in cutting-edge tools such as data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud computing to enhance their capabilities. For instance, AI algorithms can sift through....