This would likely have resulted in a long delay in raising suitable support to those health care professionals already at the disaster site.

Duties of the DMAT

The initial duties of the DMAT were to assist the nursing team at Charlotte egional Medical Centre as most nurses there had been on duty for around 40 hours. This was due to the problems which relief staff had in getting to the facility and also the problems which had been caused at the hospital due to the power failures and the structural damage that had been inflicted on the hospital (Cohen and Mulvaney). This initial aid that the DMAT provided was invaluable, as if they had not been so well prepared and arrived so early there would have been far greater pressure on the staff at the hospital, which would have greatly reduced the quality of care which the patients received.

By…

References

Cohen, Sharon S. And Karen Mulvaney. "Field observations: Disaster Medical Assistance Team response for Hurricane Charley, Punta Gorda, Florida, August 2004." Disaster Management and Response 3.1 (2005): 22-27.

Mace, Sharon E., Jaszmine T. Jones and Andrew I. Bern. "An analysis of Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT) deployments in the United States." Prehospital Emergency Care 11 (2007): 30-35.

McEntire, David a. Disaster Response and Recovery: Strategies and Tactics for Resilience. Indianapolis: Wiley, 2007. 156-157.

South Florida Regional DMAT FL 5 / IMSuRT South. 2007. South Florida Regional DMAT FL5. 31 October 2007  http://www.fl5dmat.com/ .

As Nielsen and Lidstone (1998) note,

It is ironic that the public demands safety yet a number of cost-effective and feasible measures to mitigate disasters are not adopted by many... Such a failure of the public to adopt disaster mitigation measures has a long record in Australia

(Nielsen and Lidstone 1998)

This attitude is one of the reasons given for the greater emphasis on public education. In theoretical terms, the view is put forward that an educated public will be able to deal with emergencies and disasters more effectively and that this should form an integral part of emergency and disaster management and planning. This in turn has resulted in a "...renewal of focus, at both a national and global level, upon public education as a means to disaster mitigation" (Nielsen and Lidstone 1998). To this end the Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States (FEMA) has collected data…

Bibliography

Asghar S. et al. Dynamic integrated model for decision support systems. I. j. Of simulation 6. (http://www.ema.gov.au/agd/EMA/rwpattach.nsf/viewasattachmentpersonal/(85FE07930A2BB4482E194CD03685A8EB)~Public_education_and_disaster_management.pdf/$file/Public_education_and_disaster_management.pdf. (Accessed July 15, 2008).

D'Ercole, R. 1994. "Les Vulnerabilites des Societes et des Espaces

Urbanises: Concepts, Typologies, Mode d'Analyse." Revue de

Geographie Alpine 32 (4): 87-96.

For example, the company could consider placing the data recovery system in the desert between West Texas and Nevada. In general, these areas are not subject to tornados or hurricanes. You could then choose, to place the location for all backup servers in a facility that will protect it against the weather such as: placing it underground. Once the facility is complete, you want to ensure that there is key staff to monitor and address any kind of issues that arise. Using such a system, will allow you to reduce the overall amounts of lost data that can occur at a particular location (due to weather / terrorist related activity).

Emergency Operations Center

The next issue that is going to be faced by the company / location is: establishing an Emergency Operations Center (EOC). In general, an EOC will serve as a place where the company can effectively coordinate a…

Bibliography

Great Britain Intelligence and Security Committee." Report into London Terrorist Attacks on 7 July 2005." London:

Stationary Office. 2006. Print.

Hoffer, Jim. "Backing Up Business - Industry Trend or Event." Health Management Technology, 12.9, (2001): 79

85. Print.

Disaster Preparedness Research: Proposed Methodology

Exploring the issue of disaster preparedness in emergency centers and trauma clinics require not only an understanding of the challenges that have been experienced in the past (i.e., lack of supplies and/or equipment, staff shortage, poor management, among many others) and through extant literature on the topic, but also an understanding of how these emergency centers and trauma clinics operate in the event of a disaster or an emergency.

It is only through understanding the operations of emergency centers and trauma clinics that the researcher would be able to fully explore, identify, and determine weak and strong points that is the current situation in emergency and disaster preparedness management. In order to do this, a research into the operations of emergency centers and trauma clinics must be conducted. In line with this requirement, the proposed methodology for the research study on determining points of improvement…

There is a modern emphasis, which has resulted from the experience of the economic impact of disaster, on a more extensive and 'distributed' mode of thinking about disaster recovery. This is an important factor that should be stressed as it has direct implications in terms of the economic aspects of disaster recovery planning in an increasingly networked and technologized contemporary working environment. This aspect is cogently expressed in a White Paper on this issue.

Many organizations have strong business recovery plans for their mainframe and mini-computer systems. but, as more and more critical applications are migrated to distributed systems, companies are becoming concerned about how they can protect these systems in the event of a disaster. Chances of a disaster increase significantly as systems are moved away from traditional central computer facilities that have hardened security and environmental controls.

(Disaster ecovery - a White Paper)

This emphasizes a cardinal issue…

References

Bielski, L. (2002). Thinking the Unthinkable: Often Dismissed as Mere "Insurance," Disaster Recovery Ought to Be Considered Part of the Lifeblood of Any Business. ABA Banking Journal, 94(1), 44+.

This article focuses on the subject of disaster management in the banking industry. It provides insight into actual situations where disaster recovery plans were effective in preventing large-scale economic loss. It also provides examples of what can occur when there is a poor or recovery plan. This is also a good background study that provides insight into the economic effects and implications of disaster in the it context.

Carlson, S.J., & Parker, D. (1998). Disaster Recovery Planning and Accounting Information Systems. Review of Business, 19(2), 10+.

This was a very useful article in that it provided an extensive and well written overview of issues surrounding disaster recovery and management. The article was particularly focused on the effects and implications in economic terms of the failure of disaster management planning. These aspects were compared to the effect of good and well thought out disaster planning.

FEMA's (2009) National Disaster Housing Strategy reveals the complexities surrounding housing recovery support functions (SF) and their attendant agencies. One of the core goals of disaster response is meeting the needs of affected populations especially with regards to housing, which can be extremely difficult in times when resources are limited or cut off and when infrastructure has been damaged or demolished. Due to the range of issues facing effective disaster recovery, multiple agencies will be involved with the housing SF.

Local governance, insurers, FEMA and other federal agencies, small business organizations, and long-term non-governmental recovery groups may each play a role in post-disaster housing strategies (Phillips, 2009). These same groups, agencies, and stakeholders may be involved in disaster prevention efforts. The list of agencies that may be involved in housing SF shows that needs and interests are generally focused on similar recovery goals, but that competing interests are inevitable. At…

References

Bang, H. N., & Few, R. (2012). Social risks and challenges in post-disaster resettlement: the case of Lake Nyos, Cameroon. Journal Of Risk Research, 15(9), 1141-1157. doi:10.1080/13669877.2012.705315.

FEMA. (2009). National Disaster Housing Strategy. {pgs 24-28 and 50-85}.

Phillips, B.D. (2009). Excerpt from Disaster Recovery.

Zhang, Y., & Peacock, W. G. (2010). Planning for Housing Recovery? Lessons Learned From Hurricane Andrew. Journal of The American Planning Association, 76(1), 5-24. doi:10.1080/01944360903294556.

Joplin Tornado Disaster

The Category EF-5 tornado that struck Joplin, Missouri, in 2011 devastated the region, killing 161 people and injuring over a thousand more (Smith, Sutter, 2013). In all, local, state and federal agencies and officials worked together to ensure a better response to the disaster, when compared to the debacle that was the response to Katrina; what was most notable about the disaster recovery in Joplin was that officials allowed the private sector "to lead the response and recovery (Smith, Sutter, 2013, p. 166). In other words, authorities from government agencies took a hands-off approach to the disaster response in Joplin and allowed non-profits and private organizations do the majority of the work. Volunteers took part in providing shelters and faith-based organizations rallied around the community to assist in the various needs using social media to help put out notices, organize and identify strategic aims; local organizations, churches…

References

After the Storm. (2012). Missouri's Commitment to Joplin. Retrieved from  http://sema.dps.mo.gov/newspubs/publications/AfterTheStormMissouriCommitmentToJoplin.pdf 

Bollin, S. (2011). The Day After: Recovery Efforts at St. John's Mercy Joplin.

Retrieved from  https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiD0u7YwLnNAhVOdlIKHZZ6DOgQFggeMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iowadnr.gov%2FPortals%2Fidnr%2Fuploads%2Fwaste%2FP2%2520Workshops%2520Resources%2F11oct05joplin.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFte_zoIqgVi1RC6ZHbBYvNI_UGoQ&sig2=X0DPREp-8vdIIfHMvjjSkg 

Joplin Proud. (2016). Joplin Disaster Recovery Summit. Retrieved from  http://www.joplinproud.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/JoplinProud-SummitProgram-8.5x11-WEB.pdf

US Disaster Preparation and Lack of with Regards to the Hurricanes and US Administration
Introduction
The health policy relating to U.S. disaster preparation or lack thereof with respect to hurricanes is one that must include a better system of communication between the U.S. disaster response teams and the hospitals in the affected regions. As Hurricane Katrina showed, the U.S. was not prepared to handle the level of response needed in the wake of the catastrophe the hurricane produced. The problems with the response to Hurricane Katrina were numerous: there was no National Response Plan (NPR) in place and there was no National Incident Management System (NIMS) in existence. Additionally, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was virtually ineffective: it had been in decline for years, was suffering from significant turnover among top leaders, and the individuals who were in charge lacked the appropriate leadership experience and knowledge to oversee an…

Disaster Planning

The author of this report will be answering several questions that relate to disaster pre-planning and post-planning. To be specific, there will be a focus on the documents and plans that are created for both. The author of this report will elaborate on the differences that exist between the planning that exists for both pre-disaster and post-disaster scenarios. The author of this report shall use personally gleaned examples to make the case. Finally, there will be the answering of whether pre-planning or post-planning is more important in the grand scheme of things. While post-disaster reactions in terms of documentation are very important, planning for the disasters in advance and knowing what to do and why when the time comes is much more important.

Analysis

When it comes to the three differences between pre-disaster planning and post-disaster planning, there are easily more than three differences but the author of…

References

DHS. (2015). Denver UASI All-Hazards Regional Recovery Framework (pp. 1-154). Denver, CO: Department of Homeland Security.

Fairfax County. (2012). Fairfax County Pre-Disaster Recovery Plan. Fairfax, VA: Office of Emergency Management.

Guarino, M. (2010). Would New Orleans levees hold for a second Katrina?. The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 14 September 2015, from  http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2010/0829/Would-New-Orleans-levees-hold-for-a-second-Katrina 

Schwab, J. (2014). Planning Post-Disaster Recovery (pp. 4-197). Chicago, IL: American Planning Association.

Disaster Preparedness Plan:

Georgia has been an area threatened by some of form of natural disaster that has a huge negative impact on the well-being of its residents and the personnel and financial resources of the emergency response agencies. The most common natural disaster that occurs in this area is tornadoes that have terrorized both the rural and urban areas while making everyone in danger of their perils. In the recent years, Georgia experienced deadly tornadoes that caused harm, damages, and deaths in approximately 15 counties within the state. Give the nature of these tragedies, residents of this state need to be prepared and planned on how to respond to such emergencies.

Tornadoes in Georgia:

Tornadoes are regarded as nature's most violent storms since they can generate wind speeds of over 250 mph and appear from nowhere with little warning ("March Marks Start of Active Tornado," n.d.). These natural disasters…

References:

"Defining the Need." (2002). Georgia Amateur Radio Emergency Service. Retrieved January 31,

2012, from  http://www.gaares.org/ARESPlan/potential_disasters_in_georgia.html#tornadoes 

"Georgia Emergency Operations Plan." (2010, August). GEMA / Homeland Security.

Retrieved from Georgia Emergency Management Agency / Homeland Security website:  http://www.gema.ga.gov/content/atts/prepare/Plans%20and%20Maps/Plan%20Library/GEOP2010.pdf

Disaster ecovery

Emergency Planning and Disaster ecovery: Technological and Managerial Solutions

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is a body that is entrusted with alerting, evacuation coordination and managing disaster situations. Their website http://www.fema.gov/emergency-alert-system-eas deals with emergency issues and how response to disasters are usually undertaken by the agency. This portal in particular covers the use if technology to advance alert systems to the general public during and impending disaster. The alert system that is used by the agency and several other bodies will be focus of the paper and a detailed look at how successful these alert systems described in the FEMA website are and how they can be improved to ensure a much higher success rate in the future.

The approaching disaster alert system described in the FEMA website is known as the Emergency Alert System (EAS). This is a system that is used by the alerting authorities to…

Reference

FEMA, (2012). Emergency Alert System. Retrieved July 21, 2012 from  http://www.fema.gov/emergency-alert-system-eas

Disaster Preparedness

In the second hypothesis of the proposed research project, disaster management and emergency response are critical areas which can be explored further in terms of the United States' current performance in this area, applied in the context of national security. he second hypothesis of the study states that, there is a significant relationship between performance/competence in disaster preparedness and emergency response capabilities and the successful implementation of homeland security in the United States.

o test this hypothesis, the important variables that must be taken into consideration are (1) performance or competence in terms of disaster management and emergency response and (2) successful implementation of homeland security in the U.S. o measure performance or competence in terms of disaster management and emergency response, specific measures that could help determine this variable are the following: competency of individuals in agencies and departments responsible for disaster management and emergency response (on…

This journal article explores the disaster preparedness of the government in terms of a medical emergency response in the event that a disaster or attack (such as the September 11 attack) occurs in U.S. territory. One of the identified issues in medical emergency response is the lack of resources (staff and capacity in hospitals) necessary for an effective emergency response to be implemented in hospitals (i.e., from a medical perspective).

Waeckerle, J. (2000). "Domestic preparedness for events involving weapons of mass destruction." Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 293, No. 2.

The article discusses the importance of frequent and intensive trainings as an effective mitigation plan in disaster management and emergency response planning. The discussion centers on preparedness in terms of responding to emergencies related to attacks with weapons of mass destruction or WMDs. The model introduced by the author proposed subsistence to the following steps in curtailing or preventing a WMD attack from escalating, such as: establishment of a surveillance system; specific training for health care personnel; and a central federal coordinating office responsible for spearheading an effective emergency response program, which would include the state and local representatives of law enforcement, fire services, emergency managers, and healthcare professionals.

("About FEMA," 2007)

The method followed by FEMA is to lead the country in cases of a disaster, in a risk-based comprehensive emergency management system that would have as its important tenets preparedness, protection, response and recovery, and finally, mitigation of the losses that the people have suffered. These are some of the plans that FEMA has in place, and for which it recruits trainees: the National esponse Plan, strategic Plan, and Annual Agency Performance Plan. The National esponse Plan encompasses a sort of a complete and all hazards approach to the management of domestic incidents. Some of the protocols that the National esponse Plan have established are: to save lives and also to effectively protect the lives and the health and safety of the public, the responders to the calamity, and to the health care and rescue workers at the scene, while at the same time making sure that…

References

Auerhahn, Elliot. (2006, Jun) "Broward's new Hurricane Ready Decal

Program Helps Residents Identify Businesses That Will Be Open after a Hurricane" Retrieved 12 October, 2007 at http://bcegov2.broward.org/newsrelease/viewscreen.asp?MessageID=1168

Brunelli, Mark. (2003, Jun) "Data Center Futures: More companies seeking to create internal disaster recovery centers" Retrieved 12 October, 2007 at  http://searchwebservices.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid26_gci905212,00.html 

Hickey, Andrew R. (2006, Oct) "Disaster Recovery centre focuses on network management" Retrieved 12 October, 2007 at  http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/originalContent/0,289142,sid103_gci1222603,00.html

Answering the posed question depends on one's understanding of "substantially different." On the one hand, there is the basic commonality of a recognition of the threat that natural hazards and man made activities pose upon environmental safety. Also, there is the common element of intensified efforts made in the direction of attaining environmental sustainability. What differs however is the extent to which researchers, lawmakers, organizations and individuals will go to protect the environment. Additionally, differences are obvious in terms of the emergence of new threats, such as bioterrorism. So yes, even if they refer to environmental threats and protection, the issues throughout this course will be substantially different from those forwarded in 1996.

eferences:

Charlesworth, a., 29 September 2009, Cost-Cutting Takes Precedence Over Environmental Concersn, Computing, http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2250303/cost-cutting-takes-precedence last accessed on October 2, 2009

Logue, J.N., 1996, Disasters, the Environment, and Public Health: Improving Our esponse, American Journal of Public Health,…

References:

Charlesworth, a., 29 September 2009, Cost-Cutting Takes Precedence Over Environmental Concersn, Computing,  http://www.computing.co.uk/computing/news/2250303/cost-cutting-takes-precedence  last accessed on October 2, 2009

Logue, J.N., 1996, Disasters, the Environment, and Public Health: Improving Our Response, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 86, No. 9

Revkin, a.C., January 22, 2009, Environmental Issues Slide in Poll of Public's Concerns, New York Times

2009, Fuel Economy Website,  http://www.fueleconomy.gov  last accessed on October 2, 2009

Disaster Plan

In the modern era, it is important that government from the federal to the local level have risk management plans in place for natural disasters, man-made issues and of course, terrorism. Generally speaking, risk management helps identify, prioritize and put plans in place regarding areas of risk that can impact the community. The overall purpose of risk management is so that agencies can be proactive in their identification and implementing plans for disasters and risks since in the modern world these plans involve numerous agencies and complex coordination. Thankfully, standards have been developed that organize risk management by looking at six general paradigms: 1) Identifying risks in the context of the area (e.g. flood planning is less important in Arizona than in Louisiana); 2) Planning a process to mitigate the situation (who is in charge); 3) Mapping the objectives of stakeholders (who will be involved); 4) Developing a…

REFERENCES

Colorado Division of Emergency Management. (2013). News, Info and Preparedness.

Retrieved from:  http://www.coemergency.com/ 

Drabek, T., et.al.. (1991). Emergency Management: Principles and Practices for Local Government. International City Management Association.

Frenkel, M., Hommel, U., & Rudolf, M. (Eds.). (2005). Risk Management - Challenge and Opportunity. New York: Springer.

Homeland Security and Preparedness, esponse, Activities and Programs in Disaster esponse or Disaster ecovery

The focus of this study is the homeland security issue as it relates to the preparedness of the U.S.A. government and citizens in response to the emergencies that may emerge.

The research question in this study is one that asks in light of the past disasters experienced by the United States such as the events of September 11, 2001, and Hurricane Katrina among others, are the emergency response agencies and the law enforcement agencies in a better position to handle disasters from preparation to response and ultimately recovery effectively in the event of disasters or terrorist attacks?

Significance

The significance of the research in this study is that the effectiveness of the preparedness of Homeland Security initiatives should be addressed as it is not possible to know where and when disaster will next strike and the…

References

Bowman, M.E. (2007) Law Enforcement Technology Intelligence, and the War on Terror. JFQ. Issue 46, 3rd Quarter 2007. Retrieved from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9dfc7c9b-537f-44b9-a461-ed45b8fa1a76%40sessionmgr12&vid=1&hid=11

Central Intelligence Agency, (2011). About CIA. Retrieved June 30, 2012 from Cowper, TJ and Buerger, ME (nd) Improving Our View of the World: Police and Augmented Reality Technology. Retrieved from:  http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/police-augmented-reality-technology-pdf 

Edwards, John B. (2012) Intelligence Led Policing Connecting Urban and Rural Operations. Retrieved from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1afefbff-3d5c-4282-bcda-00e357218031%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&hid=12

from http://www.dhs.gov/files/prepresprecovery.shtm

Lynchburg Security

Formulating a disaster and risk management is necessary for this jurisdiction. This is based on the knowledge that risk management is a demanding initiative that requires an appropriate and responsive. Satellite units are professionally trained to meet global demands. The Lynchburg, Virginia security system has met federal requirements of quality, and as a result, the system has proved suitable to respond to various hazards experienced in this jurisdiction. This report will attempt to present the Homeland Security apparatus of this jurisdiction. The report will assess the current situation of possible hazards and actual preparedness whilst presenting the elements of disaster management at Lynchburg. This section is a critical analysis of how disaster is managed within this jurisdiction compared to the critical disaster management measures in the United Kingdom.

Homeland Security stakeholders

The Lynchburg Homeland Security system is comprised of stakeholders like administrators, first responders, and the local law…

References

Agostino, D.M., & Jenkins, W.O. (2011). Catastrophic planning: states participating in FEMA's pilot program made progress, but better guidance could enhance future pilot programs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office.

Brownstein, C. (2007). Report of the DHS national small vessel security summit managing the risk. Arlington, VA: Homeland Security Institute.

Davis, B.J. (2011, November 1). Interagency Logistics Education and Training: Building Homeland Defense and Civil Support Liaisons: Disasters within the United States

Edkins, J. (2011). Missing: Persons and Politics. Cornell University Press.

Dombrowsky

"Disaster" as a Trigger

Joseph Scanlon, Director of the Emergency Communications esearch Unit at Carleton University, states that the term "disaster" has undergone a transformation in the wake of 9/11. Its transformation is the center of debate for researchers whose work relies on an adequate definition and understanding of "disaster" -- yet Scanlon makes clear that he has been particularly struck "by how much of the debate [is]...influenced by awareness of various events and how much of that awareness [is] media related" (Scanlon 2005:13). In the field of emergency communications, that awareness has led to a new culture of "disaster" maintenance, and it has been largely influenced by media representation. According to Wolf Dombrowsky, "the term 'disaster' has only ephemeral significance. It is a trigger, a flag to signal a meaning, a stimulus to produce a specific reaction" (Dombrowsky 1998:15). Dombrowsky's assertion has been challenged by several researches, but…

References

Alexander, D 2005a, 'An Interpretation of Disaster in Terms of Changes in Culture,

Society and International Relations. What is a Disaster?: New Answers to Old

Questions. [Ed. Ronald W. Perry & E.L. Quarantelli] International Research

Committee on Disasters.

What they did not anticipate was the levees breaking nor were they aware of the level of immediate need of the people. He also says that with Hurricane Andrew, about two million residents were evacuated and only about 10% we left homeless whereas with Hurricane Katrina approximately the same number of residents were evacuated yet over 90% were left homeless (Halton, 2006). This was much more of a burden than FEMA had anticipated and it was a result of poor emergency response at lower levels of government.

Even still, FEMA should have been better prepared to handle the situation. They should have been called in earlier than they were and if this were the case they situation would have been easier to manage. Paulison says that FEMA was not fully aware of what was needed and where. This is a result of poor communication. y the time they were called…

Bibliography

Halton, B. (2006). FEMA's response to Hurricane Katrina. Fire Engineering, 159(5), 213-218.

Kelley-Romano, S. And Westgate, V. (2007). Blaming Bush: An analysis of political cartoons following Hurricane Katrina. Journalism Studies, 8(5), 755-719.

Perry, R.W. And Lindell, M.K. (2003). Preparedness for emergency response: Guidelines for emergency planning process. Disasters, 27(4), 336-350.

SAFETY

Hurricane Katrina and the Plan Efforts to educe elated Disaster Impacts in Future

Hurricane Katrina

The hurricane Katrina is one of the deadliest hurricanes to occur in the United States. The hurricane hit Louisiana, Florida, and New Orleans amongst other places. It led to losses, evacuation of people, loss of lives and many businesses came to stand still. New Orleans had flood preparedness systems, which did not help, and floods persisted for weeks. The tragedy was contributed to by the lack of risk preparedness systems. Scientists have estimated lower storm surges and small coverage of wetlands in the 20th century. The winds, surges, and wetlands help to weaken the powerful winds. The areas are still vulnerable to hurricanes and storms in the future due to the geographic location. New Orleans city is also sinking geologically rapidly. Lessons learned from the hurricane Katrina should be used for disaster preparedness.

Federal…

References

Department Of Homeland Security Appropriations. (2008). New York: DIANE Publishing.

Daniels, R.D. (2006). On Risk And Disaster Lessons From Hurricane Katrina. New York: University of Pennslyvania.

Huddow, G.J. (2010). Introduction To Emergency Management. Atlanta: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Jenkins, O. (2009). National Preparedness. New York: DIANE Publishing.

21). When pressed, the ed Cross said they did not know if any of their recipients had received aid from other agencies, or even actually lived in the affected areas (O'Meara, 2004, p. 21). There was a controversy after the facts became known, and after the controversy hit the news, the President of the organization, Dr. Bernadine Healy resigned in October 2001 after allegations that the organization did not use all the funds collected for victim relief. In December 2005, Marsha J. Evans also resigned her position as the President And CEO, after new allegations surfaced over the terrorist attacks and problems with the relief effort in the Gulf Coast area after the 2005 hurricane season. Today, the organization posts their tax returns and annual reports on their Web site, and has a list of commonly asked questions about where their funding comes from and where it goes.

Funding may…

References

Editors. (2006). American Red Cross. Retrieved from the RedCross.org Web site:  http://www.redcross.org/index.html1  Dec. 2006.

Editors. (2006). Northern Nevada Chapter American Red Cross. Retrieved from the NevadaRedCross.org Web site:  http://www.nevada.redcross.org/1  Dec. 2006.

O'Meara, Kelly Patrick. Are They Cheating on 9/11 Payouts? (2004, March 15). Insight on the News 21.

ole of Technology in educing and Exacerbating Disaster isk: A Case Study of -- Haiti

Examine how technology(s) exacerbates.

Examine how technology(s) reduces the vulnerability of different people facing the same risk.

Make policy recommendations that would reduce the risk for the most vulnerable.

How to involve communities in technology development.

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Abstract

The technological inventions and life often go hand in hand and the disasters have often been…

References

Cashmore P. (2010) Haiti Quake Relief: Hoe Technology helps. Cable News Network [online]. Available from [13Nov 2014]

Choney S.(2010) Mobile Giving to help Haiti Exceeds $30 Million[online].Available from [11November 2014]

Encyclopedia of the Nations (2014)Haiti- Agriculture. Available from

he article goes on to list and discuss many other areas of important consideration when it comes to planning for a disaster and thus carrying to an effective response when a disaster actually strikes. Proper staffing levels need to be maintained at all times, and contact information for additional staff should be organized according to distance from the hospital in order to bring in as many staff members as possible as soon as they can be made available in the unit (Ashcraft 2001, p. 51). Prioritizing inpatient care in the manner that allows for the most effective and efficient use of resources and ensuring that proper follow-up appointments and symptom/pain management techniques are effectively communicated are both essential tasks of acute nursing staff during a disaster response, as well (Ashcraft 2011, p. 51-2). Having procedures in place to speed up standard admissions procedures during a disaster response is also highly…

The actual disaster response plan that Ashcraft helped to develop in her own nursing unit, and which she advocates in the article, consists of the following elements: purpose, function, chain of command, notification, personnel, and admission responsibilities (Ashcraft 2001, p. 49-50). The author also stresses the importance of getting and maintaining accurate data, spelling out certain procedures for nurses recording data as a means of keeping administrators and other relevant personnel informed; the need to "identify potential discharges" to make room for more patients in acute care is also discussed (Ashcraft 2001, p. 50). By keeping track of the minute details, the bigger picture in a disaster can be more easily dealt with.

The article goes on to list and discuss many other areas of important consideration when it comes to planning for a disaster and thus carrying to an effective response when a disaster actually strikes. Proper staffing levels need to be maintained at all times, and contact information for additional staff should be organized according to distance from the hospital in order to bring in as many staff members as possible as soon as they can be made available in the unit (Ashcraft 2001, p. 51). Prioritizing inpatient care in the manner that allows for the most effective and efficient use of resources and ensuring that proper follow-up appointments and symptom/pain management techniques are effectively communicated are both essential tasks of acute nursing staff during a disaster response, as well (Ashcraft 2011, p. 51-2). Having procedures in place to speed up standard admissions procedures during a disaster response is also highly recommended by the author (Ashcraft 2001, p. 52).

Being prepared for an emergency or disaster is important for any medical facility and all medical personnel, including nurses in an acute care unit. It might even be all the more important fro acute care nurses to develop an implement a disaster preparedness plan, as they are very likely to be underutilized and underprepared in the event of a disaster unless they take this initiative themselves (Ashcraft 2001). Without proper planning and preparation, inefficiencies and improperly used resources can cost lives very quickly, and there is simply no way to prepare for a disaster after it has struck. With preparation comes a greater ability to help (Ashcraft 2001, p. 52).

There were incidences of the army having supplies but no requests came in for the supplies from FEMA which was supposed to be initiating that.

The lack of the CIA activation also meant there was no unified command on the ground hence the delay of the arrival of the active duty-federal troops in New Orleans. Even though there were in excess of 50,000 troops sent with resources from over 49 states, the operations did not proceed efficiently due to lack of the command from federal Northern Command, which was overseeing the large-scale deployments and operations of the active-duty military (Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 2006:Pp11).

3. Politics and decision making process

In the event of any disaster, be it natural or an act of terrorism, there is always an attempt to politicize the process of making decisions particularly relating to the search and rescue and general response…

References

Department of Homeland Security, (2004). Catastrophic Incidence Annex. National Response

Plan. Pp1. Retrieved October 2, 2012 from  http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/nsarc/Catastrophic_Incident_Annex.pdf 

Homeland Security, (2005). Catastrophic Incident Supplement to the National Response

Plan. Retrieved October 2, 2012 from  http://publicintelligence.net/catastrophic-incident-supplement-to-the-national-response-plan/

Federal disaster recovery assistance has long been taken for granted in the United States, embedded in federal laws such as the Stafford Act and the Flood Insurance Act. Federal disaster recovery efforts have been further supported by key organizations including those directly involved in crisis scenarios, such as FEMA. Moreover, a number of ancillary national organizations directly or indirectly provide disaster relief assistance, including the United States Department of Transportation, and most notably the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, which offers Community Development Block Grants for Disaster ecovery (Schwab, 2014). If the federal government should one day determine that its role no longer supported disaster relief services, then a number of regional, state, and local organizations would step up to fill the void in resources and management. Some of those organizations would be from the private sector and others from the public sector. In fact, a situation in…

References

Anderson, M.B. & Woodrow, P.J. (1998). Rising from the Ashes. Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner.

Partnership for Disaster Resilience (2007). Post-Disaster recovery planning forum: How-to guide. Retrieved online:  http://www.crew.org/sites/default/files/Post-Disaster-Recovery-Planning-Forum_UO-CSC.pdf 

Rodriguez, H., Quarantelli, E.L., et al. (2007). Handbook of Disaster Research. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. New York: Springer Science

Schwab, J.C. (2014). Planning for post-disaster recovery: Next generation. American Planning Association.

Loss of Life

A recent disaster event that occurred in this region has apparently contributed to significant loss of life. A review of the organization's response plan demonstrates the lack of a plan to deal with significant loss of life though the plan is ready for implementation. Actually, the plan does not provide any details regarding any treatment of how the response team should address the psychological challenges of dealing with significant loss of life. In light of the impact of the recent disaster, it is increasingly important for responders to have specific instructions and guidance on how to deal with the psychological challenges associated with handling significant loss of life.

The inclusion of this element in the disaster response plan is crucial towards developing and implementing a coordinated response to emergency situations that have the capability of resulting in significant loss of life. Without the inclusion of these guidelines…

References

Miskel, J.F. (2008). Hurricane Katrina. In Disaster response and homeland security: what works, what doesn't (chap. 6). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

Srivastava, K. (2010, June). Disaster: Challenges and Perspectives. Indian Psychiatry Journal,

19(1), 1-4.

The United States is a large, complex nation and requires a sophisticated and multifaceted response The National Response Framework (2016) is a guide, released by the Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) that offer direction in responding to national disasters to state, county, and local agencies as well as to individuals and non-government organizations which strive to assist in disaster relief. Scalability and flexibility is a critical concern of the model. Either part or all of its structures can be implemented, depending upon the nature of the event. For example, some areas of the nation are more likely to be impacted by natural disasters such as hurricanes or tornadoes, and concentrating resources and planning with knowledge of the specific circumstances of such likely areas of impact are ideal.
Even regarding human-generated disasters like terrorism requires advance planning to some degree, and areas of likely targets may be more apt to be…

Haiti Case Study and Response to Disaster

The 2010 earthquake was one of the most powerful earthquakes to hit Haiti in a century. This mega-disaster killed thousands of people and displaced more. The catastrophe triggered massive relief efforts that serve vital disaster management lessons for world regions. This paper draws largely on a 2010 report by the United States Joint Forces Command. The essay reviews the Joint Task Force Haiti Case Study and annotates the joint logistical planning processes and the joint mission execution designed for the Humanitarian Assistance Disaster Relief mission. Specific topics to be covered and analyzed include USSOUTHCOM's organization, Situational Awareness, deployment of forces, the speed of response versus force/resource flow requirements and communication.

Organization

The U.S. Southern Command (SOUTHCOM) adopted a directorate organization model to promote collaboration within stakeholders as well as interagency (United States Joint Forces Command, 2010). This structure gave the combatant commanders the…

Work cited

United States Joint Forces Command. USSOUTHCOM and JTF-Haiti... Some Challenges and Considerations in Forming a Joint Task Force. U.S. Joint Forces Command Joint Center for Operational Analysis 24 June 2010 Print, UNCLASSIFIED

Federal Emergency Management Agency FEMA is primarily charged with ensuring that the Americans are all safe in case of any emergency. This is the basis of all their engagements and departments that exist therein. The range of emergencies that are included in the FEMA field of operation are natural disasters like floods, hurricanes, wild fires, earthquakes and man made (both internal and external aggression) disasters that can adversely affect the lives of the Americans.

The roles of FEMA in a situation of emergency are conventionally grouped into the following categories as indicated by FEMA (2010a);

Life safety: this is usually the first and most important priority of FEMA since it is the sole reason for the existence of the agency and the agenda for their response to any emergency situation.

ecovery and restoration; this involves ensuring that the businesses run normally and that the population is employed once again after…

References

Church World Service, (2011). Responding to Emergencies-Our Approach. Retrieved August 1,

2011 from  http://www.churchworldservice.org/site/PageServer?pagename=action_what_emerg_approach 

FEMA (2010a). Emergency Management Guide. Retrieved August 1, 2011 from  http://www.fema.gov/business/guide/section2g.shtm 

FEMA (2010b). FEMA's Organization Structure. Retrieved August 1, 2011 from http://fema.eyestreet.com/about/structure.shtm

Management System: ole of EMS

EMS Duties during Emergency Operations

The Emergency Operations Plan for most municipalities in the United States defines how emergency services will respond to a disaster. A good example is the one outlined by the City of St. Pete Beach in Pinellas County, Florida (St. Pete Beach City Commission, 2011). Based on their analysis, the main hazards for their municipality are flooding due to heavy rainfall, hazardous materials storage and transportation, transportation accidents, tornados, hurricanes, and coastal erosion (p. 27). The frequency of these incidents range from dozens per year to a major hurricane once every 50 years. In St. Pete Beach, if an incident can be effectively handled by their own resources the response is organized using the National Incident Management System (NIMS) (p. 33). The incident commander will control the response, including first responders, even if more than one jurisdiction is involved. Support is…

References

St. Pete Beach City Commission. (2011). Special Commission Workshop Meeting. Retrieved from  http://stpetebeach.granicus.com/DocumentViewer.php?file=stpetebeach_1b0ba9fdb12bd7e90fc339c9b7ef6e3d.pdf&view=1 .

Hurricane esponse Issues

The purpose of this essay is to highlight and describe the various details that are inherent within a disaster. This essay will focus on a recent hurricane event that demands the attention of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC) and includes the necessary actions by the Incident Commander (IC). The current status of the problem is post hurricane and extra medical supplies are needed. Along with this problem lies the issue of drinking water, food and temporary shelter. There is also continuous rain falling as floods are threatening the well being of both the residents of this area and the rescue effort itself.

Decisions

Prioritizing during emergency responses is a very necessary thing to do in order to survive these troubling situations. Leadership is necessary in these cases to provide guidance and a sense of faith and hope in times of peril and danger. In hurricane response situations,…

References

Bucci, I., Inserra, D., Lesser, J., Mayer, M.A., Slattery, B., Spencer, J., & Tubb, K. (2013). After Hurricane Sandy: Time To Learn And Implement The Lessons In Preparedness, Response, And Resilience. The Heritage Foundation Emergency Preparedness Working Group, (144).

Wolshon, B., Urbina, E., Wilmot, C., & Levitan, M. (2005). Review of policies and practices for hurricane evacuation. I: Transportation planning, preparedness, and response. Natural hazards review, 6(3), 129-142.

Cholera

The following is a response to a major disaster in the Asian coastal country of Bangladesh. A major and destructive typhoon has recently hit the country and there are significant problems. The result of this typhoon has seem massive death, destruction and population displacement, and to worsen the situation, data indicates that cases of a diarrheal disease consistent with cholera have been reported.

This essay will highlight the priorities of work that need to be addressed in order to respond to the cholera outbreak that appears imminent. This response will recommend certain actions that need to be implemented and which agencies to seek assistance from to help in making the plan work. Pre-deployment preparations for those flocking to the disaster will also be discussed to give a more descriptive form to the problem.

Impacts of Cholera Outbreaks

It is important and preliminary to understand the problems and risks associated…

References

Tappero JW, Tauxe RV. Lessons learned during public health response to cholera epidemic in Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2011 Nov [date cited].  http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1711.110827 

The World Health Organization (2006). Communicable Disease following natural disasters. Risk Assessment and Priority Interventions. Retrieved from  http://www.who.int/diseasecontrol_emergencies/guidelines/CD_Disasters_26_06.pdf 

Vaccinations in disaster situations: Recommendations of the PAHO/WHO special program for vaccines and immunization (2012). Retrieved from:  http://www.paho.org/English/PED/te_vacc.htm

isk Management: Disaster ecovery

In essence, disaster recovery has got to do with protecting an organization against events of a negative nature and their effects/impact. Such events include, but they are not limited to, failure of equipment, serious cyber attacks, and natural disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes. All these put the operations of the organization at risk. This text concerns itself with practical risk management. In so doing, it will, amongst other things, address the need for disaster recovery and highlight the key components of a disaster recovery plan.

The Need for Disaster isk Management

The relevance of disaster risk management cannot be overstated. This is particularly the case given that disasters put the continued operations of an enterprise at risk. It is important to note that in the past, many businesses have had to contend with huge losses when disasters strike. This is more so the case when…

References

Doig, J. (1997). Disaster Recovery for Archives, Libraries and Records Management Systems in Australia and New Zealand. Wagga, NSW: Center for Information Studies.

EC-Council. (2010). Disaster Recovery. Clifton Part, NY: Cengage Learning.

Rodriguez, R., Quarantelli, E.L. & Dynes, R. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of Disaster Research. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.

Snedaker, S. (2013). Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Planning for IT Professionals (2nd ed.). Waltham, MA: Elsevier.

911 Attack

Communication is among the highest critical success factors in the event of an emergency. Some forms of communication are more effective than others in certain scenarios. Furthermore, technology plays a vital role in the ability to communicate with stakeholders. Some technologies are adequate to serve as the framework for communication between individuals, agencies, and the public while others are not as functional. After the events of September 11th, 2001, there were significant communication challenges that hindered the effectiveness of the first responders.

As volume of different communications increased drastically with people trying to reach out to loved ones and acquire relevant news of the events. However, this acted to overwhelm the system and max out its capacity. There were even come response teams that had to send messengers to other in order to communicate between various groups. This paper will analyze some of the communication failures that were…

Works Cited

AP. (2007, December 5). Communication Breakdown on 9/11. Retrieved from CBS News:  http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-224_162-618272.html 

Harwood, M. (2011, August 17). Former DHS Chief Calls Interoperable Communications Failure "a National Disgrace." Retrieved from Security Management:  http://www.securitymanagement.com/news/former-dhs-chief-calls-interoperable-communications-failure-a-national-disgrace-008904 

Margolin, J. (2011, March 7). Radio problems from 9/11 not fixed, could strike again. Retrieved from NY Post:  http://nypost.com/2011/03/07/radio-problems-from-911-not-fixed-could-strike-again/ 

Mittelsadt, M. (2004, May 19). Panel: Communication problems hampered 9/11 response. Retrieved from The Battalion: http://www.thebatt.com/2.8485/panel-communication-problems-hampered-9-11-response-1.1205160#.UkXELYZvPCk

Public Health Preparedness Policies

Accidents and disasters are unpredictable occurrences that may hardly be prevented from occurring. However, their effects can be minimized especially in a public health facility. These challenges are common many public places and many societies. It is the prerogative of all stakeholders to ensure that they have appropriate disaster preparedness mechanisms. Disaster preparedness is a systematic way of averting mishaps before they occur and ensuring that the entire program runs sustainably. It is the role of the management of any public health facility to secure a good place environment for the execution of any necessary precautionary measure that will avert disasters from happening. This is the fundamental rule of safety.

esponsibility

The responsibility of taking care of safety in any public health facility is a departmental head in charge of health safety. This department must be fully equipped with the personnel and the resources necessary for…

References

Hooke, W. (2010). Public Health Risks of Disasters Communication, Infrastructure, and Preparedness: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Kapur, G. (2011). Emergency Public Health: Preparedness and Response. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Disasters and Their Management

Disaster Management

egional Disaster Analysis

Both natural and human caused disasters have been an issue in the safety of human beings all over the world. Fortunately, there are international agencies that are created for the purpose of mitigation purposes and assist in the prevention of disaster effects that would be more adverse. State governments also have the obligation of adopting the right preventive and counter actions to assist in cushioning citizens from the effects of disasters. This paper, therefore, analyzes the types of disasters in Africa, and the theoretical approaches in the management of the disasters. Under management of disasters, different factors are discussed including response, preparedness and recovery and mitigation practices. There is also a review of both the International Agencies and Local Governments, relating to their preparedness in responding to disasters. Finally, there is an analysis on the partnership relationships between public and private…

References

Christopher, M. & Tatham, P. (2011) Humanitarian Logistics: Meeting of Challenge of Preparing for and Responding to Disasters. New York: Kogan Page Publishers.

Congress (2006) congressional Record, V. 149, Pt.2, January 21, 2003 to February 11, 2003. Congress.

Holden, S. (2003) AIDS on the Agenda: Adapting Development and Humanitarian Programs to meet the challenge of HIV / AIDS. New York: Oxfam Publishers.

Oniang'o, R. (2009) Food and Nutrition Emergencies in East Africa: Political, Economic and Environmental Associations. New York: International Food Policy Restoration Institution.

Disaster First esponder

From: Commander, First esponders

e: Disaster Event

Using a Situational Awareness framework, we need to ensure NO gaps exist in the following categories. If we don't have the information, then we can assume that the missing information may be critical to a good decision. While maximizing expediency, we must put forth sufficient effort to fill as many gaps with high-level information as possible -- in the shortest time possible. ecall that, "Studies found that 76% of SA errors in pilots could be traced to problems in perception of needed information" (Endsley, 1997, p. 3). Keep in mind that an inaccurate assessment at this stage increases the odds of an erroneous mental schema.

All critical objectives will be mapped to the activation plan and my command. All of the SA phases listed below must be considered cyclic as we respond to changes and as new information is discovered.…

References

Endsley, M.R. (1997). The Role of Situation Awareness in Naturalistic Decision Making, In Gary Klein and Caroline E. Zsambok, (Eds,) Naturalistic Decision Making (Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997).

Emergency Planning

Disasters that can critically compromise the accessibility of knowledge include floods, fires, earthquakes, hurricanes, employee sabotage, computer viruses, and theft. The effects of disasters can lengthen even after the restructure of physical damage. Simply, the earlier a business recovers from a disaster; it will experience lesser wide-ranging continuing effects of the disaster. Not only the thrashing of sales during a disaster is destructive for the company, "the loss of customers, vendors, inventory and employee records extend recovery times from weeks and months to years" (Carlson & Parker, 1998). However, if a company has a premeditated disaster recovery plan (DP), it can reduce the nuisance of a disaster, whereas inappropriate preparations can result in a business experiencing liquidation of its bank accounts (Carlson & Parker, 1998).

In the Information Technology industry, Disaster ecovery (D) security issues occur repeatedly. The critical security measures in the environment are frequently covered by…

References

Carlson, S.J., & Parker, D. (1998). Disaster Recovery Planning and Accounting Information Systems. Review of Business, 19(2), 10+. Retrieved July 21, 2012, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001370062 

Disaster Recovery Security: The Importance of Addressing Data Security Issues in DR Plans. (2011, January). Retrieved July 21, 2012 from  http://searchdisasterrecovery.techtarget.com/feature/Disaster-recovery-security-The-importance-of-addressing-data-security-issues-in-DR-plans 

O'Sullivan, K. (2010, September 23). Knowledge Continuity: Strategies, Approach & Tools. Retrieved July 21, 2012 from  http://star-knowledge.com/websites/star-knowledge/skblog/?p=70

Communication Challenges in esponse to Disasters

Communication

Communication and response to disaster

The United States has been hit by several disasters ranging from natural ones to man made. Some of them have included flooding, winds, and terrorism among others. In response to these disasters, the law enforcement agencies have been met with several challenges including communication problems due to failure of early preparedness or poor equipment.

The most known natural one was Hurricane Katrina which strikes the United States. According to the risk management experts, the storm caused $40-60 billion in terms of insured losses, and the actual losses exceeded $150 billion. egarding the human costs, the effects of Katrina was felt for more than decades, (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration., 2005). Some of the far reaching consequences of this killer storm were permanent population shifts as well as large scale changes in terms of land use practices.

There were…

References

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2005). Hur-ricane Katrina: A Climatological Perspective (Preliminary Report). Washington, D.C.: Author.

Office of Domestic Preparedness. (2002). Developing Multi-Agen-cy Interoperability Communication Systems: Washington, D.C.: Author.

Oliver, W. (2006). Homeland security for policing (1st Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Risk Management Solutions. (2005). Hurricane Katrina: Profile of a Super Cat. Retrieved December 16, 2005, from  http://www.rms.com/Publications/KatrinaReport_LessonsandImplications.pdf .

Nursing Intervention in Disaster

The possibility of occurrence of disasters is a reality. With this in mind there should be efforts made to prevent any upcoming or potentially disastrous events. These efforts are what are known as disaster prevention. Disaster prevention therefore refers to efforts put in place to ensure that adverse effects of events that are potentially disastrous are prevented even when the disaster cannot be controlled. Disaster prevention is done at various levels of the society and is undertaken so as to prevent all types of disasters. Nurses are involved to a large extent when it comes to the prevention and mitigation of disasters. Nurses are involved in institutions that can influence change and due to the unique skills that they posses they can make interventions in disasters. To perform efficiently, a nurse must be always prepared to make changes in plan actions at any time and at…

References

Harden, E.G., (2004). The role of nursing in disasters. Retrieved march 22, 2013 from  http://helid.digicollection.org/en/d/Jdi018e/2.html 

Rittenmeyer, L., (2007). Disaster preparedness: Are you ready? Retrieved march 22,2013 from  http://www.nursingcenter.com/prodev/ce_article.asp?tid=726331 

Wolters Kluwer Health, (2007). LWW Journals - Beginning with A. Retrieved March 22, 2013, from  http://journals.lww.com/smajournalonline/fulltext/2007/09000/spiritual_issues_in_the_aftermath_of_disaster.32.aspx

Disaster Event

The activities I will engage in will support the full scope of situational awareness and lead to decisions about what information is available, what information is needed, what resources are available, which resources are already engaged, and which resources are likely to be needed.

As deployment commences, attention will immediately be focused on situational awareness. Continuous monitoring is an essential attribute of situational awareness as incidents are dynamic, and require efficacious information gathering for the actual presenting incident and any developing incidents ("IS 800.b," 2011). The monitoring profile must be responsive to the type of incident and the attendant reporting thresholds ("IS 800.b," 2011). It is essential for both incident monitoring and coordination of effort that critical information pass through established reporting channels as stipulated by the established security protocols ("IS 800.b," 2011).

I will apply an activation and deployment framework early in this situation that will enable…

References

IS-800.b National Response Framework, An Introduction. (2011, April 27). FEMA Independent Study Program. Retreived from  http://www.training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is800blst.asp 

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Interim planning guidance for preparedness and response to a mass casualty event resulting from terrorist use of explosives. (2010). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from  http://emergency.cdc.gov/masscasualties/pdf/cdc_guidance-508.pdf 

Yechiam, E., Barron, G., & Erev, I. (2005, June). The role of personal experience in contributing to different patterns of response to rare terrorist attacks.

Journal of Conflict Resolution, 49(3), 430-439. doi: 10.1177/0022002704270847.

Piper Alpha Disaster

An Environmental and Safety Management Analysis of the Disaster that Occurred on the Piper Alpha Oil Rig off the Coast of Scotland

Piper Alpha (Seconds from Disaster, 2013)

The Incident

The Piper before the Explosion

Timeline of Events

Piper Alpha Mechanism

Root Causes of the Analysis

Human Factors

Design and Process Factor

Financial Consequences

Permit to ork System

Safety Training

Fire alls

Temporary Refuge

Evacuation and Escape

The Incident

Piper Alpha was a North Sea oil production platform operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. The platform began the oil production in 1976 and then later converted to gas production as the hub of multiple networked rigs. The piper alpha platform was operated in multiple shifts by the employees who worked the whole platform to continue supply the oil and gas on a perpetual basis. The operations of the Piper Alpha platform included receiving the oil and gases…

Works Cited

Allen, B., 2008. Lest we forget: Piper Alpha. [Online]

Available at: http://www.beckyallen.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Lest-We-Forget-Piper-Alpha.pdf

[Accessed 19 April 2013].

Centre of Risk, N.d.. Piper Alpha Accident. [Online]

Robertson illustrated his point about the dangers of the Supreme Court's power anecdotally, such as when, later in the book he talks about the McCain-Feingold Bill which was designed to restrict campaign finance and reform the ways political campaigns were funded both privately and via government assistance. Although the Republicans in neither the Legislative or Executive branch supported the bill, they agreed to pass it in order to end the debate, believing that the bill would be ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in that it violated first amendment laws, among other things (Robertson 2004,-page 234). hen the voted for or signed the bill as the case may have been, they believed that the court would ultimately overrule the other branches by finding the proposed legislation unconstitutional based on the text of the law itself. The Supreme Court, however, did not agree with this perspective and ruled the law legal.…

Works Cited

Appel, J.M. (2009, August 22). Anticipating the incapacitated justice. Huffington Post.

Center for Internet and Society. (2005). Pat Robertson suggests that Muslims shouldn't serve as judges. Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA. Retrieved from  http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blogs/chander/archives/003105.shtml 

Robertson, P. (2004). Courting Disaster: How the Supreme Court is usurping the Power of Congress and the People. Integrity: Brentwood, TN.

National esponse Framework Incident Annexes

Timely responses to natural and manmade disasters require the effective coordination of numerous federal, state and local resources. Indeed, effective responses can make the difference between life and death for countless citizens, and there is therefore a need for a framework to coordinate these disparate but valuable first responder resources. In this regard, the National esponse Framework provides such a framework, but given the enormous range of providers that are involved, it is not surprising that the framework is also lengthy and complex. Moreover, the NF recently superseded the National esponse Plan (NP) and provided a number of incident annexes concerning optimal contingency or hazard situation responses. To gain additional insights into the provisions of these annexes, this paper provides a summary of the annexes to the NF, followed by recapitulation of the research and important findings in the conclusion.

Summary of National esponse Framework…

References

Biological incident annex. (2012). FEMA NRF Resource Center. Retrieved from http://

www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf_BiologicalIncidentAnnex.pdf.

Catastrophic incident annex. (2012). FEMA NRF Resource Center. Retrieved from http://www.

fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf_CatastrophicIncidentAnnex.pdf.

Disaster ecovery

Intrusion detection is the method of keeping track of the events taking place inside a computer or perhaps a network and then examining them to get indications of potential situations, that are transgressions or impending dangers of breach of IT security procedures, appropriate usage guidelines, or standardized security strategies. Intrusion prevention is the method of carrying out intrusion detection as well as trying to stop recognized potential situations. Intrusion detection as well as prevention systems (IDPS) happen to be mainly centered on determining potential situations, writing down details about them, trying to end all of them, as well as reporting these to security managers. Additionally, businesses make use of IDPSs for various other objectives, like identifying issues with security guidelines, documenting current risks, as well as stopping people from breaking safety guidelines. IDPSs have grown to be an essential accessory for the security system involving just about any…

References

Allen, J., Christie, A., Fithen, W., McHugh, J. And Pickel, J. (2000). State of the Practice of Intrusion Detection Technologies. Pittsburg, PA: Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute, January.

Base, R. And Mell, P. (2001). SP 800-31, Intrusion Detection Systems. Washington, DC: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Kent, K. And Mell, P. (2006). SP 800-94, Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention (IDP) Systems (DRAFT). Washington, DC: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Kent, K. And Warnock, M. (2004). Intrusion Detection Tools Report, 4th Edition. Herndon, VA: Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center (IATAC).

International Cooperation During Disasters

Discuss how leaders of nations and the international community can strengthen the framework for international cooperation and collaboration in response to disasters

In the contemporary world, there seem be increasing trends of the global weather events or scenarios. This makes it critical for governments to focus significantly on activities that can provide a lasting solution to the problem at hand. This would involve majoring in activities that aid disaster management within the nation. In order to tackle the prospective disasters facing the globe, it is essential to have measures in place to enable organizations to be ready in case of any hit. This notion calls for crucial involvement of leaders of the nations and international communities to strengthen the framework for international cooperation and collaboration in response to disasters.

The first approach by the leaders of the nation to strengthen the framework for international cooperation and…

References

Asimakopoulou, E. (2010). Advanced ICTs for disaster management and threat detection:

Collaborative and distributed frameworks. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.

Murphy, R. (2009). Leadership in disaster: Learning for a future with global climate change.

Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.

Teaching Disaster and Emergency Management

The whole world has turned into a place where people encounter experiences with diverse forms of disaster. Most of the disasters are usually extremely complicated and strike unexpectedly in any region causing massive damages and loss of lives. The complexities accompanying the catastrophes require the existence of well-trained personnel oftentimes ready to deal with disasters as they occur before causing irreparable harm to people and property. In some regions, many people have lost lives and properties destroyed because of the slow response by the people dependable for handling the emergencies. This calls for the training of new and many people who provide quick and efficient response to the disasters whilst saving lives. Various regions and countries have taken up the initiative of training people expected to play a critical role in the management of disasters. There has been an argument whether teachers handling disaster management…

References

Alexander, D. (2000) "Scenario Methodology for Teaching Principles of Emergency

Management," Disaster Prevention and Management, vol. 9(2): 89 -- 97

Neal, D.M. (2000). Developing Degree Programs in Disaster Management: Some Reflections

and Observations. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 18(3): 417-

A lack of local understanding by FEMA and & #8230;. Caused a clear inability for these agencies to exercise their logistics plan during such a catastrophic event.

The first clear weakness was experienced by FEMA, the national organization appointed to deal with supplementing local relief efforts and providing extended services to those in need in an event of a natural disaster or terrorist attack. FEMA is supposed to work as a supplement to local emergency service efforts, and as such it is supposed to be in tune with the capabilities and procedures of the local agencies that were on the front line of Katrina disaster relief. However, the research shows that "there was nobody that even knew FEMA's history, much less understood the profession and the dynamics and the roles and responsibilities of that states and local governments" (University Transportation Centers Program, 2007, p 22). Essentially, FEMA operatives were not…

References

City of Hampton. (2012). Emergency operations plan: Abstract. Emergency Management. The City of Hampton Virginia. Retrieved September 5, 2012 from  http://hampton.gov/eoc/iframe.html?linkfrom=main&bc=Emergency%20Operations%20Plan%20%28abstract%29&url=./pdf/eop_abstract_2011.pdf 

National Response Team. (2004). National Incident Management System. Productions. Retrieved September 5, 2012 from www.nrt.org/Production/NRT/...385aNIMS.../NIMS-90-web.pdf?

University Transportation Centers Program. (2007). Comparison of Disaster Logistics Planning and Execution for 2005 Hurricane Season. Midwest Transportation Consortium. Retrieved September 5, 2012 from  http://www.intrans.iastate.edu/reports/disaster-management.pdf

Planning Efforts to educe Future Disaster Impacts

This paper looks at options for programs to be put in place before to a disaster to avoid major and often poorly-managed expenditures after a catastrophe and to offer suitable protection against the risk of those large losses which do occur. It is important for the government to provide programs that enlightens the citizens on how to deal with the hazards that come with hurricanes. Natural hazards have taken place in America and they have not been well attended to. The response in the Haiti earthquake showed some weakness in response. Hurricane Katrina should have given Americans a lesson on how to prevent major destructions in case of a similar scenario.

Introduction

Katrina was a hurricane that hit the Atlantic in 2005 and was known to be the most dangerous hurricane in history of America. Over 1,836 people died as a result of…

References

Mancuso, Louis C.; Alijani, Ghasem S.; Kwun, Obyung. (2011). The effects of the BP oil spill and hurricane Katrina in South Louisiana. Entrepreneurial Executive,

Mckenzie, Russell; Levendis, John; (2010). Flood Hazards and Urban Housing Markets: The effects of Katrina on New Orleans. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, pp. 62-76.

LaJoie, Andrew Scott; Sprang, Ginny; McKinney, William Paul.(2010). Long-term effects of Hurricane Katrina on psychological well being of evacuees. Disasters, p1031-1044, 14p,

Shaughnessy, Timothy M.; White, Mary L.; Brendler, Michael D.; (2010). The Income Distribution effect of Natural Disasters: An Analysis of Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, pp. 84-95

hat could not be predicted was that the city's infrastructure would so miserably fail the people of New Orleans.

As images of looting and stranded citizens filled the airways, taken from news helicopters, the city's police force had virtually abandoned their posts, and some were accused of participating in the looting that followed the disaster there was something noticeably missing in the images; there were no police rescues, no Red Cross, no fire department rescue teams and no National Guard. Journalist John McQuaid described it this way:

But Katrina was much more than a natural event; human hands played a role in the damage and in the storm's equally disastrous aftermath. Katrina exposed deep institutional flaws in the nation's emergency response, supposedly upgraded following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It easily overwhelmed the federal levee system, built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, that protected New Orleans…

Works Cited

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018509938 

Andrews, Joseph L. "In Katrina's Wake: Healthcare Crises in New Orleans Dr. Joseph L. "Joel" Andrews Spent Two Weeks in the New Orleans Area in December 2005 as a Physician Volunteer for the American Red Cross Hurricane Katrina Disaster Relief Programs. Three Months after the Hurricane Had Hit, He Witnessed Firsthand the Storm's Devastating Effects on Residents in the City's Various Communities." The Humanist Nov.-Dec. 2006: 32+. Questia. 14 Dec. 2007

Crisis and Disaster

The running of any Government, Community, Society or even an Organization for that matter is, no doubt, a very complicated matter. The main reason for this complication is the many arrays of problems and situations that can arise and each one of them demands special attention to cater to. This makes the smooth running of any setup, then, a big challenge for the concerned authorities. However, this smooth running turn into more of a challenge in the face of a disaster or a crisis, which can completely turn the entire setup upside down.

Before an analysis of the Frontline Documentary "The Spill" can be presented, it is important that we understand the background of the event presented and the difference between crisis and disaster and how it ties up to the incident in question.

Merriam ebster defines Crisis as "A situation that has reached a critical phase"…

Works Cited

BBC News. (2006, November 1st). BP 'knew of Texas safety worries'. Retrieved December 17th, 2011, from BBC News:  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6100938.stm 

Boin, A. (2009). The New World of Crises and Crisis Management: Implications for Policymaking and Research. Review of Policy Research, 26, 367-377.

Bolton, C.A. (2006, October). The Difference between Crisis and Disaster is a Plan. Retrieved December 16th, 2011, from Public Relations Society of America:  http://media.prsa.org/article_download.cfm?article_id=929 

Broder, J.M. (2010, March 31st). Obama to Open Offshore Areas to Oil Drilling for First Time. Retrieved December 17th, 2011, from The New York Times:  http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/31/science/earth/31energy.html

manmade disasters seen in the United States over the past several years have produced a demand in the public for a higher level of preparedness and competency. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a disaster as "a sudden ecological phenomenon of sufficient magnitude to require external assistance." The Joint Commission Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) has a somewhat different definition, which states a disaster is "an imbalance in the availability of medical care and a mal-distribution of medical resources vs. casualties within a community." Certainly other definitions exist. These two definitions focus on the medical aspects of a disaster, while there are indeed many other aspects of an event which might qualify it as a disaster. It is estimated that 3.4 million lives have been lost and trillions of dollars in related damage have been seen worldwide due to disasters in the past quarter century. It is very imperative…

communication during a disaster is essential to controlling and mitigating the damage of the disaster and reaching victims in a timely manner. hether the disaster is a brush fire, mudslide, or earthquake, disaster authorities must have the ability to communicate at a moment's notice without any interruptions or difficulties. This module will further discuss the need to implement proper communications and offer suggestions as to communication setup.

At the onset of a disaster, there must an alternative communications program set up. hile the program may not actually be utilized until a disaster, it should remain available and be tested regularly as part of emergency drills. There are two key components to a proper emergency alternative communication network. The first is information transfer. Often during an emergency, concerned citizens tie up the internet attempting to contact family. For this reason, a separate governmental internet server should be established to ensure the…

Works Cited

Davidson, Denise. San Diego County's Major Fires. U~T. October 23, 2005. Online at  http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20051023/news_1m23worst.html 

Fujiwara T, Iida N, Watanabe T. A hybrid wireless network enhanced with multihopping for emergency communications. Communications, 7:4177-4181.

Geographic Information Systems. USGS. Online at  http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/

Staffing and Staff otational Aspects of esponses to Terrorist Event

Staffing and Staff otational Aspects of esponses to a Pentagon Terrorist Event

During the Pentagon September 11 terrorist attack, many Arlington County Fire Department employees were caught off-guard as they were busy with their daily activities. Some were being trained while others were busy preparing for an upcoming conference organized the fire department (Eversburg, 2002).

As seen from the staffing and staff rotation responses as an element of operation tempo, several weaknesses were common among the fire personnel during the Pentagon event. However, two of the weaknesses were the Arlington County Fire Department lacked an emergency recall plan with notification devices and associated systems. Besides, they also lacked effective Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) for recalling and assembling the firefighters who were off duty (Titan Systems Corporation, 2002).

First, the lack of an emergency recall plan with notification devices and associated…

References

Eversburg, R. (2002, January 11). The Pentagon Attack on 9-11: Arlington County (VA) Fire Department Response. Retrieved September 15, 2014, from Fire Engineering:  http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume-155/issue-11/features/the-pentagon-attack-on-9-11-arlington-county-va-fire-department-response.html 

Titan Systems Corporation. (2002). After-Action Report on the Response to the September 11 Terrorist Attack on the Pentagon. . Arlington County, 16-65.