Doctrine Essays (Examples)

Doctrine of the Holy Trinity

The basis of the doctrine of trinity is based on the "God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy spirit" epithet among the Christians. God is abundantly regarded as pure spirit who cannot be seen by the eyes of every person (spirit) and associated with a material body (son) who and the material body was sent to the world by the father to save the world, these hence form the basis of the modern church, faith in Him. Although the Bible makes use of anthropomorphisms together with anthropopathetic language, these do not mean that God has eyes and ears. Otherwise, the Scripture would be considered inconsistent as Jesus states in the New Testament that God is Spirit.

God is spirit

This is one of the characteristic of God that makes Him acquire the trinity nature. The Spirit nature of God makes the first…

References

Augustine, Robert. The Trinity: Translated by Edmund Hill. New York: University Press, 1991.Print.

Rist, Arthur. Christian thought Baptized. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1994. Print.

Bauckham, Richard. God Crucified: Monotheism and Christology in the New Testament. London: Paternoster. 1988. Print

Bauckham, Richard. Theology of Revelation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007.Print.

However, with the conversion of Constantine, the idea of dualism meaning the separation of the state and church was not necessarily valid any more. More precisely, "before the conversion of Constantine there was no question about the relations of ecclesiastical structure of the oman state; they were clearly separate and all the Church could hope was a benign toleration (…) Constantine's conversion came as a surprise and necessitated a rethinking of the traditional relationship between the two institutions" (Boojamra, 1981, p191).

c) Unitarianism

Unitarianism is a religious belief in deep contrast with the Trinitarianism belief that states that God is a single person. Unlike modalism, Unitarianism does not view Jesus as part of God, but rather as a prophet of God. By contrast, Trinitarianism views God as one being created from three elements. Therefore both Unitarianism and modalism are in deep contrast with Trinitarianism.

d) modalism

Modalism represents the line…

References

Boojamra, John. "Constantine and Justinian" in Orthodox Synthesis: the Unity of Theological Thought (ed) Joseph Allen. New York: Athens Printing Company, 1981.

Lossky, Vladimir. "The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church." New York: SVS Press, 1997

Naturally he rejected the whole of the Old Testament and made a selection of his own from the New Testament Scriptures consisting of the greater Epistles of Paul and an edited version of Luke's Gospel. Tertullian dedicated five books to the denial of this kind of teaching. But it was more simple to show the illogicality of Marcion's doctrine than to resolve in detail the evils elevates by a lot of roads in the Old Testament.

Origen

Origen described the way of biblical interpretation which had previously been utilized by Christian writers, and which Clement had momentarily laid a hand on. Scripture, says Origen, is like a man, in that it is made up of body, spirit, and character. The body of scripture is its accurate connotation, which is understandable to the uncomplicated: the soul is the decent denotation, comprehensible to any advocate when it is made clear to him:…

Works Cited

A Quest for Reform of the Orthodox Church: The 1923 Pan-Orthodox Congress

Orthodox Synthesis: The Unity of Theological Thought

The Mystical Theology of the Eastern Church

Interventionism

Libya

In the spring of 2011 -- the Arab Spring -- I was living in Cyprus. From the deck outside of my bedroom I looked out over the Mediterranean, where the sun was setting, towards the north coast of Africa. Across that water, in Libya, civil war was breaking out. A Libyan fighter pilot flew across the water to Malta, asking for asylum (Hooper & Black, 2011). Libya's leader, Muammar Qadafi, had ordered the pilots to attack protestors in the country, many foreign diplomats resigned, and things only got worse from there.

The international community has long struggled to lay out clear rules for humanitarian intervention. In the 1990s, when humanitarian intervention was utilized on multiple occasions by the international community, civil war was the cause on a few occasions. One such occasion was during the wandan genocide. The UN's response during that time, with peacekeepers, no end of…

References

Hooper, J. & Black, I. (2011). Libya defectors: Pilots told to bomb protestors flee to Malta. The Guardian. Retrieved May 16, 2015 from Henkin, L. (1999). Editorial comments: NATO' Kosovo intervention. The American Journal of International Law. Vol. 93 (4) 824-828.

Meo, N. (2011). Libya: NATO warplanes kill 14 rebels. The Telegraph. Retrieved May 16, 2015 from  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8423675/Libya-Nato-warplanes-kill-14-rebels.html

pen Field Doctrine

The Fourth Amendment is one of the most important and hotly contested and debated amendment within the Bill of Rights to the United State Constitution. Many people focus on the First and Second amendment. The Fourth Amendment, when discussed, usually comes up when speaking of house/car searches and whether warrants are needed and how they can and should be procured. Interpretations of the Fourth Amendment have led to greatly enhanced and expanded rules of evidence that dictate that illicitly gained evidence, even if incriminating, will be excluded if the search that led to its discovery was improper. There has also been allowance for people to be read their "Miranda rights," as a response to the legal appeal brought by Ernesto Miranda and other defendants that gave confessions to police while not first being warned that they the right to remain silient and/or retain/consult counsel prior to being…

Open Fields Doctrine.,  http://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/4th-amendment-and-the-plain-view-doctrin-15598/ 

5 Oliver v. United States -- 466 U.S. 170 (1984)

6 Hester v. United States -- 265 U.S. 57 (1924)

Open Fields Doctrine and Its elevance to the U.S. Constitution

What is the open fields doctrine?

According to the definition provided by Black's Law Dictionary (1990), the open fields doctrine "permits police officers to enter and search a field without a warrant. The term 'open fields' may include any unoccupied or undeveloped area outside of the curtilage (Oliver v. U.S., 466 U.S. 170, 104 S.Ct., 1735" (1091). For the purposes of searches and seizures, the term curtilage refers to "those outbuildings which are directly and intimately connected with the habitation and in proximity thereto and the land or grounds surrounding the dwelling which are necessary and convenient and habitually used for family purposes and carrying on domestic employment" (Black's, 384). In Dow Chemical v. United States, 476 U.S. 227, 106, S.Ct. 1819, Chief Justice Burger likewise pointed out that, "The open areas of an industrial plant complex are not analogous…

References

Black's Law Dictionary, St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co. (1990).

Bradley, Craig M., The Failure of the Criminal Procedure Revolution, Philadelphia: University

of Pennsylvania Press (1993).

Dow Chemical v. United States, 476 U.S. 227, 106, S.Ct. 1819.

This is when the risks for her will increase, which could have an effect on her ability to find employment in the future. ("The Employment at Will Doctrine," 2011) (Johnson, 2007) ("Set Up Employee Policies for Your Business," 2011)

What preventive measures should the employer have in place in order to reduce any risk or liability on its part?

The best approach is for the firm, is to have clear disciplinary procedures in place. The way that this will occur, is through a process of evaluating and documenting employee behavioral issues. For example, anyone who is in violation of company polices will be subject to a verbal warning that will be documented. In the future, if they continue with this kind of behavior, they will receive a written warning. This will ask the individual to cease with their activities or face specific consequences (which are stated). After this takes place,…

References

Employee Discipline. (2005). PHLY. Retrieved from:  http://www.phly.com/ebrochure/LossControl/Flyer10-05.htm 

The Employment at Will Doctrine. (2011). BLS. Retrieved from:  http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/01/art1full.pdf 

Set Up Employee Policies for Your Business. (2011). Business Link. Retrieved from:  http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?itemId=1075124427&type=RESOURCES 

Johnson, B. (2007). Implementing Progressive Discipline Policies. FW Law. Retrieved from: http://www.fwlaw.com/Resources/Articles/EmploymentArticles/ImplementingProgressiveDisciplinePolicies.aspx

eagan Doctrine

Scholars studying U.S. foreign relations have long argued that there is great continuity in the conduct of Presidential Administrations. Very often, a policy started by one President continues under the next one. This has especially been the case since World War II. For example, while President Truman began to assist the French to re-take Indochina from local revolutionary forces, in a purported attempt to contain communism, President Eisenhower began to send U.S. advisers to continue the struggle against Communism. President Kennedy escalated it by sending more advisers and President Johnson turned it into a full-scale war. Nevertheless, scholars also note that some Presidents come up with a doctrine that separates them from others. During the Cold War, doctrines pursued by U.S. Presidents, one way or another, dealt with containing Communism. But it was President eagan who specifically outlined a doctrine, calling for an outright sponsorship of guerilla forces…

References

American president: a reference resource: Ronald Wilson Reagan: foreign affairs (n.d.). Retrieved on 4 February 2012, from  http://millercenter.org/president/reagan/essays/biography/5 

Bodenheimer, T., & Gould, R. (1989) Rollback: Right-wing power in U.S. foreign policy. Boston: South End Press.

Krauthammer, C. (1985, Apr. 1) The Reagan doctrine. Time. Retrieved on 4 February, 2012, from http://www.upa.pdx.edu/IMS/currentprojects/TAHv3/Content/PDFs/Reagan_Monroe_Doctrine_TIME.pdf

Reagan, R. (1985, February 6) State of the Union Address. Retrieved on 4 February 2012, from http://www2.hn.psu.edu/faculty/jmanis/poldocs/uspressu/SUaddressRReagan.pdf

Employment at Will Doctrine

At-will employment is actually American Law's doctrine. It states that in the employment relationship, any of the parties involved can break the relationship anytime without any reliability. But only under the condition if no contract was signed regarding the definite term of the employment relationship. There is a whole set of doctrine which maintains and regulates such type of corporate associations. (C, 1996, pp. 375-376)

As a matter of fact, at-will employment involves a lot of issues which need to be seriously considered and discussed. Consequently, the company who hires such employees encounters certain scenarios which can be exceptional, specific or general depending upon the portfolio of the worker and the nature of the business a company does. Normally the management has to address them and it has to be done carefully in order to fix the things. Being the manager and supervisor of an accounting…

References:

Budd, J.W. (2004). Employment with a Human Face: Balancing Efficiency, Equity, and Voice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press,, 86-88.

C, R.D. (1996). "The First Decade of Judicial Interpretation of the Montana Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act (WDEA),." In R.D. C, "The First Decade of Judicial Interpretation of the Montana Wrongful Discharge from Employment Act (WDEA)",.

Haymes, J., & Kleiner, B.H. (2001). "Federal and state statutory exemptions to At-Will employment. Managerial Law, 43.

Sandefur, T. (2010). The Right to Earn a Living: Economic Freedom and the Law. Washington, D.C., Cato Institute,, 235-236.

Quoted in "Strengthen Alliances..." Chapter III of "NSS" paper)

Not long after the unveiling of the Bush doctrine vide the NSS, the United States demonstrated its practical application by taking unilateral military action against Iraq despite opposition from most of its key allies and not having a specific UN Resolution to do so.

US Hegemony: Another key feature of the Bush doctrine that appeared in the NSS was that the United States was determined to maintain its military pre-eminence and worldwde military supremacy. It is explicitly state in the NSS policy document: "our forces will be strong enough to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or equaling, the power of the United States." The intent to dissuade others from surpassing its military strength indicates a desire for U.S. hegemony. ("Transform America's National Security..." Chapter IX of "The NSS paper")

Actively Promoting Democracy, and Liberty…

Works Cited

Chronology: The Evolution of the Bush doctrine." Frontline: The War Behind Closed Doors. 2003. April 28, 2005.  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/etc./cron.html 

Containment." Nuclearfiles.org. 1998-2005. April 28, 2005. http://www.nuclearfiles.org/kinuclearweapons/strat_containment.html

Containment" Wikipedia Article.2005. April 28, 2005.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_of_containment 

Donnelly, Thomas. "The Underpinnings of the Bush doctrine." American Enterprise Institute. February 1, 2003. April 28, 2005. http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.15845/pub_detail.asp

Shape and Place of Doctrine in Today's orld

A religion is a way of life. The more religious one considers oneself, the more that one has made a commitment to become closer to God, and to declare oneself a member of a specific community. Today's churches are the result of centuries of development. Bastions of tradition, most creeds hearken back to an earlier day. Their ways and general beliefs were largely fixed in another time and place, one that was often quite different from the world in which we now live. Christianity is only one of many world religions whose origin goes back to Ancient Times. Indeed, there are faiths still practiced today the origins of which pre-date Christianity by some considerable period of time. The earliest Hindu Scriptures were being recited even as the Pharaohs of Egypt thought themselves the greatest rulers in the world. Judaism, the faith that…

Works Cited

Cohen, Edmund D. The Mind of the Bible-Believer. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1988.

Fisher, George Park. History of Christian Doctrine. New York: AMS Press, 1976.

Hasson, Kevin J. "Religious Liberty and Human Dignity: A Tale of Two Declarations." Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 27, no. 1 (2003): 81+.

Hurst, L.D., ed. New Testament Theology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995.

Christian Church: Doctrine and Politics

The doctrine and politics of the early Christian Church were intrinsically related to one another, particularly during the fourth and fifth centuries. During this crucial time period in which the Holy oman Empire (which had officially adopted the religion of Christianity) (Shelley, 2008, 1st page chptr 9) was attempting to expand, some of the fundamental principles regarding the nature of this religion and of Christology were widely debated and eventually solidified. There were political issues contributing to the initial debates regarding Christian doctrines, which in turn produced even greater political consequences regarding the solidarity of the Church. A look at several crucial ideas and events in the early Church reveals that Christian doctrine was greatly influenced by political motives and agendas.

The doctrine of Christianity became intertwined with politics once it became the official religion of the oman Empire, which was largely focused on expansion…

References

Noll, M. (2012). Turning points: Decisive moments in the history of Christianity. (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. ISBN-13: 9780801039966 (Available as print text only)

Parys, M.J. (1970). The historical evidence on the Council of Chalcedon: The Council of Chalcedon as historical event. Ecumenical Review. 22(4), 305-320.

Shelley, B. (2008). Church history in plain language (3rd ed.). Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson. ISBN-13: 9780718025533 (Available as print text only)

equitable doctrine of confidence in Australia

Currently there are no statutory laws that grant the "right to privacy" to individuals or corporations in Australia. Further, the common law from 1937 case of Victoria Park acing and ecreation Ground Co Limited v Taylor

up until 1973 with ABC v Lenah Game Meats

and Giller v Procopets

, identification of the right to privacy is essential to the Australian courts.

However, international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human ights Article 12 and the International Covenant on Civil and Political ights Article 17 both give the individual an inherent right to privacy. Notification should be that whereas Australia is not a member to the treaty of the International Covenant on Civil and Political ights, the country has always maintained in action that its laws and judicial decision will always carry the influence of the ICCP. The Charter of Human ights and…

References

United Nations (1948) Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Peter Bartlett (2010) Privacy Down Under: Journal of International Media and Entertainment

law Vol. 15 No. 1. Retrieved from

Australian Law Report Commission (2008) Australian Privacy Laws and Practice, Vol 3 Report 108

The right to use force in self-defense an important civil liberty and right, ensconced in the Second Amendment of the Constitution. Because of Second Amendment assurances, all Americans technically have the right to bear arms in self-defense. Some states have attempted to restrict Second Amendment rights, but the vast majority of states have implemented “some statutory version” of the Castle Doctrine (“What is the Castle Doctrine,” n.d.). In fact, some states like Florida have taken the Castle Doctrine a step further to invoke what are commonly called “stand your ground laws.” Whereas the Castle Doctrine only applies to a person’s “castle,” or home and private property, stand your ground laws can be invoked in any situation requiring self-defense. There is no real reason, evidence-based or otherwise, why Americans who are protected by the provisions of the Constitution should not be able to defend themselves if and when faced with a…

Kennedy Doctrine and the Cold War

In his inaugural address as the President of the United States on January 1961, John F. Kennedy (popularly called "JFK") delivered a message that directly discussed the United States' official stance regarding its move to implement a foreign policy waging a "cold war" against Communist forces that have been gaining popularity in Asia, South America, and parts of the Middle East during this period. his U.S. foreign policy, popularly called the containment policy against Communism, was the pretext from which the eventual Cold War between Democratic and Communist forces escalated until the 1970s. During this period, JFK was assigned the task of continuing the American legacy of democracy and liberty by promoting a campaign of international alliance and cooperation against the Communist forces. At this point, Communist forces were gaining ground in South America, increasing the threat to both American soil and the country's…

These words communicate the message that the support poor nations might be receiving from the Communist forces such as Russia/Soviet Union (one of the stronger forces promoting Communism worldwide during this time), can be met and equaled by the United States, without sacrificing their liberties and human rights. JFK reiterated that human rights are given by the "hand of God," and not from the "generosity of the state," which characterized the complete control of the state/government under the Communist/Socialist society (Kennedy 1961). The doctrine ended with a reminder to United States allies to cooperate and join forces with the American government in its fight for democracy and freedom, as well as the containment of Communism worldwide. He presented a challenge to the American government's ally nations in "defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger," signaling the serious threat that Communism presented to the U.S. during JFK's term (Kennedy 1961). With its direct reference against Communism and its political and military forces in South America and neighboring countries of the United States, the doctrine had indeed solidified the country's fight against Communism -- albeit diplomatically and without the threat of weapons. It was hoped that the United States could prevent the Cold War with the U.S.S.R. from requiring military action and thankfully the war ended without either side having to fire a single shot.

Analysis of the U.S. government's containment policy during JFK's term as president was, in hindsight, shown to be geo-politically and economically-motivated. Leffler's (1984) explication of the United States' containment policy against Communist nations such as the Soviet Union was mainly a response to protecting U.S. interests in South American nations. During JFK's term, the U.S. had numerous interests in the region, which the author called the country's "strategic sphere," having established an "overseas base, air transit rights" that were beneficial to U.S. national security (Leffler 1984,-page 348). With Communism influencing nations in the South American region, the U.S. stood to lose all these strategic benefits, increasing the risk of its security from a geopolitical standpoint. A similar assessment was developed by Naji and Jawan (2011), who contended that what motivated the U.S. government to contain Communism in the Middle Eastern was not so much about the principles of democracy and freedom, but to protect its economic interests in the oil-rich region, as most of the oil companies are either owned, operated, or supported by U.S. companies (page 206-7). The imperative thing for the government was in keeping control of valuable resources and ensuring that these same resources remained out of the hands of the enemies of the American government.

Considering the effects that the containment policy contributed to international politics and the world order during JFK's time, it can be said that the policy made nations rethink about the world order and status quo as it stood

Similarly, George Caleb Bingham depicts visually how merican political campaigns shifted their focus from appealing mainly to an elite body of male voters toward pandering to the public. Bingham portrays a group of voters clamoring to be heard, marking changes in the ways merican citizens viewed their role in the political process.

Using lofty language, Daniel Webster writes a Second Reply to Robert Y. Hayne regarding the debate over states' rights vs. federal authority. The debate continues until this day, and has always been a unique feature of merican politics. In fact, the Webster passage foreshadows the arguments that preceded the Civil War over whether states had the right to perpetuate the institution of slavery or whether the federal government had the ethical obligation to override state sovereignty. Webster's argument is clear and focused, urging a cohesive union…

Although it was rare for women to become vocal in political affairs before the 20th century, Margaret Bayard Smith wrote a compelling passage about the hotly contested 1823 election. The narrative describes the bitterness inherent in negative campaigning, still extant in American politics today. One of the most compelling aspects of Smith's writing is its description of the American political process as being able to temper a mob mentality with sound, civilized judgment: the true democratic process.

Similarly, George Caleb Bingham depicts visually how American political campaigns shifted their focus from appealing mainly to an elite body of male voters toward pandering to the public. Bingham portrays a group of voters clamoring to be heard, marking changes in the ways American citizens viewed their role in the political process.

Using lofty language, Daniel Webster writes a Second Reply to Robert Y. Hayne regarding the debate over states' rights vs. federal authority. The debate continues until this day, and has always been a unique feature of American politics. In fact, the Webster passage foreshadows the arguments that preceded the Civil War over whether states had the right to perpetuate the institution of slavery or whether the federal government had the ethical obligation to override state sovereignty. Webster's argument is clear and focused, urging a cohesive union united under common goals.

His objection to Capitalism is that it forces the market division upon the worker - it creates and monopolizes opportunities such that the independent producer is unable to survive and thus men are forced into relationships where others (managers, owners) dictate the course of their day, the purpose of their labor, and grants the credit and benefit of that labor go to the company and not to the worker. The capitalist, "profits...by the division of labor and...by the advance which human labor makes on the natural product. The greater the human share in a commodity, the greater the profit of dead capital," (39).

The diversity of humanity is critical to its survival. The truth is that Marxism never took off, would never have been successful, and was never successful in any variation that it took. Marx gives this away when he says, " the human essence of nature first exists…

Referenced

Marx, Karl & Engles, Freiderich. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 Karl Marx. Martin Milligan, Translator. New York: Prometheus Books, 1988.

After all, if there is an infinite God, then it becomes easy to assume that he is an all-powerful God. If there is an all-powerful God, it is difficult to argue against the idea that he controls every action, which would be an argument in favor of final causation. Spinoza's challenge to the idea of final causation and even an argument against the idea of something like predestination comes down to the notion that it is impossible to give human motivations to God or nature. The problem with that argument is that it is impossible to know God's motivations. They may be so different from human motivations that humans cannot contemplate cause and effect on a divine level. However, it is also possible that God's motivations are very human. The problem with Spinoza's argument that human beings cannot define or limit God is that, in the argument, he is actually…

A company cannot refuse to hire someone with sickle cell anemia (a disease that primarily affects persons of African ancestry), because the person might require costly health insurance, for so long as the person was strong enough to perform the job, discrimination would not be acceptable as it would affect persons disproportionately of one racial category.

Question

Explain trade secret and how it could be protected legally and in day-to-day operations. Provide an example.

According to Nolo.com, an online legal dictionary, a trade secret is:

in] most states, a formula, pattern, physical device, idea, process, compilation of information or other information that 1) provides a business with a competitive advantage, and 2) is treated in a way that can reasonably be expected to prevent the public or competitors from learning about it, absent improper acquisition or theft" ("trade secret, 2007, Nolo.com). Perhaps the most famous trade secret in business is…

Works Cited

Elias, Stephen. (1998)."Trade Secret Law: Overview." Nolo Press. Retrieved 8 Apr 2007 at:  http://www.marketingtoday.com/legal/tradesec.htm#1 

Estoppel." (2007). Nolo.com. Retrieved 8 Apr 2007 at http://www.nolo.com/definition.cfm/term/7F1E56D5-7EC1-4CEB-86B3943F6990FF77

Messiha, Dominic J. & Hillary R. Ross. (May 2006). "EEOC Revises Compliance

Manual to Target More 'Contemporary' Forms of Discrimination." ASAP: Littler Mendelson Time Sensitive Newsletter. Retrieved 8 Apr 2007 at  http://www.littler.com/collateral/print/61A7D18C32514B88187D50664174D11F.html

Employment-at-Will

Today's working or business environment is increasingly changing and generating several issues that employers have to contend with. These numerous issues have considerable impacts on organizational operations since they affect the relationships between employees and their employer as well as interactions between employees. The most common issues that can threaten an organization's effective operations include insubordination, privacy issues, personal problems, and use of the Internet in the working environment. Employers are increasingly faced with the need to establish suitable mechanisms and measures for addressing these issues in order to enhance organizational productivity. The Employment-at-Will doctrine is one of the major ways through which employers can address some of these issues. As a recently hired Chief Operating Officer, I'll use the Employment-at-Will doctrine to address some issues that have been identified in mid-sized firm preparing for an IPO.

Overview of Employment-at-Will Doctrine

The National Conference of State Legislatures (n.d.) states…

References

Hendricks, D. (n.d.). How to Manage an Employee Who Doesn't Respect You. Retrieved April 30, 2016, from  http://www.inc.com/drew-hendricks/how-to-manage-an-employee-who-doesn-t-respect-you.html 

National Conference of State Legislatures. (n.d.). The At-Will Presumption and Exceptions to the Rule. Retrieved April 30, 2016, from  http://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/at-will-employment-overview.aspx 

Pasternak, S. (n.d.). The Role of Ethical Theories in Ethical Reasoning and Behavior within Organizations. Retrieved April 30, 2016, from http://www.ti-israel.org/_Uploads/dbsAttachedFiles/sigalitpasternak.pdf

WKRG Staff. (2015, July 22). Alabama Man Fired Over Confederate Flag. News 5. Retrieved April 30, 2016, from  http://wkrg.com/2015/07/22/alabama-man-fired-over-confederate-flag/

It can be presumed that in any dogmatic definition to come the pope will never act without the fullest consultation with the Church, as is seen to-day with regard to the Assumption of the Virgin. This however does not alter the fact that from 1854 as de facto date and from 1870 as the date de jure, the pope is the normal organ of dogmatic definition for the Church. (Miegge, 1955, p. 130)

Church doctrine as a bond of communion, as an expression of piety, as the development of a confession of faith, forms the conception of dogma in the history of religion. "It has been said with reason that the doctrine of the Last Judgment was at once "the care and also the consolation of the Middle Ages." (Petry, 1956, p. 334) Doctrine is the written expression and beliefs that as proposed in the Bible. One does not speak…

References

Chantepie De La Saussaye, P. (1891). Manual of the Science of Religion (Colyer-Fergusson, B.S. & Mudcller, M., Trans.). New York: Longmans Green.

Miegge, G. (1955). The Virgin Mary: The Roman Catholic Marian Doctrine (Smith, W., Trans.). Philadelphia: Westminster Press.

Petry, R.C. (1956). Christian Eschatology and Social Thought: A Historical Essay on the Social Implications of Some Selected Aspects in Christian Eschatology to a.D. 1500. New York: Abingdon Press.

Pacifism -- a Doctrine of Non-Violence

Pacifism is a theory which provides the basis of anti-violence behavior. It is an ideology which defines the permissibility of violence on the basis of morality and ethics. Where pacifism is appreciated and consider as a necessary behavior required for having stability in a society as it promotes tolerance; a lot of criticism has also been made on this particular theory. It is said that Pacifists are inconsistent. For they consider violence (or war) an absolute evil; but an absolute evil must be resisted by all necessary means, and pacifists reject using violence (or war) even when it is such a necessary means. The strict nature of this theory gives rise to a confused situation where decision regarding justification of war and violence, is difficult to ascertain.

Pacifism is the fundamental ideology of all those who are against initiating and contributing in a war.…

References

Buckham, J.W. (1916), The Principles of Pacifism, The Biblical World, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Aug., 1916), pp. 88-90, The University of Chicago Press, Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3142284

Comte-Sponville, A. (1996).A Small Treatise on the Great Virtues. New York: Henry Holt andCompany.

Ihara, C.K. (1978).In Defense of a Version of Pacifism. Ethics, 88(4), 369-374. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2380242

Kelley, A. (2006).Toward a Reformulation of the Doctrine of Pacifism. In J. Kultgen & M. Lenzi (Eds.), Problems for Democracy. New York: Rodopi.

New Hampshire (1971) had mandated such.

This case had tremendous effect on our criminal justice system in that it removed the inadvertence requirement from one of the exceptions to the Fourth Amendment. This requirement had called for a search warrant to specify the items that were to be searched for and seized, and anything else that was discovered had to be done inadvertently. Previously, the U.S. Supreme Court had held that in order for the police to seize evidence not mentioned in a warrant, they must find it inadvertently and it must be in plain view, which is required by the plain view doctrine. The plain view doctrine is the rule that says a law enforcement officer may make a search and seizure without obtaining a search warrant if evidence of criminal activity or the product of a crime can be seen without entry or search. However, in Horton v.…

Works Cited

Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128. Supreme Court of the U.S. 4 June 1990.

"Plainview Doctrine." The Free Legal Dictionary. n.d. 26 March 2009 <

 http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/plain+view+doctrine >

Raffles v. Wichelhaus- Mutual Mistake

The doctrine of mutual mistake is a defense used to avoid liability under a contract, because mutual assent is necessary for the creation of a contract. To use the doctrine of mutual mistake, an adversely affected party must demonstrate that both parties to the contract had erroneous assumptions regarding the same fact (Mallor, 246). Furthermore, to avail oneself of the doctrine of mutual mistake, a party must demonstrate the following three elements: "1. The mistake relates to a basic assumption on which the contract was made. 2. The mistake has a material effect on the agreed-upon exchange. 3. The party adversely affected by the mistake did not bear the risk of the mistake" (Mallor, 246). Unless these three elements are met, a party is not entitled to use the doctrine of mutual mistake to excuse non-performance of a contract.

The first element in a mutual…

Negligence Claim and the Doctrine of espondeat Superior

The situation at Don and his wife barbeque party is an example of a negligence and product liability case that resulted in significant burns on John's body. While Don was did not know that the can of lighter fluid had several leaks, his actions and their consequences make him liable for negligence. In addition, the lighter fluid maker is liable for the product because of the leaks which generated inherent danger on users. Therefore, John should file a lawsuit against Don for negligence and sue the company that manufactures lighter fluid for product liability it had leaks with inherent danger that caused significant damage on his body.

In the lawsuit against Don for negligence, John should claim that Don did not use the required standard of care when using the lighter fluid because of the probable danger associated with such products. Generally,…

References

Sommerville, K.L. (2007). Hospitality employee management and supervision: concepts and practical implications. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

"What Can You be Liable For and Why?" (n.d.). Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from  http://www.rsc.org/images/4_liable_tcm18-17646.pdf 

"What is Product Liability?" (n.d.). Find Law. Retrieved August 10, 2015, from  http://injury.findlaw.com/product-liability/what-is-product-liability.html

Prayer and the Death of Christ

Christian living today entails a number of important doctrines and actions, all aimed towards uplifting the individual's soul to a better relationship with God. As such, the Bible acts as a guide towards better Christian living and having a close and fulfilling relationship with the divine. Particularly, two doctrines that are central to Christian living include prayer and the death of Christ. Particularly, prayer helps the Christian individual to communicate with God on various levels, while Christ's death has profound meaning as the central premise of Christianity.

Theological Definition

The Bible Encyclopedia (n.d.) defines prayer as a "conversation with God," in which the individual addresses God directly. Prayer can be offered either orally or mentally. A person can be in constant or occasional prayer, and it can be either spontaneous or formal. In the Bible, several phrases have been used to describe prayer, including…

References

Bible Encyclopedia (n.d.) Prayer. Retrieved from:  http://christiananswers.net/dictionary/prayer.html 

Bredenhof, W. (2012). The meaning of Christ's Death. Retrieved from:  http://www.theseed.info/sermon.php?id=855 

Elwell, W.A. (2014). Death of Christ. Bible Study Tools. Retrieved from:  http://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/bakers-evangelical-dictionary/death-of-christ.html 

Von Buseck, C. (2014). Three Keys To Answered Prayer. Christian Broadcasting Network. Retrieved from:  http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/biblestudyandtheology/discipleship/vonbuseck_threekeysprayer.aspx

ush and Iraq

According to the original reasoning behind ush's war on Iraq, Saddam Hussein's regime posed a terrorist threat to the free world, however (subsequent to evidence emerging in the press that this threat was exaggerated, if not fabricated) in more recent statements the ush administration has strongly implied that the war was justified not on the basis of freeing the world of terrorists but because Hussein was a brutal dictator and Iraq needed to be freed from his rule. The idea that the war on terror is actually a war to bring democracy to the world is one which may coincide somewhat with the controversial ideas espoused by Fukuyama, who taught that History (which is to say the evolution of society, not the happening of events) would end when all nations were converted to western liberal democracies and engaged in the global consumerist culture. Perhaps, some might argue,…

Bibliography

Glaser, James. "Puppet governments don't need fair and honest elections" Reader Weekly, Issue 286, September 30, 2004.

Hersh, Seymour. 'Selective Intelligence', The New Yorker, Oct 14, 2003

Kaplan, Robert. 'Calling Out Colin', Slate 2003.

Rule of Law and Extra-Legal Doctrines

The rule of law does not need to be supported or expanded by "extra-legal" doctrines of morality. The laws as they exist today in this country are based upon a system of morality that has evolved over thousands of years. Our laws embody this system of morality and do not need to be supported by other doctrines of morality. Moral notions of good and bad laws exist to prevent the government from abusing the rights of its citizens. In order for the rule of law to allow a government to exercise power, governments should not execute laws in arbitrary fashion. Those who make and enforce the law are themselves bound to adhere to it. "The legislative department shall never exercise the executive and judicial powers or either of them: the executive shall never exercise the legislative and judicial powers, or either of them: the…

This is an expectancy coming into its form in the context of the passage from Matthew 28:19. (Hagner, 421)

Scriptural Testimony:

Scriptural testimony shows the chosen passage to be ensconced in the symbolic importance of the narrative Jesus to the Christian identity. Most particularly, Matthew 28 is concerned with the resurrection of Christ and the command associated with it to go forth and preach the word of this miracle. So is this recorded in the text by Davies & Allison which tells that the disciples were "instructed by the risen Lord to make disciples of all nations, 'teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you.'" (Davies & Allison, 639)

Interpretation of Others:

The interpretations of others would help to drive the importance of this passage and the broader importance of the whole gospel of Matthew. Here, Luz & Linss remark that "because Matthew is the chief Gospel of…

Works Cited:

Davies, W.D., and Dale C. Allison. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel according to Saint Matthew. 3 vols. International Critical Commentary. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1988, 1991, 1997.

France, R.T. The Gospel of Matthew. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2007.

Hagner, Donald A. Matthew 14-28. Word Biblical Commentary. Dallas: Word, 1995.

Luz, Ulrich. Matthew 1-7: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1989.

- these actions are not punished by the law because, while immoral according to many, they do not cause injury to the rights of others.

Adam Smith further emphasizes the centrality of property rights. For Smith, the ownership and acquisition of private property is an essential right that contributes to and maintains individual well-being. Individuals who do not own property are individuals with no real say in their own affairs, and no voice in their government. Smith cites the case of the plebeians in the Roman Empire as an example of a class of people who were purposely kept from ownership of the land as a means of keeping power in the hands of the patricians.

He also makes reference to the slaves of his own day, and to residents of nations where a king may, at his own discretion, dispose of his subjects' property, as examples of conditions under…

Works Cited

 http://www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8772886 

Kant, Immanuel. Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysic of Morals. Trans. Thomas K. Abbott. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1949.

A www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10553988

Locke, John. A Letter concerning Toleration. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Liberal Arts Press, 1955.

Susanna Wesley appealed to the idea of vocation in defending her practice of holding Sunday evening gatherings. Samuel Wesley spoke of the "inner witness" during his final witness. Describe a Wesleyan understanding of the Holy Spirit in conversation with one of these influences.

John Wesley's view of the Holy Spirit was a being that enabled the believer to love others as he loved himself and to enable the believer to participate in a universal spirit of divine love and grace (Wesley, 1980, p. 109). The Holy Spirit is a vehicle of grace that brings human beings to God by virtue of working upon their inner spirit. The fact that the Trinity has a component which is so mysterious underlines the notion that believers have a personal relationship with God that is manifest through faith alone. The Holy Spirit, like faith itself, is inwardly rather than outwardly visible. But it is…

Reference

Wesley, J. (1980). John Wesley (Library of Protestant Thought). A. C. Outler (Ed.). Oxford:

Wesley, S. (1742). A letter by his mother. Retrieved from:  http://carlarolfe.com/swesley.pdf