Drug Therapy
Advanced pharmacology

Drug therapy: Individualized drug therapies

Patient responses to drug therapy can vary widely between individuals. For example, not all patients find their pain alleviated by the same doses of analgesics; some patients can become suicidal when taking antidepressants rather than find their symptoms eased. It is because of the varied response of individuals, based upon their physical chemistry (as well as their social and psychological needs) that individualized drug therapy is necessary. The social and psychological component, it should be noted, must not be minimized. Some diabetic patients find it very difficult to regulate their blood sugar with a highly complex insulin regime and any modifications which can be made might be extremely helpful in terms of ensuring glucose stability and compliance with treatment.

Another component of different drug response mechanisms is that of allergies. Allergies to penicillin, sulfate drugs, eggs, and other substances are amongst the long list of…...

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References

Antidepressant medications for children and adolescents. (2014). NIMH. Retrieved from:

http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/child-and-adolescent-mental-health/antidepressant-medications-for-children-and-adolescents-information-for-parents-and-caregivers.shtml

Lesko, L.J. & Schmidt, S. (2012). Individualization of drug therapy: History, present state, and opportunities for the future. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 92, 458-466.

doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.113

Drug Therapy Case Study
You are on a medical unit and caring for a new admission, Ms. Polly Pharm a 65-year-old grandmother. Polly has the presenting problems of Type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and gastritis. Ms. Pharm's current medication regime is

Glimepiride 2mg mane (morning)

Ibuprofen 200mg tds (3x day)

Lansoprazole 30mg daily

One of the foremost responsibilities of a professional nurse is the proper administration of pharmaceutical drugs and prescription medications. While the correct dosage of a particular medication may achieve the desired effect of minimizing symptoms, managing pain, or reversing an infection's spread through the system, many of the most commonly prescribed drugs are capable of causing adverse interactions when they are improperly combined. As the nurse in charge of caring for Ms. Polly Pharm, it is critical that I am fully aware of her past intake of certain medications, her propensity for allergic reactions, and any other mitigating factors which may affect the…...

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References

MIMS Online Database. (2011). Glimepiride. Available:   Last accessed 24th Oct 2012.http://www.mims.co.uk/Drugs/diabetes/oral-and-parenteral-hypoglycaemics/glimepiride/ .

MIMS Online Database. (2011). Ibuprofen. Available:   Last accessed 24th Oct 2012.http://www.mims.co.uk/Drugs/pain/pain-fever/ibuprofen/ .

MIMS Online Database. (2011). Lansoprazole. Available:   syndrome/lansoprazole/. Last accessed 24th Oct 2012.http://www.mims.co.uk/Drugs/gastrointestinal-tract/peptic-ulcer-z-e -

Tiziani, A. (2010) Harvard's Nursing Guide to Drugs. 8th ed. Sydney, Australia: Elsevier- Mosby

Poor Children, the Problem of Drug Therapy and Possible Alternatives Introduction
Foster children are more likely than children in the general population to have mental health issues (Polihronakis, 2008). Part of the reason for this is that foster children are in foster care because they have been neglected in their own homes, their parents are incapable of providing food, love, shelter and nourishment, and they are in need of a nurturing environment. Many of them will have experienced a traumatic event, or the transition from one home to another will be traumatic—and so they end up suffering from mental health problems. It is estimated that approximately 8 out of every 10 children in foster care have mental health issues, as opposed to 2 out of 10 children in the rest of the population (NCSL, 2019). For that reason, youths in foster homes and/or those who grow up in poverty are more likely…...

Vancomycin should be given for at least 60 minutes. The initial dosage for pediatrics with renal impairment is not less than 15 mg/kg per day or 15 times the GF in mL/min. Premature infants should have longer dosing intervals. PO administration should be 40 mg/kg/day in 3-4 divided doses for 7-10 days. The maximum is 2,000 mg/day, which may be diluted in 1 oz of water or administered through an NG tube (PD).
Contraindications

Vancomycin is contraindicated to patients with hypersensitivity to vancomycin (Drug.com, 2012). Commercially prepared frozen Vancomycyn Hydrochloride injections in 5% dextrose may also be contraindicated to those with known allergic reaction to corn or corn products (Drug.com).

Drug-Drug Interactions

The patient should inform the doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and non-prescription or herbal products currently used (Medicine Net, 2012; Levinson, 2012). Aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, other antibiotics, and live bacterial vaccines are special mentions. If treatment requires anesthesia, the doctor…...

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Reference: PDR Network LLC.

Retrieved on April 20, 2012 from  http://www.pdr.net/drugpages/concisemonograph.aspx?concise=688

Substance use is frequently associated with child abuse and domestic violence. It also is a leading contributor to marital dissatisfaction, family breakups and rejection of family members. The importance of the family in understanding alcohol and drug use and abuse is underlined by these highly destructive consequences of alcohol and drug dependency on the abuser and the family. (Lala; Straussner; Fewell, 17)
Peer Group plays an important part in resolving the problem as they are able to take the drug or alcohol abuser more into confidence compared to others since most people associate themselves with their respective peer group in terms of habits, tastes and concerns. It has been demonstrated that a drug abuser will definitely abide by a member of the peer group to which he belongs and obey requests of abstinence more than anyone else. Educational system also plays an important role in tackling the prevalence of the…...

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References

Ammerman, Robert T; Ammerman, Peggy J. Ott; Tarter, Ralph E. (1999) "Prevention and Societal Impact of Drug and Alcohol Abuse" Routledge.

Lala, Shulamith; Straussner, Ashenberg; Fewell, Christine Huff. (2006) "Impact of Substance

Abuse on Children and Families: Research" Haworth Press.

Laufer, William S. The Legacy of Anomie Theory: Advances in Criminological Theory.

Drug addiction is not merely a failure of will or weakness in character, however having this 'brain disease' does not absolve the addict of responsibility for his or her behavior, but it does explain why an addict feels compelled to continue using drugs (Leshner 2001). Environmental cues that surround an individual's initial drug use and development of the addiction, actually become "conditioned" to the drug use and thus are critical to the problem of addiction (Leshner 2001).
Therefore, when those cues are present at a later time, "they elicit anticipation of a drug experience and thus generate tremendous drug craving" (Leshner 2001). This type of cue-induces craving is one of the most frequent causes of drug use relapses, independently of whether drugs are available and even after years of abstinence (Leshner 2001).

In March 2006, it was reported that researchers from Liverpool, England discovered a gene that directly affects the risk…...

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Works Cited

Changeux, Jean-Pierre. (1998 March 22). Drug use and abuse. Daedalus. Retrieved November 06, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Eaves, Lindon J. (2005 July 01). Familial influences on alcohol use in adolescent female twins: testing for genetic and environmental interactions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol. Retrieved November 06, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Goldman, Erik. (2005 July 01). Genetic tests could improve future drug abuse treatment. Family Practice News. Retrieved November 06, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Heroin Addiction Cuts Across All Social Boundaries, Caron Foundation Study Reports.

One example of the kind of policy change that is being suggested by some in the particular war on Meth is the reduction of the ability of meth makers, especially large scale makers to realize the supplies of a small number of raw materials used to make the drug pseudoephedrine is quaaludes, as this drug was successfully removed from the radar screen by the banning of the chemicals used to make it, and this may be an option for all synthetic drugs.
Reurer 170)

orks Cited

Boulard, Garry. "The Meth Menace: Battling the Fast-Paced Spread of Methamphetamine May Mean Attacking It from Several Fronts." State Legislatures May 2005: 14.

Boyum, David, and Mark A.R. Kleiman. "Breaking the Drug-Crime Link." Public Interest Summer 2003: 19.

Organized Crime." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004.

Hanson, Gayle M.B. "Drug Crime Doesn't Pay, or Does It?." Insight on the News 19 June 1995: 16.

Meth's a Global Problem." The Register-Guard…...

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Works Cited

Boulard, Garry. "The Meth Menace: Battling the Fast-Paced Spread of Methamphetamine May Mean Attacking It from Several Fronts." State Legislatures May 2005: 14.

Boyum, David, and Mark A.R. Kleiman. "Breaking the Drug-Crime Link." Public Interest Summer 2003: 19.

Organized Crime." The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6th ed. 2004.

Hanson, Gayle M.B. "Drug Crime Doesn't Pay, or Does It?." Insight on the News 19 June 1995: 16.

Drug Education
he DARE program, whose short form is derived from "Drug Abuse Resistance Education," has developed so quickly, from the time since its commencement 18 years ago, that it is at the present being educated in 75% of school districts all over the country, as well as in 54 other countries. Particularly, in the lives of elementary school students, skilled and qualified police officers who educate and lecture the program have turned out to be vital figures; in addition to that, in thousands of communities, the program's red symbol has taken on symbolic status on -shirts and bumper stickers (1).

Is D.A.R.E. Effective?

If the evaluation and measurement for the accomplishment of D.A.R.E. is fame and recognition amongst the masses, then yes: D.A.R.E. has been extremely successful in magnetizing extensive admiration, as well as monetary support. Furthermore, D.A.R.E. has accomplished a point of observation unmatched and unequalled by any other solitary drug…...

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The writer highlights that in spite of vast promises, in the past two decades statistics have pointed to a sharp augment in the use of drugs in the United States.

5). Stewart I. Donaldson. 1996. Drug Abuse Prevention Programming, Do we know what content works? Journal of American Behavioral Scientist. (June). Vol 39, no. 7. Pgs. 245-261.

The highlights that if $700 million a year and twenty thousand specifically trained police officers do not effect in the lessening of drug used amid minors, besides giving police something to do, what does it accomplish?

However, not all facilities are prohibitively costly. Serenity Lane in Eugene, Oregon, proclaims as part of its marketing and advertising plan that it accepts almost all insurance plans, and trumpets the fact that it offers value deals like the "ExSL (Long-Term Program)" that requires only a relatively modest fee of $6,495 per 30 day period, with a 60 day recommended minimum stay" and "partial financing available and a $500 discount for paying cash up front" (Treatment Costs at Serenity Lane," Official ebsite, 2007). In contrast, a stay of the same duration at the more famous Betty Ford Center is $23,000 ("Programs," the Betty Ford Center, 2007).

Quality forms of rehabilitative assistance exist for individuals in a variety of income brackets. Also, for individuals who qualify, there are Medicaid assistance programs provided by the federal government. However, less costly programs often have longer waiting lists and offer less comprehensive, quality, and discrete…...

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Works Cited

Health Insurers Block Mental Health Parity Bill." Drug Rehabs.com. 23 Sept 2007.  http://www.drug-rehabs.com/health-insurers-block.htm 

How Do I pay for a Drug Rehab?" Therapist Unlimited. 23 Sept 2007. http://therapistunlimited.com/rehabs/Articles/Drug+Rehabs/How+Do+I+pay+for+a+Drug+Rehab

Oregonians Gain Benefit of Parity MH Coverage." Psychiatric News.

40(19): 2. 7 Oct 2005. APA Website.  http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/40/19/12

dosage levels of Cholestease on Serum Cholesterol levels and the side effects associated with them in human beings.
Cholesterol has been a major media issue in recent years, especially the negative effects on the heart and its role in the development of heart disease. There have been many studies that indicate a connection between serum cholesterol heart disease and depression (1-3). Developing new methods to lower serum cholesterol has become a major industry in recent years. Currently the leaders in the industry are American Pharmaceutical giants, Pfizer, Merck, and Warner-Lambert (1), who have developed medications that lower cholesterol.

The Endicon corporation recognizes the potential market in developing a drug that will significantly lower serum cholesterol without the side effects associated with long-term use of the drugs currently on the market. In addition, we recognize the potential of developing a ritish Product, primarily marketed in Great ritain. Endicon has been conducting research…...

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Bibliography

Clarke, R. et al. (1997) Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. Brit. Med. J 314 p.112-117.

Howell, W. et al. (1997) Plasma lipid and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65 p.1747-1764.

Hudson, M. (2003) How Cholesterol Affects the Body. BurnBraeFarms.com. (Online at (  Accessed June 4, 2003.http://www.burnbraefarms.com/nutrition/cholesterolnews.pdf )

Kronmal, R. et al. (1993)Total Serum Cholesterol Levels and Mortality Risk as a function of Age, A report based on the Framingham Data. Arch. Intern.Med. 153 p. 1065-1073.

Gervaise et. al, (1999) point out that increasingly financial reimbursement restrictions from managed care agencies play a critical role "in the quality of patient care" (1). According to the researchers, "complicated contractual arrangements among multiple providers obstruct rather than facilitate provisions for continuity of patient care" (Gervaise, et. al, 1).

New Advances In Modern Care - Addressing Time Limited Therapy

In the short- and long-term it is likely that limits on therapy will remain. Thus new treatment models must be developed to ensure adequate care. New requirements and restrictions placed by managed care organizations necessitate change in the health care field. Much of the research available supports more training for psychologists so they learn techniques for succeeding using group therapy practices (Drotos, 1997; Kent, 2000; Joseph, 1997). Group oriented approaches enable successful time limited treatments and cost effective services that health maintenance organizations are more likely to support.

There is still ample evidence…...

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References

Ackley D.C. (1997). Breaking free of managed care. New York: Guilford.

Bistline, J.L, Sheridan, S., & Winegar, N. (1992). "Implementing a group therapy program in a managed care setting: Combining cost effectiveness and quality care." The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 73(1): 30.

Drotos J.C. (1997). "Upheavals in the land of the giants." Behavioral Health

Management, 17 (8), 39-40.

Synthroid, Drug Profile
SYNTHROID® (levothyroxine sodium tablets, USP) is an important drug, used to treat hypothyroidism. Synthroid has been extensively studied for over 42 years. It is the most widely prescribed thyroid medicine in the United States. Currently, over eight million people are using Synthroid for thyroid replacement therapy. [Abbott, 2001]

Synthetic Levothyroxine (T4 ) is identical in chemical composition and molecular weight to naturally secreted T4. Synthroid tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: acacia, confectioner's sugar, lactose, magnesium stearate, povidone, talc, and color additives.[Abbott, 2001].

Synthroid is pregnancy category A. Studies have shown that Synthroid increases the risk of fetal abnormalities if given during pregnancy. The possibility of fetal harm does appear to be remote, however, Synthroid should only given during pregnancy if it is clearly needed [Abbott, 2001]. In addition Abbot Laboratories reports that thyroid hormones do cross the placental barrier to some extent. T4 levels in the cord blood of…...

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Works Cited

Abbott Laboratories, (2001) Synthroid Product Information. Synthroid,.com. Abbott Park, Illinois Accessed February, 2002 URL:  http://www.synthroid.com/ 

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology. (AACE) (1995)clinical practice guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Endocr Pract. 1;1995:56-62.

Banahan BF, et al.(1998) Generic substitution of NTI drugs: Issues for Formulary Committee Consideration. Formulary. 33;1998:1082-1096.

BASF Pharmaceuticals.(2002) Synthroid. Drug Manufacturer Information. Found on Commercial website. Drug InfoNet. Com Accessed February, 2002. http://www.druginfonet.com/synthrod.htm

Nursing: Therapy for Patients with Sleep-Wake DisordersCase IntroductionA 31-year-old male has insomnia since he mentioned he has been finding it extremely difficult to fall asleep for the past six months. ecently, the problem had aggravated due to the sudden loss of his fianc. His history of inability to sleep fast or not being a great sleeper does exist; the problem has now become unbearable. He cannot fall asleep early and even suffers from a lack of sleep during the night.His sleep patterns affect his work since he started falling asleep the next day. His previous night was deprived of sleep again, which caused problems at his work. He labors as a forklift operator at a local chemical company.The client also cited that he was on diphenhydramine; however, the medication caused obstacles in his wellbeing the next morning. He even experienced unpleasant conditions due to the previous physicians prescription of opiate…...

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ReferencesBritton, A., Fat, L.N. & Neligan, A. (2020). The association between alcohol consumption and sleep disorders among older people in the general population. Scientific Reports, 10.   A. N., Wu, N., Ghaffar, Y. T., Prejean, R., Gremillion, R., Cogburn, M., Chami, A. A., Kaye, A. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2021). Zolpidem: Efficacy and side effects for insomnia. Health Psychology Research, 9(1).  https://doi.org/10.52965/001c.24927 Lee-Iannotti, J. K., & Parish, J. M. (2016). Suvorexant: A promising, novel treatment for insomnia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 491–495.  https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S31495 NHS. (2019, November 15). Zolpidem.  https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/zolpidem/ Peters, B. (2014). Ethics commentary: Ethical considerations in sleep medicine. Psychiatry Online, 12(1), 64-67.  https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.12.1.64 Plescia, F., Cirrincione, L., Martorana, D., Ledda, C., Rapisarda, V., Castelli, V., Martines, F., Vinnikov, D., & Cannizzaro, E. (2021). Alcohol abuse and insomnia disorder: Focus on a group of night and day workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24).  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413196 Tan, C.S. (2020). The need of patient education to improve medication adherence among hypertensive patients. Malaysian Journal of Pharmacy, 6(1).  https://doi.org/10.52494/MOEL1486https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62227-0 Edinoff,

NUSING Nursing: Therapy for Patients with Sleep-Wake DisordersDepression and stress disorder are some of the most prominent causes of sleep-wake disorders. Insomnia is one of the most commonly discussed problems, ad n sleep difficulties have caused physical and worsened emotional problems. Seep is studied vastly by medical professionals because seven to nine hours of sleep is recommended by scientists for accurate body functioning. The co-existing complication of health start showing as soon as signs of stress, depression, and anxiety appear, further obscuring neurobiology and leading to heart failure, osteoarthritis, and Parkinsons diseases in severe conditions (American Psychiatric Association, 2020). This paper aims to reflect on psychopharmacological treatments for patients suffering from sleep-wake disorders and other co-existing mental disorders that could degrade the effects of those medications.Major depressive disorder (MDD) and alcohol abuse are usually seen going hand in hand as patients suffering from depression feel they need to find solace,…...

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ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2020, August). What are sleep disorders?   P., Yomen, K., Turcios, J. & Richman, M. (2015). Prescription for antidepressants in reducing future alcohol-related re-admission in patients suffering from depression and alcohol use disorder: A retrospective medical record review. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 10.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-015-0045-y Cherney, K. (2020, March 12). ADHD medications list. Health Line.  https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/medication-list Collins, S. (n.d.). Can medicine help with alcohol use disorder? Web MD.  https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/features/fighting-alcoholism-with-medications#1 DeVido, J. J., & Weiss, R. D. (2012). Treatment of the depressed alcoholic patient. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(6), 610–618.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0314-7 Dubovsky, S.L., Ghosh, B.M., Serotte, J.C. & Cranwell, V. (2021). Psychotic depression: Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Psychother Psychosom, 90, 160-177.  https://doi.org/10.1159/000511348 MD Calc. (n.d.). DSM-5 criteria for major depressive disorder.  https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10195/dsm-5-criteria-major-depressive-disorder National Jewish Health. (2017, March 1). Medicines that can cause insomnia.  https://www.nationaljewish.org/conditions/insomnia/causes/medicines-that-can-cause-insomnia#:~:text=Medications%20that%20can%20cause%20insomnia,Psychostimulants%20and%20amphetamines Web MD. (2022, April 22). Drug treatments for sleep problems.  https://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/drug-treatments#:~:text=It%20is%20used%20to%20treat,Depakon)%3B%20gabapentin%20(Neurontin) .Zhang, X., Norton, J., Carrière, I., Ritchie, K., Chaudieu, I., & Ancelin, M. L. (2015). Risk factors for late-onset generalized anxiety disorder: Results from a 12-year prospective cohort (The ESPRIT study). Translational Psychiatry, 5(3), e536.  https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.31https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/sleep-disorders/what-are-sleep-disorders#:~:text=There%20are%20several%20different%20types,both%20physical%20and%20emotional%20problems .Chan,

NUSING Nursing: Therapy for Patients with Bipolar DisordersBipolar disorder is one chronic illness that has gained emphasis over the past few decades. Depressive symptoms are included in this condition, which could be observed during adolescence or young adulthood and carried on in the late years of the patients lives (McCormick et al., 2015). ecurrent episodes of mood pathology could be witnessed for bipolar patients as there is a relative minimum to a high level of manic period, indicating high depressive episodes. This paper explores the symptoms and condition of a patient with bipolar disorder, the suggested therapy and medication represented by three decisions, the reason for selecting those decisions, and the ethical implications for carrying out each one.Introduction to the CaseA Korean descent woman aging 26 years showed signs of acute mania after staying hospitalized for three weeks. Her diagnosis was found to be that of bipolar disorder. When she…...

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ReferencesGaudiano, B. A., Weinstock, L. M., & Miller, I. W. (2008). Improving treatment adherence in bipolar disorder: a review of current psychosocial treatment efficacy and recommendations for future treatment development. Behavior Modification, 32(3), 267–301. T., Wozniak, D., Spada, J., Sander, C., Ulke, C., Wittekind, D.A., Thiery, J., Loffler, M., Jawinski, P. & Hegerl, U. (2019). Vulnerability to bipolar disorder is linked to sleep and sleepiness. Translational Psychiatry, 9.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0632-1 Hoop, J.G., DiPasquale, T., Hernandez, J.M. & Roberts, L.W. (2008). Ethics and culture in mental health care. Ethics and Behavior, 18(4), 353-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508420701713048McCormick, U., Murray, B., & McNew, B. (2015). Diagnosis and treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: A review for advanced practice nurses. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 27(9), 530–542.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2327-6924.12275 Muneer A. (2015). Pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder with quetiapine: A recent literature review and an update. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience: The Official Scientific Journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 13(1), 25–35.  https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2015.13.1.25 Nafaradi, L., Nakamoto, K. & Schulz, P.J. (2017). Is patient empowerment the key to promote adherence? A systematic review of the relationship between self-efficacy, health locus of control, and medication adherence. Plos One, 12(10).  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186458 Reach, G. (2016). Patient education, nudge, and manipulation: Defining the ethical conditions of the person-centered model of care. Dove Press, 10.  https://www.dovepress.com/patient-education-nudge-and-manipulation-defining-the-ethical-conditio-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-PPA Silveira, E.A., Santos, A.S.C., Ribeiro, J.N., Noll, M., Rodriques, A.P.S. & de Oliveira, C. (2021). Prevelance of constipation in adults with obesity class II and III and associated factors. BMC Gastroenterology, 21.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-021-01806-5 Seripa, D., Lozupone, M., Miscio, G., Stella, E., La Montagna, M., Gravina, C., Urbano, M., di Mauro, L., Daniele, A., Greco, A., Logroscino, G., Panza, F., & Bellomo, A. (2018). CYP2D6 genotypes in revolving door patients with bipolar disorders: A case series. Medicine, 97(37), e11998.  https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011998 Taibanguay, N., Chaiamnuay, S., Asavatanabodee, P., & Narongroeknawin, P. (2019). Effect of patient education on medication adherence of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Patient Preference and Adherence, 13, 119–129.  https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S192008 Tan, C.S. (2020). The need of patient education to improve medication adherence among hypertensive patients. Malaysian Journal of Pharmacy (MJP), 6(1).  https://doi.org/10.52494/MOEL1486 Volkmann, C., Bschor, T., & Köhler, S. (2020). Lithium treatment over the lifespan in bipolar disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 377.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00377 Younas, A., Khan, R.A. & Yasmin, R. (2021). Entrustment in physician-patient communication: A modified Delphi study using the EPA approach. BMC Medical Education, 21.  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02931-1https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445507309023Hensch,

The Nexus of Pharmacy and Personalized Medicine: Unlocking Precision Healthcare for Patients

Introduction:
In the rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, personalized medicine has emerged as a transformative paradigm that tailors treatments to the unique characteristics of each patient. Pharmacy, as the cornerstone of medication management, plays a pivotal role in harnessing the power of personalized medicine to improve patient outcomes. This essay explores the profound intersection between pharmacy and personalized medicine, highlighting their synergistic potential to unlock precision healthcare for patients.

1. The Precision Revolution in Pharmacy:
Personalized medicine has revolutionized pharmacy by enabling pharmacists to leverage genetic, genomic, and other patient-specific data to optimize....

Health Assessment

The Role of Telehealth in Assessing Vulnerable Populations
The Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Patient Outcomes
Advanced Physical Examination Techniques for Complex Patients
Ethical Considerations in Health Assessment for Marginalized Groups

Pharmacology

The Use of Pharmacogenomics to Optimize Drug Therapy in FNPs
Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Managing Chronic Pain in FNP Practice
Opioid Prescribing Guidelines and the Role of FNPs in the Opioid Crisis
The Impact of Polypharmacy on Geriatric Patients in FNP Care

Pathophysiology

The Pathophysiology and Management of Hypertension in FNP Practice
The Role of FNPs in Recognizing and Managing Sepsis
The Differential Diagnosis of Chest Pain....