(Postone, 1993) Habermas, a contemporary social historian contributor, was also very influenced by Weberian thinking in regarding rhetoric as an action rather than creating truth.
As Weber or Habermas, or Marx or any other philosopher of history, among others, puts it, social history is a complex science and can have many facets. As Soon Won Park presents, connected with the colonial history of Korea, "history is now understood not simply as one aspect of a national hmogenous culture, tradition and nation-state, but in more inclusive, complex and pluralistic terms." (Shin, 1999, pg 128) the new type of history that Park talks about is somehow similar to what Habermas is also talking about and it deals with a more complex understanding of the past than just in Marxists of Weberian terms. The new social history, therefore, requires new methods and areas to be analyzed, and also new analytical categories in the…...
mla
Bibliography
Marx, Karl. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. Beekman Pub. 1972
Poistone, Moishe. Time, Labor and Social Domination. A Reinterpretation of Marx's Critical Theory Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993
Shin, Gi Wook and Michael Robinson. Colonial Modernity in Korea Harvard East Asian Monographs. 1999
Stearns, Peter. "Social History Present and Future" Journal of Social History, Vol. 37, 2003
East Asia
Ideal and Reality: Cultural Revolution in East Asia
In recent history in East Asia, the laws, ideals, and models of government and culture have produced a reality that is somewhat different from that hoped for and proposed by these arbitrary systems. As Dong Zhongshu notes, the ancient Han dynasty erected an empire that lasted 2000 years based on a Confucian "vision of an omnipotent but disciplined sovereign, who sought to align the population with the norms of Heaven and Earth" (De Bary 157). In China, this basic paradigm of god-like ruler, informed by a counsel of scholars, learned in the ways of the ancients, held true for centuries and even into the modern era, when Industrialization changed the nature of society the world over -- including East Asia. ith the introduction of new creeds, East Asian rulers found they had new opportunities to erect new social structures based on their…...
mla
Works Cited
De Bary, William T., ed. Sources of East Asian Tradition: Premodern Asia, Volume 1.
NY: Columbia University Press, 2008.
Fitzgerald C.P. "Religion and China's Cultural Revolution." Pacific Affairs, Vol. 40,
Asian History
A vacuum was left by the Ming's expansion and rapid dissolution of maritime power. Even when the Ming's maritime power faded, China continued to play a major role in world trade. China had amassed an incredible resource of imported silver acquired from Portuguese and Spanish traders who pillaged the ore from Central and South America. Stockpiling its silver allowed China to create an incredible amount of wealth, and China soon transferred its silver into the monetary system. Whereas the Europeans continued to rely on a gold standard for their currency exchange, China banked on silver. Silver was not something that China had access to domestically, though, making it a unique choice for use as a currency. Silver was almost like a foreign currency that China adapted. Paper currency was its baby. With a vast store of silver, China was in the position of becoming a regional trade broker. China…...
shifting gender roles within Chinese history:
Connections, differentiations, and articulations of Chinese women within the ideology of Confucianism
The common stereotype of the East Asian female in the est is that of a frail flower: the most popular esternized conceptions which leap to mind are that of the bound feet of a Chinese woman. However, the reality in early Chinese history was far more complex. As in the est, Chinese women often struggled for parity in East Asia with their male counterparts, but many were able to distinguish themselves despite certain societal constraints placed upon their behavior. Some of the venues in which women were allowed to exhibit their intellectual prowess, particularly upper-class women, were quite wide, even though (just as in the est) there were also equally vehement cultural stereotypes which questioned the mental and moral character of women. Although the dominant ideology of Confucianism defined a relatively circumscribed role…...
mla
Works Cited
De Bary, William Theodore. Sources of East Asian Tradition: Premodern Asia, Volume 1.
Neo-Confucianism:
Reframing the tenants of Confucianism for a new era
Neo-Confucianism arose as a synthesis of Buddhism and Taoism in China. Although there is often a tendency to elide the ideological orientations of all the so-called 'Eastern' religions together in estern thinking, the fact that such a fusion occurred is quite surprising in retrospect. Buddhism initially faced a campaign of official persecution and only gradually became an accepted part of the Chinese belief schema. This paper will compare the Tang era Emperor uzong's suppression of Buddhism and his edict banning Buddhism with later attempts in the Song and Han period to synthesize these increasingly popular religions into the traditional Confucian ideology of the Chinese state. Gradually, it will suggest that over time, from the Tang to the Song to finally the Ming era, Confucian use of Buddhist ideas became more confident and ultimately there was less and less anxiety about the 'foreign'…...
mla
Works Cited
De Bary, William Theodore. Sources of East Asian Tradition: Premodern Asia, Volume 1. New
history of Japan. First, it will describe the masculinization of Japanese culture during the Kamakura Shogunate period and explore why masculinization happened. Second, the changing roles and relationships with each Buddhism and Shinto in Japan from Nara through the Kamakura period will be explored. Third, Korea's relationship with China and Japan up until the 1600's will be compared and contrasted. Fourth, the kinds of social, political and cultural climate in which early Buddhism took hold and flourished in China and Japan will be discussed. Finally, the Marxist Model of Feudalism will be defined. Reasons this model does not apply to Japan during the Kamakura and Ashikaga Shogunates will be discussed.
The Masculinization of Japanese Culture
Early on in the development of Japan's feudal society, the culture was defined by "the central figure of the aristocratic fighting man on horseback" (Reischauer 45). This focus in the knight and politics created from this…...
mla
Works Cited
Hall, John W. And Marius B. Jansen, eds. Studies in the International History of Early Modern Japan. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968.
Langone, John. In the Shogun's Shadow. Boston: Little, Brown and Company,
1994.
Reischauer, Edwin. Japan: The Story of a Nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
One of those buildings was the International Foreign Trade Center -- Shenzhen's first skyscraper and the tallest building in China (36).
Hong Kong is commonly referred to as a place where "East meets West" because of its hybrid nature. That is, there is a culture mix occurring that is part traditional Chinese as well part ritish due to its colonization by the ritish. Hong Kong is quite a modern place, yet there is an infusion of traditional Chinese practices that makes the place unlike any other in the world. One example of how East may meet West in Hong Kong is how the art of feng shui may be utilized in constructing a modern piece of architecture. The old Chinese traditions are used to support newer ways of thinking and living. The architecture in Hong Kong is contemporary and reflects a more Western style as opposed to a Chinese traditional…...
The growing demand for Chinese tea, silk and ceramics by ritish had created severe trade imbalance for ritain. The ritish were also losing their silver reserves in exchange for Chinese goods. In late 1930's government of Great ritain found "opium" as a solution for resolving trade imbalance. Opium, which is more addictive than tea, was being supplied to China by ritish merchants. As demand for opium increased in China, ritain's imports increased and in this way silver bullion was flowing out of the China into ritain.
However Chinese government (Qing government) took serious steps to stop the trade of opium. Lin Zexu, which was appointed as an Imperial Commissioner for the Destruction of Opium, started an anti-opium campaign. During the campaign, opium stores were destroyed and opium dealers were arrested. This act…...
mla
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CIIC. "Formation of the Chinese Civilization." 2001. China Internet Information Center. .
Devine, Richard. "Japanese Rule in Korea After the March First Uprising." Monumenta Nipponic 52.4 (1997).
Dyke, Van and Paul Arthur. Tha Canton trade: Life and Enterprise on the China Coast 1700-1845. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1998.
Liu, Li and Xingcan Chen. The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Not only are many Chinese immigrants well assimilated into their host nations, but they also have established family businesses that preclude them from being interested in taking up a teaching position. Furthermore, many Chinese immigrants abroad speak dialects other than Mandarin.
Hanban is also a direct emissary for the Chinese government and as such, it can more directly spread Beijing-sponsored values and ideas. Creating and disseminating a uniform message about China is as important as spreading a standardized version of Mandarin. Teaching methods can also be universalized, standardized for quality and effectiveness by Hanban. The government of the United States has actively engaged in language exportation but in less formal ways. While no Hanban equivalent exists, English is disseminated regularly and systematically through the popular media and through international business enterprise.
eferences
Erard, Michael. "The Mandarin Offensive." Wired.com. retrieved Dec 1, 2006 at http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.04/mandarin.html?pg=1&topic=mandarin&topic_set...
.....Zhu Xi understood daotong ( "transmission of the dao" or Confucian orthodoxy). What texts, in sequence, were to be studied? Keeping in mind the context in which he wrote, accept, qualify or refute his position.
Central to the evolution of Confucian orthodoxy, the teachings of Zhu Xi understood the transmission of the dao, the daotong, in terms of the natural ordering and hierarchy of the universe, and of universal laws. Daotong is conceptualized as a flow, a transmission of actual energy from a source higher on the cosmological hierarchy, or from the principle of Heaven, tianli (Adler 143). Moreover, the transmission of the dao is presented as an ongoing flow, more like a waterfall than a tap that gets turned off or on according to the will or desire of the human being. Zhu Xi's understanding was, however, ironically rigid and inflexible. His teachings deeply conflicted with prevailing Confucian ideology, and…...
It must be recognized that religion in East Asia has had a complex and long history, including its influence upon the law. itual and religion in the region have been much more integrated and for a much longer time in history than has been the case for the Western paradigm. Hence, although the country appears to have adopted the basic paradigms of Western legislation, it is also true that the heart of the region remains in its history, and is likely to be extracted only by time and patience.
Xinping notes that there are two opinions that relate to the religious paradigm as it relates to the Chinese context specifically. The first views religion in the country on a positive and active platform; where religion adapts itself the socialist and contemporary society of the region. eligion is thus easily and actively able to adapt itself to the applicable laws of…...
mla
References
Glenn, H. Patrick. Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable diversity in law. Oxford University Press, 2007.
Qin, Guoji. The Thinking Way of Confucianism and the Rule of Law. Journal of Politics and Law Vol. 1, No. 1. March, 2008.
(ACS Publication June 2006 A Growing Crisis In Patient Access to Emergency Surgical Care at (http://www.facs.org/ahp/emergcarecrisis.pdf)
Statement of Problem
There is a growing problem in the ability of individuals and communities to receive care, according to the American College of Surgeons, as the changing face of emergency care and medical care in general is putting patients at risk. The ACS and the AMA have both recently conducted professional surveys that indicate that the source of the problem is a lack of specialized surgical providers to cover existing trauma centers and a lack of those same staff members to help to establish new centers of care in areas, with the lowest numbers of provider services. (ACS Publication June 2006 A Growing Crisis In Patient Access to Emergency Surgical Care at (http://www.facs.org/ahp/emergcarecrisis.pdf)
The ACS Publication A Growing Crisis In Patient Access to Emergency Surgical Care stresses that the existing system is not meeting patients…...
In this regard, Francis adds that, "The determining factor will be ASEAN's ability to provide the leadership necessary to create a strong, independent East Asian Union" (Francis, p. 77). In addition, Bowles (2002) notes that the ongoing efforts to create improved Asia/Pacific regional cooperation are fundamentally efforts intended to balance the influence of the United States on the region and the world in general.
4. What are the main hypotheses of the work?
The guiding hypotheses of the proposed study are as follows:
H1: Encouraging China to participate in as a coalition leader in an East Asian Union in the future would serve to ensure that the price it would have to pay in terms of loss of trade and investment if it acts against the interests of the union's other members would be prohibitively high.
H2: Former Cold War alliances will be replaced by new ones in the future that do not…...
mla
References
Bowles, Paul. 2002. "Asia's post-crisis regionalism: Bringing the state back in, keeping the (United) States out," in Review of International Political Economy (London) 9(2): 244- 270.
Francis, N. 2006. For an East Asian Union: Rethinking Asia's Cold War alliances. Harvard International Review 28(3): 76-77.
Gowan, P. 2003, July-August. "U.S. Hegemony Today." Monthly Review 55(3): 30-31.
Gratton, C., & Jones, Ian. 2003. Research Methods for Sport Studies. New York: Routledge.
" However, as strange as these ideas may be to a modern reader or historian, that is all the more reason to demand the rigorous perspective demanded by Cohen. If objectivity is impossible, then looking at historical events from as many interpretations as possible provides a potential solution.
Cohen's embrace of folklore, and of piecing together a patchwork quilt of perspectives is useful in unpacking the influence of people outside of the ruling class, and exposing hidden influences upon Chinese history in terms of the impact of the religion of ordinary people, particularly women, denied an education or access to the centers of power. However, even for a historian outside of the field of East sian studies, Cohen's ideas are useful in terms of how to approach history, particularly historical events that have become especially fraught with meaning in modern culture, beyond their immediate impact. Cohen is most sure-footed when navigating…...
mla
At times, while reading about some of the Boxer's actions and beliefs, particularly in terms of their point-of-view of ritual purity, such a perspective can be difficult to assume. "The bandits passed the word around that, just as they were setting fire to the church in question, some woman from across the way had come out of her home and spilled dirty water. Their magic was therefore destroyed, and the misfortune extended [beyond the church]. On the basis of this [explanation], the families whose homes had been burned down didn't resent the Boxer bandits; they all cursed the woman." However, as strange as these ideas may be to a modern reader or historian, that is all the more reason to demand the rigorous perspective demanded by Cohen. If objectivity is impossible, then looking at historical events from as many interpretations as possible provides a potential solution.
Cohen's embrace of folklore, and of piecing together a patchwork quilt of perspectives is useful in unpacking the influence of people outside of the ruling class, and exposing hidden influences upon Chinese history in terms of the impact of the religion of ordinary people, particularly women, denied an education or access to the centers of power. However, even for a historian outside of the field of East Asian studies, Cohen's ideas are useful in terms of how to approach history, particularly historical events that have become especially fraught with meaning in modern culture, beyond their immediate impact. Cohen is most sure-footed when navigating the territory of the recent past, where there are more concrete documents for him to deal with, in terms of how the Boxers were viewed, but his approach could be applied to events of the even farther, as well as the more recent past.
Paul Cohen, "History in Three Keys," (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p.3
There were many unsuccessful attempts to transition to examples put forth by other countries particularly in the west that received both acceptance and rejection. Some efforts proved fruitful but many were fought against by the intellectuals as those at the lowest end of the socioeconomic structure had no voice. The transition in East Asia has reached a level of plateau; however, national identity and unification continue to be a goal that East Asia strives to maintain.
ibliography
Duiker, W., and Spielvogel, J. The Essential World History. oston, MA: Wadsworth,
Cengage Learning, 2011.
McNelly, Theodore. Induced revolution: The policy and process of constitutional reform in occupied Japan, in Democratizing Japan, pp / 76-106.
Rhoads, Murphey. East Asia: A New History. Pearson Longman, 2004.
Shillony, en-Ami. Politics and culture in wartime Japan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1991.
Sommerville, Donald. The complete illustrated history of World War Two: An authoritative account of the deadliest conflict in human history with…...
mla
Bibliography
Duiker, W., and Spielvogel, J. The Essential World History. Boston, MA: Wadsworth,
Cengage Learning, 2011.
McNelly, Theodore. Induced revolution: The policy and process of constitutional reform in occupied Japan, in Democratizing Japan, pp / 76-106.
Rhoads, Murphey. East Asia: A New History. Pearson Longman, 2004.
Historical Roots of Filipino Indolence The perception of Filipino indolence has deep historical roots in the colonial era. During Spanish rule (1565-1898), Europe's industrial revolution was transforming societies, while the Philippines remained largely agrarian. This led to a stark divide in economic development and attitudes towards work. Spanish Stereotyping: Spanish colonizers viewed Filipinos as inherently lazy and backward, based on their own cultural biases. This stereotype was reinforced by accounts of missionaries and explorers who described indigenous communities as having leisure-oriented lifestyles. Limited Economic Opportunities: The colonial government's mercantilist policies restricted economic growth in the Philippines, limiting opportunities for Filipinos to....
Sign Up for Unlimited Study Help
Our semester plans gives you unlimited, unrestricted access to our entire library
of resources —writing tools, guides, example essays, tutorials, class notes, and more.
