Economic Environment Essays (Examples)

Economics

UK Economy

An analysis of the latest figures for key economic indicators and the factors which have affected these indicators. This should include the figures for unemployment, inflation and economic growth.

Unemployment

The unemployment rate is a very important indicator of the overall health of the economy. Currently the unemployment rate is at 7.8% (Office for National Statistics, 2012). However, this figure does not affect the population equally. Different segments of the population have different employment rates. Furthermore, the unemployment rate does not include people that are not actively seeking employment. In the chart these people are considered to be "inactive." Another interesting item listed in the report is that the unemployment rate for the youth demographic was falling due to a record number of 16 to 24-year-olds being enrolled in some type of educational program.

Employment in the UK has suffered from recession. In 2008 there was a…

Works Cited

Financial Times, 2013. Question 3: Fiscal Policy. [Online]

Available at:  http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/1115c770-545a-11e2-9d25-00144feab49a.html#axzz2IAShLpER 

[Accessed 1 January 2013].

Kirka, D., 2011. UK recession fears grow as manufacturing drops. [Online]

The composite raw materials of dry cell batteries and the ingredients in vitamins are equally available to any entity wishing to enter those markets. Moreover, there is little to distinguish the products of different manufacturers in those areas besides packaging and branding because the products themselves are essentially identical.

Many consumer services such as hair dressing and auto repairs also represent perfect competition scenarios because the barriers to entering the market are not very high and once in business, the prices commanded by individual proprietors are substantially dictated by prevailing market prices and the traditional dynamic of supply and demand.

Applying Saint Leo University Core Values to Economic Markets

In principle, the core values of Saint Leo University (and of Christianity, more generally) require us to be morally and socially responsible members of the human community. Furthermore, those core values also require us to serve our communities, to contribute to…

Not only are they crucial for the movement of people, but they are crucial for the rapid movement of time-sensitive goods. Therefore the government has an interest in the survival of the industry. Government can and has involved itself through monetary policy in sustaining or resuscitating struggling airlines in order to maintain the overall strength of the industry.

Taxation is another area where governments affect the industry. This again relates to the tight margins, as taxation represents a key expense for airlines. Changes in the tax regime directly affect airlines' after tax profits. The government can encourage or discourage the industry based on its taxation policies. The IATA believes the airline industry to be more heavily taxed than some of its substitutes, and has an entire program to deal with the issue of taxation, highlighting taxation's relevance to the industry.

Another way in which fiscal policy can impact the industry…

Works Cited

Pearce, Brian. (2008). Financial Forecast. IATA. Retrieved June 29, 2008 at  http://www.iata.org/NR/rdonlyres/DA8ACB38-676F-4DB1-A2AC-F5BCEF74CB2C/0/Industry_Outlook_Briefing_March08.pdf 

No author. (2008). The Industry Handbook: The Airline Industry. Investopedia. Retrieved June 29, 2008 at  http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/airline.asp 

Flint, Perry. (2008). 2008 Forecast: Will the Luck Hold? Air Transport World. Retrieved June 29, 2008 at  http://www.atwonline.com/channels/dataAirlineEconomics/article.html?articleID=2174 

No author. (2008). Chief Characteristic of the Airline Business. Air Transport Association. Retrieved June 29, 2008 at http://members.airlines.org/about/d.aspx?nid=7955

Economic Shoelaces

Eco Footwear & Repair

Our Shoes' have Souls

Eco Footwear & Repair -- Business Model Proposal

Proposed Export Location: Chile

Proponent: Maria G. Lozano

The many firms in the footwear industry operate with an unethical and unsustainable business model. They utilize foreign sweatshops that often employ child labor. Furthermore, the industry is notorious for promoting product obsolesces and the products end up in landfills well before the end of their useful lives. Our mission is to revolutionize the current industry norms by producing products that are both environmentally and socially sustainable.

Situation Analysis

Export Marketing Plan

Market Screening

Export Marketing Strategies

orks Cited

Executive Summary

This project proposes to begin constructing the production facilities for Eco Footwear Repair. On a high level, the vision for the organization is to provide all the goods and services necessary to extend the useful lives of clients' shoes or footwear. This footwear…

Works Cited

America News. (2011, March 15). Business Growth: South America. Retrieved April 21, 2011, from News of America:  http://amerivanews.con10.com/business-growth-south-america.html 

Badame, D. (2001). Planet Reebok. Retrieved April 21, 2011, from Rogivue:  http://www.rogivue.com/downloads/Planet%20Reebok.pdf 

Golder, P., & Tellis, G. (2010). Product Life Cycle. Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing.

Pfeiffer, M. (2010, February 1). How CSR is seen in Chile. Retrieved April 21, 2011, from CSR360: http://www.csr360gpn.org/magazine/feature/how-csr-is-seen-in-chile/

Economics

Growth The retailer sector was lately affected by the back-to-school shopping season, which did not start so well, as midprice department stores, discounters and specialty-apparel retailers announced disappointing sales results during August, which reinforced the already much debated concerns that consumers are not comfortable with the current state of the economy and are reluctant to consume, considering the shaky and uneven economic recovery.

However, luxury department-store chains managed to post significant earnings, as they benefited from the help of an important number of upscale shoppers. Still, the effects of higher gas prices and the rising value of grocery bills, combined with lackluster job growth were severely felt by moderate- and lower-income shoppers.

Michael Niemira, chief economist and director of research at the International Council of Shopping Centers feels that "There's weaker-than-expected performance," due to the fact that "there was a slowdown in spending, but some results are exaggerated by…

References

1. Higher energy prices depress overall economy. Charles Stein.

Knight Ridder Tribune Business News. Washington:

Aug 6, 2004. On the Internet at  http://gateway.proquest.com.libproxy.unm.edu/openurl-url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqd&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&rft_dat=xri:pqd:did=000000674708321&svc_dat=xri:pqil:fmt=text&req_dat=xri:pqil:pq_clntid=2877 

2. Retailers' Sales Come In Weaker Than Expected; Soft Results Reinforce Fears About Consumer Confidence; Discounters Saw Biggest Hit. Kortney Stringer.

In fact, Brierly and Costello bring into the argument the three variables commonly associated with industry growth -- labor, Capital, and Technology. Brierly and Costello used time series regression to test each of these variables in order to determine which made the largest impact on state economic growth, while holding the caveat that states should be careful when considering these variables as they do not have much control over them. Brierly and Costello's results suggested that increasing labor had larger impacts on state economic development than increases in the other two variables. This conclusion is correct only for the short-term, however. In fact, Brierly and Costello's reasoning for their findings that neither increases in labor or technology result in economic growth for states because their investments are typically more "long-term" (Brierly and Costello).

Instead of simply relying on capital, however, ichard C. Feiock argues that non-traditional methods can be beneficial…

References

1. Trogen, Paul. Which Economic Development Policies Work? Determinants of State Per Capita Income.

2. Feiock, Richard. Development Policy Competition and Positive Sum Growth: Incentive Competition and it's Alternatives.

3. Bronson, Allen and Robert Costelb. Accounting for State Economic Performance: A Time Series Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Limits of State Economic Policy.

4. Wilson, James: An Institutionalist Take on State Activism in Economic Development: A Theoretical System.

New companies have the advantage of taking more risks and investing more in the research and development process, being interested in addressing less developed industries.

It is difficult for large cities like New York to attract such companies. The main reason for this situation is represented by the high costs of doing business in these areas. Even so, the city can counteract this problem by providing strong productivity opportunities that are determined by high human capital and relative wages.

The most important economic sector of New York is represented by the financial services sector, including finance, insurance, and real estate business sectors. The importance of this sector is reflected in its influence on jobs evolution and of the city's earnings. Therefore, the authorities have recognized the potential of this source of jobs and of earnings, and their interest in this sector must be translated in a series of incentive intended…

Reference list:

1. Redlich, W. (2010). Economic Development Questions. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from  http://wredlich.com/ny/2010/09/economic-development-questions/ .

2. Orr, J. & Topa, G. (2006). Challenges Facing the New York Metropolitan Area Economy. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Retrieved December 2, 2010 from  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=886519&http://www.google.ro/search?q=new+york+economic+challenges&btnG=C%C4%83uta%C5%A3i&hl=ro&source=hp&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai= .

3. Parrott, J. (2010). New York City: Economic and Budget Challenges. Fiscal Policy Institute. Retrieved December 7, 2010 from  http://www.fiscalpolicy.org/FPI_Presentation_NYC_BudgetEconomicChallenges_20100520.pdf .

disrupting America's economic system is a fundamental objective of terrorists

Even as the world continues to struggle with the terrible shock from the September 11 attacks in New York and Washington, one principle lesson has already become clear: disrupting our economic system is a fundamental objective of terrorists.

Prior to September 11, our economic environment was certainly not immune to terror, in comparison to many other nations; we lived relatively terror-free. Now, however, the aftermath of the terrorist attacks serves as a grim reminder that international relations and security developments can dramatically affect economic performance.

US History is replete with countless examples when macro fundamentals are overtaken by what economists refer to as, exogenous shocks -- surprise events that can profoundly and often unpredictably shift political and economic resources, and send even the most accurate forecasts astray. Commodity shocks, such as the two OPEC jolts in the 1970s, are classic…

References

Bagehot, Walter. 1927. Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market, John Murray, London.

Balbach, Anatol B. 1981. "How Controllable is Money Growth?" Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, vol 63, no 4, April, p. 5.

Becker, Gary S, Steven N. Kaplan, Kevin M. Murphy and Edward A Snyder. (2002 / winter). "The Economic Effects of September 11," GSB Magazine, University of Chicago's Graduate School of Business.

Bell, Stephanie. 2000. "Do Taxes and Bonds Finance Government Spending?." Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 603-620.

environment host country chose study. Discuss briefly political, economic, legal environment focus culture. Make present deeper levels culture, artifacts. HOFSTEDE'S DIMENSIONS .ID

Germany: Country analysis

Political environment

Germany is a parliamentary democracy. It is a multi-party system, which means that political parties must often share power to govern. It is currently led by Chancellor Angela Merkel, who became Germany's first female chancellor in 2009. Merkel is the leader of the center-right Christian Democrats (CDU). Merkel won a close election and serves as "chancellor in a 'grand coalition' involving the CDU, its Christian Social Union (CSU) allies and the centre-left Social Democratic Party (SPD)" ("Germany," BBC, 2012). Merkel has faced recent resistance from the Germany populace, who are growing increasingly discontented with the feeling that Germany is being forced to 'bail out' financially undisciplined members of the European Community, to preserve the EC in the wake of the meltdown of the…

Works Cited

Crumly, Bruce. "In Paris and Berlin, fury over a Greek bailout." Time. 2010. [23 Mar 2012]

 http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1964443,00.html#ixzz1psjPyZB3 

"Germany." BBC. [23 Mar 2012]

 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1047864.stm

Cost and CO2 reduction analysis were performed using local data available from both commercial and professional bodies. A majority of current thermal rating programs require the equipment to be tested in accordance to a standard test under specified testing conditions. This approach provides reliable data because it is possible to replicate such tests within an accepted uncertainty band. There are, however, some rating programs which combine a standard test and a calculation procedure to produce a performance rating. Such is the case for the energy guide label for electric and gas hot water heaters. A similar method has been developed to provide a practical rating system with the goal of presenting an easily understood comparison between SDHW systems and conventional hot water systems. Note that the performance any individual commercial enterprise will experience may differ due to location and hot water usage.

The thermal performance rating is based on the…

References

Abbasi, T., & a., a.S. (2011). Renewable Energy Sources . New Delhi: PHI.

BRE (2002), BREDEM-8 Model Description: 2001 Update, BRE, UK ? BSI (1989), BS5918:

British Standard Code of Practice for Solar Heating Systems for Domestic Hot Water,

Bradford, J. & Bean, F. (2011). 'Here comes the sun: a field trial of solar water heating systems.' The Energy Saving Trust. [PDF]

Kenya: A Case Study in Reform

From its rough beginnings, Kenya has instituted a series of economic reforms in an attempt to raise the condition of the Kenyan people. They are an attempt to bring the Kenyan people out of a state of poverty and repression to one of stability and security about their ability to sustain themselves. Each reform has been better than the last, but they are still far from solving these issues in their country. This paper will cite the reasons for this as being a need for the people to regain the feeling of nationalism echoed in the early years of independence.

Kenya's History:

Prior to1800 Kenya consisted of groups of small tribal governments. Kenya is grouped into more than 70 ethnic groups, Some of the ethnic tribes are large e.g. The Agikuyu who form a majority of the population within their homeland in the central…

Works Cited

Africa Guide. World of Information Sessional Paper No. 2 of 1997 on Industrial Transformation

Amoako, Dr. K.Y. Claiming the 21st Century: Africa's Agenda (Speech). Executive

Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa at the National

Summit on Africa, (Washington D.C., 17 February 2000)

egion that I have chosen is the South Pacific, or more broadly Oceania. If we exclude Australia and New Zealand, the two highly developed economies, this region is characterized by island nations, mostly small, with tiny economies. Many such islands are independent nations, while others are colonies (i.e. French Polynesia, Cook Islands, Guam). Most nations within this region have ties to larger economies, either the U.S., New Zealand or Australia, regardless of their political status.

For the most part, these regions are politically stable. The Pacific islands are, in many cases, subject to many political issues. At the global level, these nations are among the most vulnerable to climate change. ising sea levels are an existential threat to countries like Tuvalu, which is almost entirely at sea level (Allen, 2004). Thus, many of these island nations have become the leading spokespeople for action on climate change, increasing their profile in…

References

Allen, L. (2004). Will Tuvalu disappear beneath the sea? Smithsonian. Retrieved November 30, 2014 from  http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/will-tuvalu-disappear-beneath-the-sea-180940704/?no-ist 

Hoegh, O. (2007). Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science. Vol. 318 (2007) 1737-1742.

Economic Integration of GCC Countries: Developments Since

Economic Integration of GCC Countries: Latest Developments Since 2010

It is important to examine the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Key Economic Indicators. Primarily, 2014 Key economic indicators will present statistical information, which will seek to foster economic determination and engineer the determination of current and future performances. A collective economic indicator examines aggregate earning reports, list of economic summaries relating to this region and as well as, reflecting on various macroeconomic indices. This report will prove that the GCC (2014) economic indicators are collective in answering aggregate macroeconomic challenges. This study is a collective possible research leading to the construction of key economic indicators (2014) analysis as adopted by GCC partners. GCC economies have been growing tremendously in the past ten years. This study focuses solely on some of the serious economic developments and polices evident in the region in the past four…

Work Cited

Al-Busaidi, Samir. "Modelling Macroeconomic Shocks in the GCC: Is Monetary Unification Viable?" Review of Middle East Economics and Finance 9.1 (2013): 1-36

Cevik, Serhan, and Katerina Teksoz. "Lost In Transmission? The Effectiveness Of Monetary Policy Transmission Channels In The GCC Countries." Middle East Development Journal 05.03 (2013): 1350018. Print

Espinoza, Raphael A, Ghada Fayad, and A Prasad. The Macroeconomics of the Arab States of the Gulf. 2013. Print

Espinoza, Raphael. Williams, Oral., & Prasad, Ananthakrishnan. Regional Financial Integration in the GCC. New York: International Monetary Fund, 2010. Print.

Economics

Total revenue represents all the company income. Total revenue is calculated by multiplying the price of products with the quantity sold. Typically, total revenue is calculated as follows:

Total revenue = price x quantity

Where price (P) and quantity (Q).

Total revenue=PxQ

As being revealed in Table 1, total revenue is calculated by multiplying price with quantity, when firm produces 2 quantities of goods, firm's total revenue is $10, however, when a firm produces 3 quantities of goods, its total revenue is $15.

Marginal revenue is an additional revenue that a firm generates when a firm sells additional unit of output. The marginal revenue plays an important role in the perfectly competitive firm where a perfectly competitive firm maximizes its profit when marginal revenue is equal to marginal cost. The formula used to calculate marginal revenue is:

Marginal revenue= Change in total revenue/Change quantity.

The average revenue is calculated…

References

Aderton, (1977).Economics. Pearson Education

Sloman, A and Sutcliffe, M (2004). Economics for Business. Prentice Hall.

The need for the preservation of these resources is because of the fact that it is finite or limited. Abused utilization of these resources will deplete it and will eventually endanger the future inhabitants of the earth, leaving them nothing for the production of their own needs. Without the resources, there will be nothing to work on in the first place. Achievement of economic stability is the first step in order to achieve the other social goals. Since there are resources, there can be economic efficiency whereby goods can be produced at a lowest possible cost because of the availability of resources. Economic freedom or the right of a man to engage in voluntary economic activities, economic equity or justice particularly in terms of taxation and welfare economics, and economic security or security in employment can be settled between the government and the people in order to achieve them. All…

Meanwhile, Dwight R. Lee (writing in The Independent Review, 2001) points to a situation where a powerful environmental group (Audubon Society) has cooperated with an energy company and both have profited. Free market environmentalism has shown the way for profits and preservation at the same time in this case. The Audubon Society (AS) owns the 26,000-acre Rainey Sanctuary in the swamps of Louisiana, and while the group is opposed to oil drilling and gas drilling in 99 out of 100 cases, the AS has "been willing to accommodate the interests of those whose priorities are different" (Lee, p. 219). Those interests include allowing thirty-seven wells to be exploited for oil and gas in the Rainey Sanctuary.

According to Lee, the AS has received royalties of more than $25 million from those 37 wells, and in the meantime the technology used in the oil and gas development has prevented any spills…

Works Cited

Anderson, Terry L., and Leal, Donald R. Free Market Environmentalism. New York: Palgrave

Macmillan, 2001.

Lee, Dwight R. "To Drill or Not to Drill: Let the Environmentalists Decide." The Independent

Review, VI.2 (2001): 217-226.

Economic Challenges Canada Faces

In recent years, the challenging economic condition in Canada has emerged as a concern for citizens, policy makers and the government alike. Canada faces challenges in terms of creating a more innovative society, as the country continues to experience a significant productivity gap compared to other advanced industrial economies. The Canadian industry appears to be slower in successfully developing, applying and marketing innovative products, processes and services than a majority of other nations. This lack of innovation is the cause of Canada's low productivity growth and competitiveness, and therefore must be addressed in order to increase employment growth, a higher standard of living and an improved quality of life for all Canadians.

Current research predicts that although Canada's economic performance will gradually strengthen out of the recent mild slowdown into a better pattern of growth in 2004, Canada's economy still faces the longer-term challenge of increasing…

Bibliography

Department of Finance Canada. (2004). The Economy in Brief. Retrieved March 8,

2005, from the Department of Finance Web site: http://www.fin.gc.ca/ECONBR/ecbr04- 12e.html

Economic Survey Canada. (2004). Building Partnerships for Progress. Retrieved March 8, 2005, from the Economic Survey Canada Web site: http://www.oecd.org/document/24/0.02340.en_2649

Environment Canada, Informing Canadians on Pollution. (2002) Highlights of the 2002 National Pollutant Release Inventory, Environment Canada.

Economics Course

Economics impacts on many areas of life subsequently it will impact on many areas of professional life. eflecting on the lessons learned, including the knowledge and skills gained, the real value is in the way that economics concepts can be applied to the real world; not only to explain event that are seen in the macro-environment, but to guide the way personal decisions will be made with that knowledge.

The first indicator of the lessons and concepts taught in the class being absorbed and developing into transferable knowledge has emerged with an increased understanding of the way that the economy operates and the influences which are present in the economy that are driving up prices.

There are many examples of the economic concepts; one example is the way that supply and demand has impacted on oil prices which has had a knock on effect in the economy as…

References

Baye Michael, (2007), Managerial Economics and Business Strategy, McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Greimel, Hans, (2012. April 30), Toyota wants high-volume U.S. Prius output by '15; Hunt is on for N.A. hybrid parts suppliers, Automotive News, p4

Nellis JG, Parker D, (2006), Principles of the Business Economics, London, Prentice Hall.

Scholes, Louise; Siegel Donald S; Wilson, Nick; Wright, Mike, (2012, Feb), Private equity portfolio company performance during the global recession, Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(1), 193.

(Buchanan, 72)

The economic policy tools that were employed just after the war subsequently underwent some changes. From 1947 to 1950 direct controls on wages and distribution were eliminated followed by removal of trade controls in 1958. However, the government continued to maintain its hold over prices and credit distribution which made it different from many of its neighboring states in the postwar period. The French Ministry of Finance exerted greater control over the economy than the Bank of France. This led to a greater predilection to resort to devaluation when external equilibrium resulted due to the state failure to control incomes. In France, the period between 1945 and 1975 was known as the "thirty glorious years" because of the phenomenal economic performance. During this period, the average growth rate of GDP was around 6.8% which was quite remarkable considering that Britain's average GDP growth rate was 2.4% and Germany's…

References

Bathelt, Harald; Wiseman, Clare; Zakrzewski, Guido. Unit 1: Post-war development and structure of the German economy.

Buchanan, Tom. Europe's troubled peace, 1945-2000.

Wiley-Blackwell, 2006.

DeLong, J. Bradford. Grasping reality with both hands: A Fair, Balanced, Reality-Based,

He would be faced with deciding whether he must spend all his available resources on goods or services, or whether he must save some of his income so that he would be able to finance some of his needs of his future. When he is taken as a labor resource, he must make the decision whether he must use his time in working for his pay, or whether he must spend it on sleeping and other leisure time activities. ("Decision making using marginal analysis," n. d.)

Similarly, when he is a labor resource, he must decide how much of his time he must spend on education, so that he may be able to maximize his life earnings. On the other hand, if he were an entrepreneur, then he must make the decision on how many people he must hire, or how much he must spend on acquiring a new product…

References

Evans, Edward. (2005) "Marginal analysis, an economic procedure for selecting alternative technologies/practices." University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved 15 December, 2007 at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FE565

Johnson, Paul. M. (2005) "Marginal Analysis: A glossary of political economic terms" Retrieved 15 December, 2007 at  http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/marginal_analysis 

McConnell, Campbell R; Brue, Stanley L. (2005) "Economics, principles, problems and policies" McGraw-Hill Professional.

McEachern, William a. (2006) "Macroeconomics, a contemporary introduction" Thomson

hen I understand what drives people to buy bottled water, I will be in a better position to forecast demand. I expect disposable income, distribution saturation, cleanliness and taste of tap water and price of bottled water will all factor. ith this information, I could understand the price elasticity of demand, for example, or the elasticity of demand relating to any other variable. Going international I would focus on the same, but I would also understand the currency exchange dynamics and the image that my country or region has overseas. In general, however, the types of information I need would be mainly the same, with respect to marketing. ith respect to culture (marketing message) or other such variables unrelated to the economics of the decision, there are undoubtedly some different forms of information that I would need.

Second student: I would want to know what the trends are for bottled…

Works Cited:

Investopedia. (2011). Economics basics: Elasticity. Investopedia.com. Retrieved March 11, 2011 from  http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp 

No author. (2011). Demand forecasting. Author unknown. Retrieved March 11, 2011 from 10.212.115.113:81/.../Managerial%20Economics/Demand/Demand%20Forecasting.ppt

Economic Value Added (EVA) Accounting Practice

Although Economic Value Added (EVA) is not a new concept in economics and financial theory and is based on the 19th century concept of "economic profit," it has only been widely adopted recently by business firms as an accounting practice. In this paper we shall describe what EVA is, and look at its pros and cons from the point-of-view of the company adopting the practice and the investors. We shall also discuss how EVA differs from some other emerging accounting practices and the major issues relating to EVA as compared to other commonly used accounting principles. Finally, the possible problems and opportunities that a company adopting EVA principles can face shall be examined.

What is Economic Value Added (EVA)?

Economic Value Added (EVA) is the after-tax cash flow generated by a business minus the cost of the capital it has invested to generate that…

References

Keen, Peter. (1999). "Economic Value Added.(EVA)" Every Manager's Guide to Business Processes. Retrieved on April 20, 2003 at  http://www.peterkeen.com/emgbp007.htm  kel inen, Esa. (1998). "Economic Value Added as a Management Tool." Retrieved on April 20, 2003 at  http://www.evanomics.com/ 

Shand, Dawne. (October 30, 2000). "Economic Value Added." COMPUTERWORLD. Retrieved on April 20, 2003 at  http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/itspending/story/0,10801,53001,00.html 

Stewart, Bennet (1999) "What is EVA?" Stern Stewart & Co. Web site. Retrieved on April 20, 2003 at  http://www.sternstewart.com/evaabout/whatis.php 

This cost reflects both the time value of money and compensation for risk -- the more risk associated with a firm, the greater the firm's cost of capital.

d.).

Presently the government manipulates the books around in order to compensate for any tax cuts that they give. In reality, the vital thing for the government to do is to discontinue spending money. While this is not always reasonable, it is essential to make sure that the people and corporations of the nation can flourish. Tax cuts, when put into practice for long-term consequences, will offer a momentous increase in the market (How Do Tax Cuts Help the Economy, n.d.).

Due to the model of fairness, cutting taxes is by no means an easy task. There are two distinct notions that are at play. These are horizontal equity and vertical equity. Horizontal equity is the scheme that all people should be taxed uniformly. An instance of horizontal equity is the sales tax, where the quantity paid is a proportion of the object being bought. The tax rate remains the…

References

Cloutier, Richard. (2011). Do Tax Cuts Stimulate The Economy? Retrieved from  http://www.investopedia.com/articles/07/tax_cuts.asp 

How Do Tax Cuts Help The Economy? (n.d.). Retrieved from  http://www.taxforuminfo.com/how-do-tax-cuts-help-the-economy/

Economics in the United States

Macroeconomics in the United States

Macroeconomics deals with the general economic systems, which have a larger scope compared to individuals and markets. Essentially, microeconomics is mainly used in the determination and forecast of a country's national income. This is done by analyzing the factors of the economy that represent trends and patterns and in most cases influence each other. Economic factors affecting macroeconomics include the rates of employment and unemployment, positions of balance of payments, trends in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and inflation. Macroeconomics is controlled by the monetary and fiscal policies, which are implemented to control economic factors. Levels of investment and consumption of products and services is also determined by fiscal and monetary policies.

Microeconomic situation in the United States

Figure 1.1: Trends (in percentage) of Unemployment in the U.S. -- 2012

2012

March

April

May

Changes from April to May

Total for…

References

Markham, J.W. (2002). A Financial History of the United States M.E. Sharpe: New York.

Fernando, A.C. (2011). Business Environment. India: Pearson Education.

Newport, P. (2011). United States. United States Country Monitor, 2011, p. 2-7.

U.S Department of Labor (2012, June 1). The Employment Situation. Retrieved June 5, 2012, from  http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf

The U.S. is a property owning civilization and a number of the people wanted land and housing. Americans however scarcely ever create savings. "The country itself lives on other countries' savings by issuing bonds to finance its excessive consumption. The current crisis began with cheap housing loans offered by banks. Banks provided loans but instead of holding the loan in their books, they packaged them into collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) and sold them to other agencies. These agencies passed them on to others and spread them globally as assets" (the Current Economic Crisis, its causes, its impact and possible alternatives, 2009).

Interest rates were lowered and housing loans went up with construction activities leading to land prices increasing. The real estate was booming, generating employment and incomes. But as the rate of interest on housing loans came down, banks started to compete to get more business. Because of low interest…

References

Avizius, R. 2009. Financial Crisis Big Picture: What has the Government Response Been? [ONLINE] Available at:  http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article9229.html . [Accessed 22 May 2012].

Centeno, M.A. & Cohen, J.N. 2012. The Arc of Neoliberalism. [ONLINE] Available at:  http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/transitionstomodernity/papers/CentenoCohen.pdf . [Accessed 22 May 2012].

Crotty, J. 2009. Structural causes of the global financial crisis: a critical assessment of the 'new financial architecture' . [ONLINE] Available at:  http://cje.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/4/563.full . [Accessed 22 May 2012].

Esteva, G. (n.d.). The Meaning of the Global Crisis and "Recovery" for Study Abroad: What are we Preparing Students for? [ONLINE] Available at:  http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1110&context=faculty_symposium . [Accessed 22 May 2012].

The downward spiral of deflation, the collapse of countless banks and other financial institutions, and the unprecedented levels of unemployment all demanded that something be done.

The programs that constituted President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal were not entirely unknown in the pre-Depression world. Various European countries already possessed social welfare schemes to some extent, but in the United States this was largely new thinking. The changes wrought by the New Deal reflected as much the uniqueness of conditions during the Great Depression as they did the undercurrent of new attitudes and ideas that had gradually been taking hold among America's intellectuals.

FDR's planners acted in the context of changing values, an evolving set of institutions, shifting political and economic circumstances, and the ebb and flow of planning opportunities to create a distinctly national, American form of planning.... They were part of a wide-ranging national debate over how to create…

Works Cited

DUMMY CITATION #1 G.M., Blaauw, G.A., and Brooks, Jr., F.P. "Architecture of the IBM System/360," IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 44, No. 1/2, IBM, January/March 2000 [Reprint of IBM Journal of Research and Development, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1964.]

DUMMY CITATION #2 Anderson, Philip, and Michael L. Tushman. "Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of Technological Change." Administrative Science Quarterly 35.4 (1990): 604fl.

Gibbons, Jim. "Gibbons Tells Congressional Committee to Abolish Arbitrary FAA Retirement Age: Nevadan Calls Current Federal Rule, 'Blatant Age Discrimination.'" Press Release, (United States Congress, Washington D.C., 12 March, 2003).

Wilkening, Robin. "The Age 60 Rule: Age Discrimination in Civil Aviation." (No Date). URL: http://aeromedical.org/Articles/age60.html.

Economics

If I was in Congress, I would not vote for such a tax. From an ethical perspective, such a tax is simply punitive. The oil companies are not strictly to blame if the price elasticity of demand for oil is low and they take advantage of that. Consumers have no inherent right to dirt cheap oil. The argument could be made that there are benefits to monopolistic profits such as further exploration, but that argument is actually a bit soft. First, drilling is already included on the income statement -- these are profits above and beyond what the companies need to sustain their business. And that is why they drill -- to sustain their business, so they're going to do it anyway. The reason you don't vote for such a bill has nothing to do with finding ways to make oil companies more profitable or less profitable; it is…

Economics

In order to understand the ways that different changes in the external environment will affect the demand for milk, some assumptions need to be made with respect to the milk market. e know that demand for milk will increase as wealth increases, which is the result of milk being something of a luxury item (Arnold, 2007). This means that there is some degree of correlation between wealth and milk consumption, and that implies that if wealth declines, milk consumption will also decline.

e also know that demand for milk is somewhat price inelastic. hen prices rise, people still pay them (Dohery, 2007). This is the result of two factors. The first is that there is a baseline demand for milk that is not going to be affected by price. The second is that the demand for milk is affected more by the wealth of the purchaser than the cost…

Works Cited:

Arnold, W. (2007). A Thirst for Milk Bred by New Wealth Sends Prices Soaring. New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2011.

Dohery, Regan. (2007). Milk Demand Stays Strong Despite High Prices. Reuters. Retrieved June 6, 2011.

No author. (2011). Elasticity of supply and demand. Basic Economics. Retrieved December 13, 2011 from http://www.basiceconomics.info/elasticity-of-supply-and-demand.php

Rittenberg Libby and T. Tregarthen. (2009). Chapter 5: Elasticity and A Measure of Response. Section 1 and 2 only. Principles of Microeconomics. FlatworldKnowledge.com. Retrieved June 6, 2011

Economics

The study includes an analysis of market structures. The paper discusses the market type which Amazon operates in and the effects on their business of the market structure. Amazon is operating in an oligopoly market structure which is discussed in the study.

The role that the market plays in an economy is a crucial aspect of how businesses make their strategies and perform. There are different kinds of market structures; there are competitive markets, oligopolies and monopolies. In a competitive market the market has many sellers and buyers who are trading the same products which make the each seller and buyer a price taker. In such competitive markets each seller and buyer has to accept the predetermined price of the good. The cost is determined by the willingness of the buyers to pay for a product and the seller to sell the product. Another significant characteristic of a competitive…

References:

Blinder, Alan S; William J. Baume and Colton L. Gale (June 2001), Microeconomics: Principles and Policy. Thomson South-Western. p. 212.

Perloff, J. Microeconomics Theory & Applications with Calculus. Page 445. Pearson 2008.

Rodman, George. Mass Media in a Changing World. New York (2nd ed.), McGraw Hill, 2008

Robert Spector (2000). amazon.com - Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World. Harper Collins Publishers.

Inevitably, the level of economic development has a direct contact with the marketing strategy of a company. Basically a company's marketing strategy is a mixture of three things which are distribution, promotion and pricing.

Companies usually make its marketing strategies according to the level of economic development in both the multinational and global context. For a developed country, the organizations have an idea that promotion and pricing strategies will be crucial for them merely to accelerate the level of their earnings. There can be a marginal difference between the standardized form of marketing and local method of marketing. Standardized form of marketing compel the organizations to facilitate the consumers in the same way as they wanted while the domestic marketing makes their own rules of entertaining the consumers, this is the main thing why the standardized form is more productive than the domestic form. Standardized form of marketing includes tailoring…

Work Cited

Economic Development, retrieved from <  http://www.edrgroup.com/library/economic-development  / >, Accessed on [7th April, 2011]

John, E (1999), Economic Development, John Wiley & Sons Professional Publications

Michael, P & Stephen, S (2009), Economic Development, McGraw Hill Publications

What is Economic Development, retrieved from http://www.valleycountyeconomicdevelopment.com/pages/what_is_econ.htm, Accessed on [7th April, 2011]

Bush implied unemployment figures were declining and Kerry touted very high unemployment figures. In hindsight, it appears that the labor department statistics concurred with the Kerry camp. When Bush still won, unemployment trend indicators seem to be coming true now and there seems to be more problems on the horizon for the economy. The Bureau of Labor Statistics indicated recently that new jobs being created in the economy were the types of jobs that cannot fuel economic growth. Thus, the economy is and will continue to lose jobs to cheaper labor markets around the globe.

The Federal eserve has dictated the cost of capital for businesses to borrow. Trends show that cash shortages in corporate American are increasing and borrowing heavily will be a likely result. Therefore, future actions of the Federal eserve impacts a major aspect of America's future. Trends to observe by the Fed relate to consumer consumption…

References

Employment Situation Summary. Ed. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 12/3/2003. Department of Labor. Retrieved on 4/13/2005, from  http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm .

Heilbroner, Robert, & Thurow, Lester (1982). Economics Explained: Everything You Need to Know About How the Economy Works and Where it Is Going. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

Marx, Karl (1977). Capital, Volume 1. New York: Random House.

Marx, Karl (1978). Capital, Volume 2. New York: Random House.

Economics for Business

The company that I am studying is Apple. The company is a designer and marketer of consumer electronics, specifically computers, smartphones, tablets, mp3 players and software. The company has experienced a strong run of great performance in recent years, but it has not always been that way for Apple. The company struggled considerably, especially in the 1990s, before breaking loose. The key thing about Apple is that it has always sought to differentiate itself. Over the course of the past ten years, we have seen most of Apple's former competitors in the personal computer space leave the industry. The reason is that the computer industry is moving towards the strategic hell of perfect competition.

Strategy Hell

The term strategic hell reflects the condition of perfect competition. In the real world outside of economics textbooks, few markets can be truly understood to be perfectly competitive. Perhaps a vegetable…

References

Lunden, I. (2013). Android at 82% share, Samsung a flat leader. TechCrunch.. Retrieved November 25, 2013 from  http://techcrunch.com/2013/11/14/gartner-456m-phones-sold-in-q3-55-smartphone-android-at-82-share-samsung-a-flat-leader/ 

Mourdoukoutas, P. (2013). Apple's most important branding lessons for marketers. Forbes Retrieved November 21, 2013 from  http://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2013/10/05/apples-most-important-branding-lesson-for-marketers/ 

MSN Moneycentral. (2013). Apple Inc. MSN Moneycentral. Retrieved November 22, 2013 from  http://investing.money.msn.com/investments/stock-income-statement/?symbol=AAPL 

Riley, G. (2013). Strategic choice: Apple: Differentiation v scale. Tutor2U.net. Retrieved November 21, 2013 from  http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/business-studies/comments/strategic-choice-apple-differentiation-v-scale

Now that I have achieved many of the goals I had growing up, I know need to take the next step to becoming a global leader. The complexities of U.S.-Japan trade relations, and other trade relationships in the Asia-Pacific region, are where my future lies. I feel that with my dual country experience, I will be able to make significant contributions to the study and practice of economics in this field. What I have accomplished thus far in life supports this goal, and earning an economics education is the next step.

Prompt 2. My move to the United States has been a challenge for me. I have worked long hours to pay my international student fees. However, this experience has helped me to grow into a successful woman, able to manage any challenge. I arrived in the United States with international experience and strong English skills, but the differences in…

Economics of Alchohol Abuse

Alcohol for consumption is not a necessary food item, but for some has become a standard part of adult culture. Increasing the level of alcohol consumption, however, moves from an economic paradigm to a social issue due to the ancillary health and behavioral effects from alcohol abuse. In turn, this becomes part of economics in that it requires fiscal resources to treat societal issues caused by alcoholism: domestic abuse, crime, traffic or driving issues, etc. The economic effects of alcohol are undebatable, and are pervasive in the overt and covert areas of the economy (short- and long-term) (Fogarty, 2006).

In the economic sphere of political and social policy, alcohol, like tobacco and gambling, are considered a "sin" tax that is ostensibly designed to reduce transactions for issues society considers dangerous or undesirable. However, when it comes to alcohol, many see that this type of a sumptuary…

REFERENCES

Ensuring Solutions to Alcohol Problems. (2011). Ensuring Solutions. Retrieved from:  http://www.ensuringsolutions.org/ 

Profit-Maximization in the Long Run. (2010). Welker'sWikinomics. Retrieved from: http://welkerswikinomics.wetpaint.com/page/Profit-Maximization+in+the+Long-run

Tobacco, Alcohol Industries Reject New Sin Tax Bill. (February 22, 2012). ABS/CBN News. Com. Retrieved from:  http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/02/22/12/tobacco-alcohol-industries-reject-new-sin-tax-bill 

Avorn, J. (2004). Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Prescription Drugs. New York: Random House.

Economics

As a paid lobbyist of FedEx, I would like to see the government encourage more global trade. There are two reasons for this. The first is that global air trade is one of my company's most profitable services, and the other is that our revenues are tied closely to the state of the global economy. Trade agreements are a form of trade policy that enjoy broad Congressional support and are easier to implement than spending-related fiscal policy or monetary policy. Chiff.com (2012) notes that lobbying is the "process of petitioning the government to intervene in special causes. Aside from broad trade-related issues, FedEx could benefit from its ongoing classification as an airline, something that gives it special privileges compared with UPS, especially with respect to labor freedoms. Maintaining this flexibility and cost advantage helps FedEx and its competitors are trying to undermine this advantage.

Shalal-Esa (2009) notes that there…

Works Cited:

Chiff.com. (2012). What is lobbying? Chiff.com. Retrieved June 9, 2012 from  http://www.chiff.com/society/lobby.htm 

No author. (2008). This house believes that elected representatives should not hold any additional posts while serving in government. IDEA Beta. Retrieved June 9, 2012 from  http://idebate.org/debatabase/debates/constitutional-governance/house-believes-elected-representatives-should-not-hold-second-jobs 

Shalal-Esa, A. (2009). How many lobbyists are there in Washington? Reuters. Retrieved June 9, 2012 from  http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/13/obama-lobbying-idUSN1348032520090913

For the period of the late 1960s and early 1970s, West Germany strived to assist the dollar. The United States and many other nations pushed West Germany to reassess so as to make up for the dollar excess. (Germany in the World Economy)

At last, after escalating waves of conjectures, the retton Woods system had a collapse in August 1971. All through the post-retton Woods period, the deutsche mark stayed under pressure. In order to relieve strain within Europe, West Germany and other European states assented to peg their currencies to a special system of comparatively narrow exchange rate bands officially named the 'European narrow-margins agreement' but unofficially identified as the 'snake'. The United States and West Germany performed main roles in attempting to organize a new global monetary system. but, in spite of its willingness to make small exchange-rate alterations for the benefit of new currency arrangements, West Germany…

Bibliography

Little German Reform Would Go a Long Way" (Dec 1, 2003) Business Week. Issue: 3860; pg. 22. Retrieved from home.uchicago.edu/~gbecker / Businessweek/BW/2003/12_01_2003.pdf Accessed on 24 November, 2004

Economic Survey - Germany 2004: Main issues and policy challenges"

Retrieved at  http://www.oecd.org/document/17/0,2340,en_2649_201185_33633425_1_1_1_1,00.html . Accessed on 24 November, 2004

Economy of Germany" Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved at  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_GermanyAccessed  on 25 November, 2004

Environment Scanning

For What easons Do Organizations Need

An Awareness of Their Environment

Competitive pressure, globalization and the continuing economic turbulence and uncertainty of the world's leading nations all contribute to a level of risk that businesses have never seen before. Continually being aware and monitoring their environments gives businesses of all sizes an opportunity to anticipate significant shifts in customer demand and react accordingly. The intent of this paper is to provide insights into the many factors that drive organizations to have a greater awareness of their global environment.

Striving Towards Agility and isk Management

The most common factor that drives businesses of all sizes to continually stay aware of their environment is the need to always stay in step with their customers, markets, and their unmet needs. The need for being responsive to the market is a critical one that underscores every successful organization globally today (Ball, Lorange,…

References

Ball, Ben C., Jr., and Lorange, Peter. 1979. Managing Your Strategic Responsiveness to the Environment. Managerial Planning 28, no. 3, (November 1): 3.

Anna Shaojie Cui, David A Griffith, and S. Tamer Cavusgil. 2005. The Influence of Competitive Intensity and Market Dynamism on Knowledge Management Capabilities of Multinational Corporation Subsidiaries. Journal of International Marketing 13, no. 3, (January 1): 32-53.

Fahey, Liam, King, William R., and Narayanan, Vandake K.. 1981. Environmental Scanning and Forecasting in Strategic Planning -- the State of the Art. Long-Range Planning 14, no. 1, (February 1): 32.

Kuei, C., C. Madu, and C. Lin. 2011. Developing global supply chain quality management systems. International Journal of Production Research 49, no. 15, (August 1): 4457.

However, when it comes to the long-term effects, the policies are exacerbating social problems, by forcing the poor and middle class from their homes. This is because many of these communities are targeted by wealthy developers. Over the course of time, this causes large projects to be constructed that are not economically viable. At which point, many governments are facing the twin forces of having to maintain such facilities, while seeing an increase in social assistance from those who lost their homes. In order to prevent this situation from becoming worse, alternative policies need to be coordinated with members of the community. There also needs to be a long-term economic viability studies conducted in the initial stages of planning, where various members of the community and businesses should play a major role. This will help to determine if such projects are sustainable in the community. If these two elements can…

Bibliography

"Poor People Skills Threaten Urban Renewal." BBC News,  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/file_on_4/4327431.stm  (accessed June 21, 2010)

Funck, Bernard. Labor, Employment and Social Policies. Washington DC: World Bank, 2001.

Kok, Herman. "Restructuring the Retail Property Market in Central Europe." Multi-Development, AW Gouda, 2007 http://www.springerlink.com/content/w4179688574042h8/fulltext.html (accessed June 21, 2010)

Mucha, Thomas. "Greek Debt Crisis." Global Post,  http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/commerce/100505/greek-debt-crisis-unrest  (accessed June 21, 2010)

Economics

Studying in United States have always felt the need to challenge myself and learn from the situations that I have overcome in my life. These challenges and obstacles have provided me the opportunity to be more independent and responsible. I always hade passion for English and knew that learning it would always be a challenge for me. Therefore, just two-year ago, I decided to take up this challenge and went to study abroad in the United States to begin a new stage of my life.

I knew that studying in U.S. would give me a strong foundation and command over English language. Along with my brother studying in the United States, I had come to face the fact that I had left a comfortable life behind. With a sheltered and dedicated care from my parents in Hong Kong, now, living in the United States, without my parents, I realized…

S. exports, but only reduced them, to increase imports from Mexico, to stimulate the opening of manufacturing plants in Mexico and to lead to the loss of jobs for the American population

Ultimately then, the free market is a beneficial theoretical model, but its practical implementation has only proven profitable for the corporations in the highly developed western economies.

3. Are impediments to economic and financial reconstruction worse in a particular region of the developing world?

The tumultuous world history has impregnated its effects upon all players. And these effects are multiple and depend on various other features. On the other hand, they can be used to explain the contemporaneous stages of economic development presented by each state. While some countries enjoy the benefits of high levels of economic growth and development, others still strive to make do. And the differences are not only obvious among the groups of developed,…

References

Collier, P., the Market for Civil War, Foreign Policy, 2003

Huntington, S.P., the Clash of Civilizations, Foreign Affairs, 1993

Llosa, M.V., the Culture of Liberty, Globalization at Work, 2001

Ottaway, M.S., Schwedler, J., Telhami, S., Ibrahim, S.E., Democracy: Rising Tide or Mirage? Middle East Policy, Vol. XII, No. 2, 2005

Shift from Central Planning to Market Economy

The Turkish economy is in what might be termed semi-precarious health. It could certainly be worse, but also certainly be better. Since its birth as a nation-state into its current shape in 1923 in the wake of World War I, Turkey has operated a mixed economy, in which both state and private enterprise have contributed to economic development. (Indeed, it is arguable that all country's in the world today have a mixed economy; the United States may be a bastion for private enterprise but many workers also benefit from government money, such as the money awarded by the federal government to private companies in the form of defense industry contracts.) Since the end of World War II, the economy has been transformed from a predominantly agricultural one to one in which industry and services are the most productive and rapidly expanding sectors even…

References

Abramowitz, M. (ed.) (2001). Turkey's transformation and American policy. New York: Century Foundation.

Hershlag, Z.Y. (1998). The contemporary Turkish economy. New York: Routledge Kegan & Paul.

Howe, M. (2001). The Kurdish conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and chances for peace and democracy. London: Palgrave. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov  http://www.imf.org   http://www.immigration-usa.com/wfb/turkey_economy.html   http://www.rt66.com/~korteng/tudemog.htm 

Ibrahim, F. (ed.) (2000). Turkey today: A nation divided over Islam's revival.

Economic Development in Honduras: A Banana ar Legacy

An Analysis of Economic Development in Honduras from 1820 to Present

In many Latin American countries such as Honduras, the historical emphasis that has been placed on agriculture as a money industry for export purposes has resulted in the term, "banana republic" (Nash & Jeffrey 1994). Following their independence, most Latin American countries continued to depend on the export of raw materials for their revenue, rather than investing in an economic infrastructure that would provide value-added services, which only further contributed to this pattern of dependence on foreign states. This is largely what has taken place in the Republic of Honduras as well, and the country continues to suffer from sporadic and inequitable foreign investment, much of which has illegally diverted into private hands rather than infrastructure development. This paper provides an overview of the Republic of Honduras, an assessment of the…

Works Cited

Bates, Stephen. (January 8, 1999). Good friends slip on a banana skin. New Statesman,

128(4418):23.

Befus, David R., Debbie L. Mescon, Timothy S. Mescon and George S. Vozikis. (1988).

International Investment of Expatriate Entrepreneurs: The Case of Honduras. Journal of Small Business Management, 26(3):40.

Furthermore, existing vulnerabilities of the airline industry are not taken into consideration until a disaster occurs. Lastly, the September 11th Security Fee introduced by the Department of Homeland Security was considered by many "as a beneficial trade off for their personal safety eventually," having as a direct consequence a rise of the airline industry.

ibliography

Gregory Mankiw (2004) Principles of Economics, 3e, Mankiw

InnovativeThinker. (2007) Economic Profile of the Airline Industry. Retrieved Feb 1, 2008, from Associated Content, Inc. Web site: http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/435732/economic_profile_of_the_airline_industry.htm

Wei, S. (2006). Analysis of aggregate Passenger Routes in Air Travel: An Atlanta-ased Study. Southeastern Geographer, Volume 46, Issue 1, page 139. Retrieved Feb 1, 2008, from web site: http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com

Recent Policy Initiatives to Raise Low Pay. (2004). Retrieved Feb 1, 2008, from ACORN.ORG: https://www.acorn.org/index.php?id=203

FRSF Economic Letter. (January, 2002). Airline Competition. Retrieved Feb 1, 2008, from Olin usiness School- Washington University: http://www.olin.wustl.edu/faculty/gowrisankaran/pdf_papers/airline_competition.pdf

Virgin Territory (2006, September 30).…

Bibliography

Gregory Mankiw (2004) Principles of Economics, 3e, Mankiw

InnovativeThinker. (2007) Economic Profile of the Airline Industry. Retrieved Feb 1, 2008, from Associated Content, Inc. Web site:  http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/435732/economic_profile_of_the_airline_industry.htm 

Wei, S. (2006). Analysis of aggregate Passenger Routes in Air Travel: An Atlanta-Based Study. Southeastern Geographer, Volume 46, Issue 1, page 139. Retrieved Feb 1, 2008, from web site:  http://proquest.umi.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com 

Recent Policy Initiatives to Raise Low Pay. (2004). Retrieved Feb 1, 2008, from ACORN.ORG:  https://www.acorn.org/index.php?id=203

Economics in China (Manufacture)

There is a time and stage for all types of manufacturing and what may be seen to succeed in China is not likely to succeed in many other countries like the United States. Chinese economy has developed very fast and that has attracted attention from all over the world in the business community. This has led to a rapid increase in their foreign direct investment and share in international trade. There are continuously new businesses coming into China, trade agreements are being finalized, and a lot of foreigners are rapidly coming into China. The point where the foreign managers and the Chinese managers are meeting is being studied by many consultants. Some reasons for the growth of business in china are also due to their culture, and that is one of the oldest cultures in the world. Their culture has always had a system of client…

References

Eric Wahlgren; "Street Wise" November 19, 2003 Retrieved at  http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/nov2003/tc20031121_1964_tc121.htm 

Einhorn, Bruce. "Online Asia" October, 6, 2003 Retrieved at http://yahoo.businessweek.com/technology/content/oct2003/tc2003106_9749_tc058.htm

Newsmaker Q&A." November 21, 2003  http://www.businessweekeurope.com/bwdaily/dnflash/nov2003/nf20031119_2463_db014.htm 

Roberts, Dexter. "Is China's Boom in Danger?"

Environment is something all people and all cultures share. Nature knows no international boundaries or religions. On the contrary, nature is the universal constant binding people together. A healthy relationship with the environment can promote intercultural dialogue and cross-cultural communication because of the universal need for and appreciation of nature. Nature is "healing," and it impacts human well-being (University of Minnesota). Although individuals and societies will have different attitudes, beliefs, and goals related to environmental stewardship, it is possible to discover shared values and work towards a new vision for the future.

Individuals and communities have responsibilities to protect, serve, and conserve the environment. As individuals change their attitudes toward nature, each person can work towards shifting social norms related to consumerism, materialism, and overconsumption. Likewise, individuals can alter their relationship with nature by promoting appreciation and affection for the beauty in all things. As the Canadian Conference of Catholic…

Works Cited

Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops. Our relationship with the environment: The need for conversion. Retrieved online:  http://www.cccb.ca/site/images/stories/pdf/enviro_eng.pdf 

University of Minnesota. What is our relationship with nature? 2014. Retrieved online:  http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/enhance-your-well-being/environment/nature-and-us/what-our-relationship-nature-0

Economics

Game Theory

Game theory is a model that can be used to examine and explain the way that different actors in a given situation may choose to act and develop strategy, using a mathematic approach. The model looks at how players will make decisions which will be based on both the firms own position and resources as well as the way their competitors are or are expected to act. Game theory can therefore be used to help try and identify the optimal course of action (McEachern, 2009).

There are many scenarios where Game Theory will be useful; in the commercial environment game theory is most applicable in oligopoly situations

To consider the application of the theory the concept needs to be described. The situation examined is a game. For there to be a game players are required; these are the firms (Nellis and Parker, 2006). For a game to…

References

McEachern, W.A., (2009), Micro 2 ECON, South Western College

Nellis JG, Parker D, (2006), Principles of the Business Economics, London, Prentice Hall.

However, its use is not limited to these situations

Environment

Under Armour is a worldwide company that produces performance sports apparel. In an environment where people are always looking for the "latest and greatest," a company with a high-tech and unique product can certainly flourish. In the world of athletics there is a desire for quality products that improve performance. Additionally, local and younger athletes look towards professional athletes to set the trend as far sports apparel, equipment and accessories are concerned. The technology used in the Under Armour products is new, and has potential to change for the better as technology changes. A wide range of athletes are looking for this type of performance gear, so products need be either very specialized or appeal to multiple demographics. There is a huge market not only in the United States, but in all parts of the world where an emphasis on athletics is prevalent. While these products are not traditionally…

Trees, plants, animals, wildlife all have benefitted from the clean air act (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008).

The nutrition and labeling act

Previously, a number of consumers had problems with incorrect information on the product packaging, as well as, advertising. The nutrition and labeling act passed by the American Congress and Senate benefits the American people immensely. It serves as an economic regulation for the food and nutrition producing companies and forces them to be honest about the ingredients inside the product. Today nutrition data about each and every product can be easily found in the department store. The format in which this information is presented is easy to read. The consumers are able to make decisions about their food choices more rapidly than they did before. The packaging contains data on the exact amount of saturated fat; dietary fiber; cholesterol; as well as other nutrients per serving. In addition,…

References

Autio, E., Sapienza, H. And Almeida, J. 2000. Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5): 909-924.

FDA Backgrounder, May 1999: The Food Label. Taken at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/lab-gen.html#general

Lewin, A.Y. And Massini, S. 2003. Knowledge Creation and Organizational Capabilities of Innovating and Imitating Firms. In H. Tsoukas and N. Mylonopoulos (eds.) Organizations as Knowledge Systems, Palgrave: Basingstoke.

Penrose, E. 1959. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. Basil Blackwell: London.

However, EVA is neither as perfect as claimed by its advocates, nor is it the only performance measure that suggests a path to a superior stock return" (emphasis added) (p. 319).

More importantly, though, while the economic value added measurement approach to financial performance may not be without its detractors, the scholarly literature is consistent in emphasizing the need for such initiatives for companies to remain competitive in an increasingly globalized marketplace today. For instance, in his recent essay, "Profit-Increasing Strategies," Tracy (2006) reports that there are a number of ways for most companies to add value to their product or service. "There are many strategies for generating sales, profitability and wealth in every industry," he advises. "Your ability as an entrepreneur to create a profitable business where no business existed before is the key to your success. In every market, it's usually true that 20% of the businesses earn…

References

Brewer, P.C., Chandra, G., & Hock, C.A. (1999). Economic value added (EVA): Its uses and limitations. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 64(2), 4.

Chen, S., & Dodd, J.L. (1997). Economic value added (EVA Super TM): An empirical examination of a new corporate performance measure. Journal of Managerial Issues, 9(3), 318.

Fletcher, H.D., & Smith, D.B. (2004). Managing for value: Developing a performance measurement system integrating economic value added and the balanced scorecard in trategic planning. Journal of Business Strategies, 21(1), 1.

Mcmenamin, J. (1999). Management: An introduction. London: Routledge.

economic, social, and moral changes in America since the end of World War II

Since the end of World War II, the American people have seen an extraordinary change in the economic, social and moral priorities of the nation and its people. Three generations have grown up since the war, each positively and negatively influenced by their parents and social change.

Who They Are

The WWII generation represents the most affluent elderly generation that the United States will see in a long time. This generation benefited from an expanding economy and skyrocketing real estate prices. Its members were the beneficiaries of generous government programs, from the GI ill to government aid in buying their first home. (Wilkinson) high school education was sufficient to get well paying, secure jobs in their adult years. The lower level of education is one reason why members of this generation tend to see things differently…

Bibliography

Wilkinson, Ron. Boomers vs. Gen X Cooperation Clash. BCFM Human Resources Committee, 2002.

Chicowitz, Hershel. Defining G-X'ers. BBHQ, 2002.

Peppard, Nancy. Ties that Blind: Social Disconnects And The Shifting Generational Profiles That Cause Them.College of Law Practice Management, 2001.

International Association of Baby Boomers

Mattel must not only have an adaptive management set up but they also must have introduced only those products in the market that ride well with their corporate values and culture.

Gilbert (1996) asserts that one of the responsibilities of the top management is to connect their aims and objectives with their corporate culture in such a way that both work hand-in-hand. Being in the top end of the hierarchy, the general managers are responsible and accounted for not only planning but also for controlling and coordinating the decisions they make with their entire workforce. Additionally, he points out that they emphasize some cultural factors, which favor transformation; at the same time as weeding out negative, as well as, conservative mindsets (Gilbert, 1996). The top management of Mattel must have been extremely selective in its strategies that it employed soon after the incident, since it was able to successfully sort…

References

Daft, R. 1982. Bureaucratic vs. Nonbureaucratic Structure and the Process of Innovation and Change. In Bacharach, S. (Ed.), Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 1. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Davis, S. 1984. Managing Corporate Culture. Ballinger: Cambridge MA.

Deal, T. & Kennedy, A. 1982. Corporate Cultures. Reading MA: Addison-Wesley.

Gilbert, J. 1996. Managing Innovation: The Role of the General Manager. Review of Business. 17: 3.

Economic Influences

In the current budgetary environment, it is difficult to justify any increase in expenditures. In order to do this, especially to the public audience, it is necessary to offer a cost-benefit analysis. In the case of prison treatment and rehabilitation programs, there is a clear cost-benefit argument to be made.

When making an economic argument, trade-offs and opportunity cost are critical to understanding the issue. On one side of the economic ledger is the cost of the treatment and rehabilitation programs. These are known costs, and these are the costs that are included in the budget request. We know how much we want to spend on these programs. Yet, the idea that this simply represents new spending, with no trade-off, is entirely false. The trade-off is in ex-convicts who have lower recidivism rates, lower substance abuse rates, and who are more likely to be employable once they have…

References:

Gudrais, E. (2013). The prison problem. Harvard Magazine. Retrieved November 14, 2013 from  http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/03/the-prison-problem

This can help to alleviate the asymmetry of information between them. If sellers do that consistently, then buyers will gain trust in the sellers that price is in fact related to quality. When that happens, the market can function because buyers can be fairly certain of their utility.

What this refers to is the cost of dishonesty. In used cars, dishonesty will drive away business, so any car lot with an interest in long-term success must ensure that the costs of dishonesty are reduced by reducing dishonesty itself. He then likens the lemon market to the cost of doing business in a country with high levels of corruption. Firms are discouraged from investing in places where information asymmetry means that they cannot distinguish between a good business opportunity and a scam. Thus, again, encouraging a lack of corruption would be the best pathway to successful business promotion, just as it…

Economics

Is Canada a Post-Industrial Society?

There is little doubt that the economy in Canada has changed; over the last decade there has been a general movement away from agricultural and industrial jobs towards jobs in the service sector. This is a trend which appears to indicate the country is moving towards, or has become, a post-industrial society. To determine if this is the case it is necessary to define what is meant by the term post industrial society, to identify the characteristics which are seen in a post industrial society. The characteristics may then provide a basis for assessment of Canada.

The concept of a post industrial society was first popularized by Harvard Sociologist Daniel Bell, in his book the coming of the Post Industrial Society, first published in 1973. Bell (1999) hypothesized a model of four stages of society that have, or were believed to be emerging; the…

References

Aoyama, Yuko; Castells, Manuel, (1994, Jan - Feb), Paths towards the informational society: employment structure in G-7 countries, 1920-90, International Labor Review, 133(1), 5

Bell, Daniel, (1999), The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, New York, Basic Books

CIA, (2013), Canada, CIA World Factbook, [online] retrieved 7th of March 2013  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html 

Krahn, H; Lowe, G, (1998), Work, industry, and Canadian society, International Thompson Publishing Company

Environment

William F. Baxter argues in favor of a people-oriented perspective on environmentalism in his article "People or Penguins." According to Baxter, measures to protect or conserve natural resources are only meaningful if they benefit human beings. In fact, the author asserts that concerns like clean air and water should be the means, not the end. Human beings, Baxter feels, are the end. Penguins and pine trees matter insofar as they please human beings, but they do not matter for their own sake. To support his arguments, Baxter first outlines four philosophical criteria by which he bases his observations about environmentalism. First, Baxter urges that all persons should do as they will as long as they do not "interfere with the interests of other human beings," (604). Second, Baxter notes that human beings possess limited resources, not just natural products like coal or water but also human labor resources. Therefore,…