iffel Tower
Modern national monuments hold an important significance for the nations that erect them. However, there are a few monuments that seem to hold more sway over the collective imagination of the world. The iffel Tower is one of those monuments.
General Description/Analysis
The iffel Tower, begun in 1885 and finished in 1889. It is named for its creator, Gustave iffel, and consists of 7,742 tons of iron, over two and a half million rivets, and fifteen thousand individual pieces of metal. It is supported by cross braced lattice girders running from vertical support to vertical support, and rests on a foundation of twenty five square feet masonry piers set in seven feet of concrete below ground. The structure consists of three floors or stages, supported by four legs braced by arches. It tapers from its base to its top point, the final terrace and radio antenna.
The results, published in the Statistical Journal of the United Nations, showed that of the 6,970 women interviewed, 11% had been the victim of at least one form of sexual abuse since childhood. The report also showed that some 50,000 rapes occurred in the year of the survey, 2000; one woman in ten suffers physical violence in her relationship; 37.5% of women between 20 and 24 years of age are under "repeated psychological pressure" at work to have sex; 24.6% of women in that age group suffer regular "verbal abuse"; and 4.3% have been sexually assaulted in public places. So does any of that sexually inappropriate information (about legal sex clubs and violence against women) taint the international image of the Eiffel Tower? Yes and no; yes, it does for those who seek and obtain the information available about Paris today; and no, for those who have no idea…...
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Works Cited
Fougeyrollas-Schwebel, Dominique. "Violence against women in France: the context, findings
And impact of the Enveff survey?" Statistical Journal of the United Nations Vol. 22 (2005):
Fraser-Cavassoni, Natasha. "The Talk: Exchangiste Student." The New York Times 26 Feb. 2006: Retrieved April 6, 2007, at http://select.nytimes.com .
Kingwell, Mark. "Ten Steps to the Creation of a Modern Media Icon." Marginalia: A Cultural
The building, despite its weight and size, is lacy and light. It is reduced to a minimum in order to achieve height, much like a giraffe has a thin but strong neck, or a butterfly has a delicate lacework structure to support its wings.
Does color play a role in the building's design?
The building is best seen at night in silhouette, so color makes little difference. Its profile allows the lights and atmosphere of Paris shine through its latticeworks.
Is your attention drawn to the texture of the building's material?
Completely. The steel of the building is the reason for its construction. It announces "Look at me! Before me it was impossible to make such a tall, massive and yet light and lacy structure." It is an obvious advertisement for the then-new virtues of strength and lightness offered by iron and steel.
Existentialism is a philosophical perspective that emphasizes the larger reality of the external world beyond the specific human needs or goals of the individual. Its two most influential contributors are Nietzsche and Kierkegaard.
12. Information on the origins of Jazz
Generally, Jazz is believed to have originated in New Orleans, Louisiana after the Creoles who were originally from the West Indies and lived under panish and then French rule became American through the 1803 Louisiana Purchase from France. A series of racial segregation measures forced the well educated and classically trained black Creoles to live with uneducated, newly freed American slaves. Jazz evolved from the combination of the musical influences of the two different cultures.
13. Octavio Paz
Octavio Paz was a Twentieth Century Mexican writer and poet and was also a publisher and a diplomat. His writings were heavily influenced by his political beliefs and his intense criticisms of specific political philosophies…...
The peson-as-symbol element in fiction can be a vey poweful one, and few uses of this device ae moe pominent o moe poweful than Toni Moison's in Beloved. This also comes with cetain elements of fantasy -- misconceptions and/o misundestandings based on a simplified view of the chaacte Beloved. Sethe comes to teat Beloved as the sole pupose in he life, a being who deseves eveything and is essentially above judgment due to the suffeing caused he. This is just as incoect a view of Beloved, it tuns out, as the view of the naato in Baldwin's shot stoy by the Ameicans is. Whateve Beloved is, she is not simple, and not being ganted the full life of esponsibility ad feedom, she stagnates, and causes Sethe to stagnate along with he. The fantasies held in these woks ae not poductive, but instead hold chaactes back fom fulfilling thei tue potential.…...
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references to the metaphor of the Veil, which is used to symbolize the altered perception that racial prejudice places over society. At one point, DuBois speaks of the "Black World beyond the Veil" as an almost unattainable dream, revealing the juxtaposition of the Veil's symbolism (Ch. V, par. 10). It is both a fantasy placed upon the world that distorts, and yet a more positive fantasy exists in the possibility to thrust it off.
The Crystal Palace was designed by Joseph Paxton. Paxton's design was largely influenced by the greenhouses he remembered from his previous work as a gardener at the Chatsworth House. During his tenure there he initially worked with the technology that he would use on the Crystal Palace, cast place glass that supported the structure of greenhouses in combination with supports made of iron. Paxton was selected as the designer for the Crystal Palace after the committee selecting designers had rejected all of the entries of an international competition to design the structure. Paxton's design was selected in part due to the affordability and the expedience that the materials he proposed to use, iron and glass, could be assembled. Interestingly enough, Paxton was one of a few designers to submit a proposal based on the construction materials of iron and glass (Hitchcock 184). The engineer was Sir William Cubitt. Sir Charles…...
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Bibliography
Roth, Leland. Understanding Architecture: Its Elements, History and Meaning. Boulder: Westview Press. 1993. Print.
56). The French government liked the Portrait of Miss H. so well that they bought it from Dannat and placed it in the Luxembourg Museum.
hile Dannat's work got a lot of attention in Paris that year, Thompson claims that the "crowning achievement" in that American section of the exhibit was the work of John Singer Sargent. His six portraits in bravura style included the Daughters of Edward D. Boit, Mrs. Henry hite, and Mrs. Benjamin Kissam. And while Sargent's work displayed feminine portraits at the Paris show, George P.A. Healy "was the most widely recognized formal portraitist of men" (p. 57). The oldest of all the American artists, two of Healy's male portraits were featured "prominently" right next to the main gallery's front door.
Healy's work included King of Roumania, Sir. Henry M. Stanley and Lord Edward Robert Bulwer-Lytton.
Even though the portraitures drew a lot of interest, about half of…...
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Works Cited
Boime, Albert. (1989). The Chocolate Venus, "Tainted" Pork, the Wine Blight, and the Tariff:
Franco-American Stew at the Fair. In Annette Blaugrund (Ed.), Paris 1889: American
Artists at the Universal Exposition (67-89). New York: Harry N. Abrams.
New York Times (1888). Next Year's Big Show: Frenchmen Beginning to Have Faith in Its
The pofessional manage held ultimate esponsibility fo constuction, while the designe's authoity with espect to the client eceded. on-site wok done by subcontactos was managed by lage geneal contactos who povided the supevising enginees, and did not necessaily have to adhee to the designes places (Cuff 33). This change was a diect consequence of the aangement of wok in the Industial Revolution, whee specialisation was given new dimensions and management sped up to keep pace with the quickening of mateial manufactuing, steam-poweed machine labou, and tanspotation systems. It also was necessitated by the incease in the mathematical and mechanical knowledge of stuctues. It became difficult if not impossible fo one peson to undestand the complicated mathematics of design and mateials, and to apply this within the field of caftsmanship and building. With inceasing infomation though new media, it was also difficult to keep abeast of cuent technological advances.
All of…...
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references are needed
The emphasis on natural laws and moral standards during this time might have influenced management practises. More significant, however, was the logical and mathematical approach to knowledge and problems. This signified an analytical viewpoint trained to distinguish between things rather than to see them holistically. As a result, architecture and technology were separated. Technology continued to become associated with the role and expertise of engineers rather than designers (Cohen).
The new scientific methods had an impact on the master builder's role. This is clearly evident in the case of Sir Christopher Wren at St. Paul's in London. While he was considered an architect in the sense of design, he also encompassed the role of building supervisor, although this was primarily through the delegation of tasks. His principal role was design (Downes 15). He operated with a large staff of employees out of an office. That was where contracts were drawn up for a panoply of skilled labour, including masons, carpenters, bricklayers, plumbers, painters, carvers, and organ builders, and building materials like stone, lime, and sand (Beard 28). This was a substantial move towards the modern notion of architect, continuing the trend started in the Renaissance and forming a transition to the later industrial period.
The design process itself also mattered. Wren built numerous models of various plans over the years. These were subject to rejection or ratification by the vote of different parties, who debated factors like style and expense. Some have seen here an almost arbitrary process (Soo 462). What is important is that design was continually altered through the building process, affecting the unity of the building. Yet each new design was limited in possibility by its construction. With Wren, one sees a master builder primarily focused on design with a team of engineers in an office. He also provided pedagogical assistance and mentorship for some of his employees (Chambers). On the jobsite were the skilled master craftsmen responsible for implementing the design under the leadership of the engineers. This moves substantially towards the modern notion of architect, continuing the trend started in the Renaissance and forming a transition to the later industrial period.
Other projects erected during this time demonstrate the propensity of master builders to collaborate with others to help accomplish their vision and the overall design scheme for a piece of architecture. Louis Le Vau worked with a garden and landscape architect, an interior designer and visual artist, as well as other architects in the work he achieved with the Palace of Versailles. Although the sharing of responsibilities and collaborative process that ensued was in some measure attributed to the expansive nature of the Palace and its surrounding grounds (Palace of Versailles), the conception of a team led by a master builder was integral to completion of this work. The tendency to redesign and actually alter certain architectural elements that Wren was noted for occurred within the Palace of Versailles to a lesser degree; one of the reasons that the construction period was so elongated was due to the redesign efforts of Jules Hardouin-Mansart. Other works within this period indicated master builders being called upon to refurbish or refine elements of previously completed structures; Wren's work on St. Paul's was simply the latest in a long line of modifications and rebuilding efforts on this building (St. Paul's Cathedral).
In the book, Project management: strategic design and implementation, David I. Cleland and Lewis R. Ireland report "a review of the results of projects in antiquity reveals evidence about how several historical projects originated and developed" (p. 4).
1. The first of this type of evidence, known as artifacts, typically came from human workmanship. These could have been structures, tools, weapons, or items of substance of archeological or historical interest. The Great Pyramids and the printing press reflect momentous examples of artifacts.
2. The second type of evidence, cultural strategies, could be found in the arts, beliefs, institutions, or other work from different products, from a certain time period typical of a particular society. The English Magna Carta, the U.S. Emancipation Proclamation, and the U.S. Social Security Program portray examples of this type of evidence.
3. The third types of evidence of ancient projects include literature and documents, publications or project-related documents…...
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WORKS CITED
"Ancient Project Management." PM Karma. 2008. Web. 10 May 2009.
Art Generating Identity
Analysis of Civil art 'humanizes' places, expresses identity, lecturer at NDMOA says by Haley (2014).
A key component in persuading individuals to go along a certain path is establishment of a vision. Speeches are viewed as a means to persuade an audience; likewise, images can also be just as convincing as verbal rhetoric. Art plays a rhetorical role, as well, making viewers believe the authenticity of that which is represented. Cultural and social values and famous historical occurrences are reflected often in art works. Seeing art which reflects ideals, values and life experiences may prompt spectators to think through a reality which may otherwise have been neglected by them. This kind of art, at the very least, drives individuals to challenge large societal problems, thereby, increasing the likelihood of reactive action by the community (Howard & Hoffman, 2013).
The nature of public art isn't merely aesthetic; cultural, political, and social…...
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References
Efroymson, D., Thanh Ha, T.K. & Thu Ha, P. (2009). Public Spaces: How They Humanize Cities. HealthBridge - WBB Trust.
Howard, A.D., & Hoffman, D.R. (2013). A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words: Building American National Identity Through Art. Perspectives on Political Science, 42(3), 142-151. doi:10.1080/10457097.2013.793517
Proshansky, H.M., Fabian, A.K., and Kaminoff, R. (1983), Place-Identity: Physical World Socialization of the Self, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3.
"Life's challenges are not supposed to paralyze you, they're supposed to help you discover who you are" (eagon, 2010, ¶ 1).
Challenges in life have helped me not only discover who I am, as the introductory quote by eagon (2010), an American historian and musician, asserts. They also strengthen and help me realize who I can become; a person who actively approaches life with a positive, optimistic attitude: an individual who discovers opportunities in life's challenges. During this essay, I recount a number of my life's challenges and the ensuing lessons that have helped shaped me and my life. I also relate reasons as well as the rationale for my desire to attend MIT. Growing up as a Palestinian in Jerusalem, challenging opportunities regularly presented experiences which helped me to change for the better as I learned more about myself. These experiences also…...
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References
Fallon, S. & Williams, N. (2008). Paris: City guide . Oakland CA: Lonely Planet.
City of Lights -- Paris, France
Paris, the capital of France, is one of the most visited places in the world when it comes to travel and tourism. The historic and marvelous places of the city make Paris one of the nicest places to visit in Europe. The wonders of Paris includes the Eiffel Tower, Musee du Louvre, Arc de Triomphe, Avenue des Champs Elysees, Notre Dame Cathedral, and many other historic breathtaking grandeurs of Paris.
Known as the City of Lights, Paris is located in France, at the heart of Europe's tourist destinations. Exploring Paris is almost similar to taking your self back in time in an inspiring, exquisite, magical, and romantic city one could ever imagine. The city boasts of its many tourist attractions. The most famous of which is the Eiffel Tower -- the landmark of Paris. uilt in 1889, and considered as the city's symbol of par…...
In contrast, English baroque has been described as being more secular, with a higher degree of classical inspiration. However, as Daniells states, this form of the Baroque style is not easy to categorize with finality (Daniells). Wellek uses the term 'restraint' to characterize English baroque (Wellek). With regard to the period of the Scientific Revolution, English Baroque drew inspiration from renaissance geometry. As in the Italian or Roman Baroque, there is a strong religious element that permeates all the designs.
The form of Baroque is exemplified by work of Sir Christopher Wren and buildings like St. Paul's Cathedral. The following summary by Soo is reiterated as it encapsulates the link between English baroque and the religious and scientific values of the period. "...as the result of a compromise between native medieval tradition and continental classicism, reconciled by creating a disunity between appearances and reality, the final design of St. Paul's is…...
Paris
I am a Francophile. Ever since I started studying French culture, I have not been able to get Paris out of my mind. Having had friends and family who have visited the city has only made me feel more strongly that I simply must go as well. When I began planning my trip to Paris, I thought I could see it all in one day, or at least the most important things. I made lists and read books and travel guides, and I thought I had finally planned my perfect day in Paris. I would start with the Eiffel Tower, then continue with The Louvre and Centre Pompidou, take a lunch break at a cafe, catch some tours around the city, especially through Le Marais, and finish it all off with a fancy dinner at an expensive restaurant at night. I never thought, however, that the perfect day in…...
America's sprawling territories makes it easy for people to leave their families and connections, making it easier to kill or be killed. On one hand, the inventions of the Fair and the belief in commercialism and industry makes spectacle possible in a way that is not easily replicated anywhere else, Eiffel Tower aside. More so than anywhere else, the belief in newness and self-creation seems to be a kind of religion in America. Chicago would recreate itself, and so would Holmes. Science would set America free, leaving older primitive cultures to curiosity cabinets and freak shows, and science would give Holmes the tools to create the perfect murders, and then to profit by selling the remains, letting nothing go to waste in this little 'business' he was running. For both Holmes and Chicago, eradication of the 'dark city' beneath the image of a white facade was the essence of…...
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Works Cited
Larson, Erik. The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic and Madness New York: Crown,
Erik Larson, the Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic and Madness, (New York: Crown, 2003), p.4.
The Eiffel Tower has evolved from initially being met with skepticism and criticism to becoming one of the most iconic symbols of Paris and France. When it was first constructed for the 1889 World's Fair, many Parisians viewed it as an eyesore and an example of the industrial age encroaching on the beauty of the city.
However, over time, the Eiffel Tower has come to represent not only the city of Paris but also French culture, romanticism, and innovation. It has become a symbol of modernity and progress, as well as a testament to the artistic and engineering prowess of the....
Evolution of the Eiffel Tower's Symbolism and Significance
Towering majestically over the Parisian skyline, the Eiffel Tower has witnessed a remarkable transformation in its symbolism and significance since its inception in 1889. The evolution of its meaning mirrors the shifting societal values and beliefs of the era in which it stands.
1. Technological Marvel and Triumph of Engineering (1889-1918):
Initially, the Eiffel Tower was hailed as a testament to human ingenuity and engineering prowess. Its intricate latticework and innovative design made it a marvel of modern construction, showcasing the industrial advancements of the late 19th century. The tower became a symbol of France's....
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