Emirate Airline Analysis

What follows in this report is a review and summary of the customer services aspect of Emirates Airline. The firm in question has most certainly established a name for themselves and there is the common refrain about how adept they are. Even so, there are opportunities for them to get better and all firms should commit to a culture and mindset of continuous improvement, fettering out what problems what do exist and finding common sense solutions for dealing with the same. Regardless of what problems are found, there need to be evidence-based and realistic solutions put forth, and that shall be the goal of this report. While Emirates Airlines does a lot of things well when it comes to their customer services, they could do even better and strive to do so whenever possible.

Company Summary


Before getting into the minutia of what should change and why,…

Emirates Airlines and Etihad Airways 
Introduction
This paper discusses Etihad Airways, the number 2 airline of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and compares it to Emirates Airlines, the number 1 airline of the Middle East, and fourth largest airline in the world. The paper provides examples of the 7 P’s of the extended marketing mix for each airline, and provides a detailed marketing plan for Etihad Airways. The marketing plan includes how the plan will meet business objectives and marketing objectives of Etihad Airways as well as an Action Plan that can be used to to monitor and evaluate the company’s progress for meeting its business goals and objectives.
Etihad Airways
Etihad Airways is the 2nd largest airline in the UAE and the second flag carrier airline of the UAE with its HQ in Abu Dhabi and its main hub at Abu Dhabi International Airport. Founded in 2003, Etihad Airways…

Business Market of Airlines

What is the Business Market of an Airline Industry?

Business market has been defined as a market that is characterized by fewer customers and larger transactions. Customization is the key and the usage of the product or service determines its value. Brand name means little to customers and there is no retailing. Also, selling is a complex process and the target of the sales pitch may not always be the end product's users (NarayanDas 2005).

This kind of market is different from customer markets and, service is the cornerstone of business markets. The products are customized to meet the needs of different customers in different geographical or operational regions. Also, every company operating in a business market strives to attain customer loyalty though the means by which they create and sustain it varies between industries.

With regards to the airline industry, business markets determine many aspects…

Innovation

The airline industry is a service industry, but one where several firms have been able to innovate their service offering. Such innovations have been to create viable low-cost carriers (RyanAir, EasyJet, Air Asia) while other innovations have led to the creation of high-service airlines (Emirates, Qatar, Singapore). In either case the process of innovation has been roughly the same for all of these companies. The first component of the map is searching. All of these companies searched for niches that were either not being served at all (such as price-focused customers in Europe and Asia) or were not being served effectively (passengers traveling on routes between Europe and Asia).

Of the six airlines mentioned above, only Singapore is a legacy carrier. The others have entered their markets in the few couple of decades, and brought with them a number of critical service innovations. After identifying a core market whose…

Works Cited:

Phong, G. (2011). Building on strong. IATA -- Airlines International. Retrieved November 5, 2012 from  http://www.iata.org/pressroom/airlines-international/april-2011/pages/ceo-singapore.aspx 

Tidd, J. And Bessant, J. (2009). Managing Innovation: Integrating Technological, Market and Organizational Change 4th Ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.

Etihad Airlines

Etihad Airways

Company Description

Description of Operations

Supply Chain Decisions

Operational Decisions

Productivity

Company Description:

Etihad Airways is a United Arab Emirates-based business incorporated in 2003 and lead to a successful growth oriented organization within a short span of time. The business mission is to extend Middle Eastern and especially UAE's hospitality to its customer. The business envisions becoming one of the leading airlines in the world through customer service. The business is an airline company that operates its flights to and from Middle East and caters local as well as international destinations including United States, Europe, Africa, and Asia. The business offer passenger flights to its offered destinations (Etihad).

Description of Operations:

The business operations includes operating flights for consumer travel catering domestic and international destinations. The business not only operates passenger flights to the destinations but also offers cargo services as its second major category of…

Works Cited:

Baier, Christian, Evi Hartmann, and Roger Moser. "Strategic alignment and purchasing efficacy: an exploratory analysis of their impact on financial performance." journal of supply chain Management 44.4 (2008): 36-52.

Etihad. "About us." Etihad Airways. Retrieved from http://www.etihad.com/en-pk/about-us/

Kleymann, Birgit, and Hannu Seristo. Managing strategic airline alliances. Ashgate publishing, 2004.

O'Connell, John Frankie, and George Williams, eds. Air Transport in the 21st Century: Key Strategic Developments. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2011.

ELIANT ON TECHNOLOGY?

Importance of Technology

Now-a-days, technology has revolutionized everything that is happening around the world and most of the people are heavily dependent on modern technology. Since people are relying more on technological gadgets, it has been observed that there has been decline in various skills especially writing, communication and critical thinking skills. However, some argue that technology has brought positive implications in people's lives and unlimited benefits outclass the drawbacks associated with technology (May & Marsden, 2010). As technological gadgets such as laptops, computers, iPads, iPhones and tablets have become a vital part of everyone's life, people are making less use of their ideas and relying on suggestions made by these technological software.

There is no denial of the fact that technology in various cases has made lives simpler for people but there are numerous consequences associated with each technological development which becomes evident after years of…

References

Antonio, E. (2010). Comparative analysis of cultural dimension in the management of Japan and Romania. Retrieved September 28, 2012 from http://fse.tibiscus.ro/anale/Lucrari2010/039.%20Antoniu%20Eliza.pdf

Baxter, J. (2009). The Good and the Bad Things About Technology: Technology Pros and Cons. Retrieved September 28, 2012 from  http://voices.yahoo.com/the-good-bad-things-technology-4584097.html 

Ghemawat, P., & Reiche, S. (2010). National Cultural Differences and Multinational Business. Retrieved September 28, 2012 from  http://www.aacsb.edu/resources/globalization/globecourse/contents/readings/national-cultural-differences-and-multinational-business.pdf 

Kobayashi, J., & Viswat, L. (2010). Cultural Expectations in Expressing Disagreement: Differences between Japan and the United States. Retrieved September 28, 2012 from  http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/PTA/Nov_2010_Kobayashi.pdf

airlines operating in and out of the UK. It has 12 sources in Harvard Style.

Company Overview

British Airways (BA) has come a long way by expansion of their services and fleet. Currently the airline is operating from Harmondsworth in the United Kingdom. British Airways is the biggest airline providing airline facilities all over Europe. The airline has strength of more than 365 planes. British Airways offers its clients access to more than 270 destinations all over the globe. These destinations span in more than 97 countries. The major activity zone for the airline is London, more specifically the Heathrow and Gatwick airports [Hoover's, 2003].

Business Environment Evolution

The roots of British Airways can be traced back to around the time of the orld ar I. The formal introduction of the airline took place with the decision of the United Kingdom government to combine two British airlines operating at that…

Works Cited

Author not available, August 1, 2002, 'British Airways announces changes to winter services' Airline Industry Information at  http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m0CWU/2002_August_1/89972354/print.jhtml 

Fedrick, LM 2002, British Airways Company Information, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville:

 http://www.siue.edu/Business/depart/econfin/courses/gba489/CompanyPapers/British%20Airways.doc 

Grugulis, I. And Wilkinson, A. 2001, British Airways: Culture and Structure, Research Series, Paper 2001: 4, No. 10. At  http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/bs/research/2001-4.doc

They compete with each other for business, seek to build both aviation and non-aviation revenue streams and they must also deal with enhanced security requirements. This places significant pressure on the airport sector. The response within the sector has been twofold. Some airports have become privatized, which allows major airport operators to utilize their expertise across a range of markets. The other solution is the development of public airports that serve as branches of their governments, attracting passengers and investment to the region. Both types of airports have strong, multifaceted strategic mandates and are among the vanguard of modern air transportation.

orks Cited:

Babu, V., Batta, R. & Lin, L. (2004). Passenger grouping under constant threat probability in an airport security system. European Journal of Operational Research. Vol. 168 (2) 633-644.

Barnard, B. (2010). Global air cargo revenue grows 40%. The Journal of Commerce. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from http://www.joc.com/air-expedited/global-air-cargo-revenue-grows-40-percent…

Works Cited:

Babu, V., Batta, R. & Lin, L. (2004). Passenger grouping under constant threat probability in an airport security system. European Journal of Operational Research. Vol. 168 (2) 633-644.

Barnard, B. (2010). Global air cargo revenue grows 40%. The Journal of Commerce. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from  http://www.joc.com/air-expedited/global-air-cargo-revenue-grows-40-percent 

Cidell, J. (2004). Scales of airport expansion: Globalization, regionalization and local land use. Center for Transportation Studies. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from http://www.cts.umn.edu/pdf/CTS-04-01.pdf

Frost & Sullivan. (2010). 16th APSA International Conference Airport Security Market Overview. Retrieved November 8, 2010 from  http://www.slideshare.net/tony.ridley/an-overview-of-the-airport-security-market

(Dunn, 2009)

Arumemi-Ikhide believes that Arik can succeed due to a combination of the opportunity -- helped by economic and air transport reforms in Nigeria -- and the capability to deliver a high quality product." (Dunn, 2009) Also stated by Arumemi-Ikhide is that this "will be a key in differentiating it in the international market and providing feeder traffic. That will be the lifeline for the international network. That's what sets up apart from our rivals." (Dunn, 2009)

Martin Russell states in the report entitled: "Arik Air: The Future of African Aviation" that both the "internal opinion of African air travel and that of onlookers overseas was bleak before the arrival of Nigeria's newest treasure, Arik Air." (2008) Russell states that the aviation industry is African is "hampered by somewhat less predictable weather and frequent storms" resulting in aviation in African being "far from predictable with temperamental skies that readily…

Bibliography

Nigeria's air traffic grows by 31% during 2008; defies global slump (2009) TradeInvest Nigeria Thu, 05 Mar 2009. Online available at:  http://www.tradeinvestnigeria.com/news/957188.htm 

Lawal, Lateef (2009)FG Invests Over N7b In Air Navigation, Safety, Search & Rescue - Nigeria Masterweb Daily News. Online available at: http://www.nigeriamasterweb.com/blog/

More Frequencies to Foreign Airlines Put Nigerian Carriers at Risk (2009) The Guardian -- Travels 17 Jul 2009. Online available at:  http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/travels/article01//indexn2_html?pdate=170709&ptitle=More%20frequencies%20to%20foreign%20airlines%20put%20Nigerian%20carriers%20at%20risk 

Dunn, Graham (2009) Arik Air: Pressing Ahead with International Plans. 3 June 2009. Airline Business. Online available at:  http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/03/06/323508/arik-air-pressing-ahead-with-international-plans.html

air traffic has continued to increase and it now constitutes a considerable proportion of the travelling public. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till 2020. Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being. Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and mutates, via transportation routes, is the reason why the influenza pandemic is considered to be a huge threat to the human population. Pandemic is a term, which is used for a virus or microbe when it spreads over a large area, in severe cases even the whole world and large number of people start getting affecting by it (CDC, 2009).

In the past 300 years, there have been ten significant influenza pandemics outbreaks that have taken place in this world.…

References

Airports Council International (2009) Airport preparedness guidelines for outbreaks of communicable disease. Available at: http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/ACI_Priorities/Health/Airport%20preparedness%20guidelines.pdf (Accessed: 28 November 2011)

Bouma, G.D. (2002) The research process. 4th edn. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Brigantic, R., Delp, W., Gadgil A., Kulesz, J., Lee, R., Malone, J.D. (2009) U.S. airport entry screening in response to pandemic influenza: Modeling and analysis. Available at:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7578-4W2M6SG1&_user=10843&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000000150&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10843&md5=44685b11dd53d74a8ef85a4f03e185f2  (Accessed: 28 November 2011)

Bush, George W. (2003a). Homeland security presidential directive -- 5: Management of domestic incidents. Available at:  http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030228-9.html  (Accessed: 28 November 2011)

" Of these respondents, over 50% of them stated that they lack a disaster recovery plan (Anthes, 1998). However, most of the problems stem from the lack of communication at the corporate level. (Hawkins, et al., 2000).

Business Continuity Plans (BCP) and other forms of strategic planning are no longer a luxury, but a must-have factor and an important element of any organisation's risk management system. Organisations are increasingly dependent upon it systems and infrastructure and eventually subjected to many risks, so business is inherently risky. How long can your organisation afford system downtime? How long does it take to recover a disaster; and, what does it cost? These kinds of questions are the ones that have to be addressed for BCPs. Also important, however, is using strategic planning to look toward the future and determine where a business wants to be at a specific point, so that plans to…

References

Theoretical

Bolman, LG & Deal, TE (1997). Reframing Organisations: Artistry, Choice and Leadership, 2nd ed, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.

Bowden, P (1985). Organisation and Strategy, McGraw-Hill, Roseville.

Byrne, JA. (1996, August 26). Strategic Planning. BusinessWeek.  http://www.businessweek.com/1996/35/b34901.htm .

S. domestic carriers are at period in the industry's history when these factors are already beleaguered by downturns in the global economy, increasing competition from international carriers, and the aforementioned high costs of energy.

Chapter 2: The Impact of Open Skies Agreements on Domestic and International Carriers

Under an open skies agreement, both signatories to the agreement enjoy open access to international airline routes between the two countries as well as eliminating virtually all domestic restrictions on international carriers (Lick, 1998). In an effort to develop more closely integrated pricing and route schedules, signatories to these agreements typically also seek to gain immunity from national antitrust laws (Commercial aviation: Legacy airlines must further reduce costs to restore profitability, 2004). The U.S. Department of Transportation reviews these types of airline alliances from an antitrust perspective and refuses to approval an alliance without a reciprocal open skies agreement with the foreign airline's…

References

Baker, C. (2004, March 1). Air France-KLM approved; competition regulators in Brussels have approved Air France's takeover of KLM, deciding the consumer comes out of the deal as a net winner. Washington also says it will not oppose the deal. Airline Business, 9.

Bilotkach, V. (2002). Asymmetric regulation and airport dominance in international aviation:

Evidence from the London-New York market. Southern Economic Journal, 74(2), 505-

Doganis, R. (2002). Flying off course: The economics of international airlines. London:

Dubai

A close competitor to Dubai's tourism industry is that of neighboring Abu Dhabi. The two are the largest and wealthiest cities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). However, they are parts of separate emirates, so they each have their own governments. As a consequence, they are natural competitors. The two actually compete using their own state-supported airlines, Emirates in Dubai and Etihad in Abu Dhabi. These carriers compete in the Europe-Asia market using their respective homes as hubs. This draws traffic via each different airline, and both are critical to the tourism strategies of their respective emirates (ETurboNews, 2011).

hile Dubai's tourism industry is based on luxury -- high end hotels, resorts and shopping -- the tourism industry of Abu Dhabi is different. Abu Dhabi competes vigorously for tourism dollars, but its tourism industry is more diversified than that of Dubai. The city of Abu Dhabi has a similar…

Works Cited:

E Turbo News. (2011). Billions of dollars pumped into UAE's burgeoning aviation industry. Global Travel Industry News. Retrieved December 2, 2011 from  http://www.eturbonews.com/26488/billions-dollars-pumped-uae-s-burgeoning-aviation-industry 

Heyer, H. (2008). Positive growth ahead for Dubai despite economic meltdown, tourism officials say. Global Travel Industry News. Retrieved December 2, 2011 from  http://www.eturbonews.com/2261/positive-growth-ahead-dubai-despite-economic -

Oakley, L. (2011). Abu Dhabi eyes 5m tourists a year by 2021. al-Arabiya. Retrieved December 2, 2011 from  http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/12/02/180387.html

A study of e-government initiatives in Canada by Ayert, for example, found that, "Each department valued its own information system, its own database, and its own information culture. Malevolence was not involved; rather, the systemic goal was perceived through the departmental filter" (770). Moreover, despite mandates from the government's top authorities to develop seamless e-governmental systems and approaches to deliver services in an online setting, governmental departments engaged in a series of "turf battles" in order to protect their computer systems. In this regard, Ayert adds that, "Senior managers continued to hoard information and protect their own department's system. They declined to participate intensively with their peers in other departments, thus effectively ending the possibility of creating a new organizational culture cutting across departments" (770). In these types of environments, the cost savings that can be achieved using e-government techniques are not realized and the costs of administering governmental operations…

Works Cited

Averyt, William. 2005, "E-Government Reconsidered: Renewal of Governance for the Knowledge Age," American Review of Canadian Studies 35(4): 769-770.

Bourquard, Jo Anne, 2003, March, "What's Up with E-Government? Digital Government Isn't a Silver Bullet, but as Part of a Long-Term Plan It May Provide a Means to Reduce State

Spending." State Legislatures 29(3): 24-25.

Davidsson, Robert, 2008, April, "Welcome to the E-Government Library of the Future-Today."

The reliance on this location on the Persian gulf for both air and ship freight is expected to experience a 50% growth rate in the coming three years (Yoders, 2010). This will be reflected in an increase in investment for warehousing systems, supply chain management centers and the development of more efficient airline terminals specifically designed for the needs of air freight companies (Yoders, 2010). This will also translate into the need for greater services across the value chains of many of the world's most advanced and quickly changing industries, including the automotive industry (Sa Joe, 2006). A second example is that of professional services in construction and development (Donahue, 2007). Many American manufacturers have production centers in China and India, and need a more efficient route to European markets. The investments in supply chain infrastructure on the part of the UAE government are deliberately aimed at the needs of…

References

Frederik Balfour. (2006, December). Emerging Markets: Dipping a Toe In the Risk Pool. Business Week,(4015), 84.

Central Intelligence Agency, Research Division, The World Factbook. (2010). CIA, The World Factbook UAE Analysis (ISSN 1553-8133). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html 

Donahue, J.. (2007). Halliburton: Comfort in Dubai. Multinational Monitor, 28(2), 8-9.

Leslie Haines. (2007, December). INVESTING IN A PEAK-OIL WORLD. Oil and Gas Investor This Week, 2007(12).

Boeing 777X is an aircraft currently under development. The aircraft is based in part on technology that was developed for the 787 Dreamliner. The company intends this project to be the "largest and most efficient twin-engine jet in the world," and also expects it to have enhanced cabin features that will improve upon the in-flight experience. The jet is intended as a competitor for the Airbus A350, which entered service at the beginning of 2015. Boeing hopes that the 777X will be ready for production in 2017. This paper will outline the process by which Boeing determined to proceed with this project.

Problem Identification

The commercial jet business is global in nature. The market for long-haul jets is basically a duopoly, with Boeing and France-based Airbus. The market for smaller jets is dominated by Bombardier (Canada) and Embraer (Brazil). The only other player in the long-haul jet market is Moscow-based…

References

Boeing (2016). Introducing the 777X. Boeing. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from  http://www.boeing.com/commercial/777x/ 

Gates, D. (2015). Massive, speedy robots ready to build composite wings for Boeing 777X. Seattle Times. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from  http://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/massive-speedy-robots-ready-to-build-composite-wings-for-boeing-777x/ 

Johnsson, J., Rothman, A. & Catts, T. (2013). Boeing said to near 777X order haul of up to $87 billion. Bloomberg. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-30/boeing-said-to-near-777x-order-haul-of-up-to-87-billion 

Mutzabaugh, B. (2015). United now flying its Dreamliners to six continents. USA Today. Retrieved March 17, 2016 from  http://www.usatoday.com/story/todayinthesky/2015/04/09/united-now-flying-its-dreamliners-to-six-continents/25529435/

" (Qantas Airways Limited and Controlled Entities - Preliminary Final Report, 2008)

In July, 2008 Qantas reported that it intends to "eliminate 1,500 jobs world-wide and it shed plans to increase flying capacity as it continues to battle high jet-fuel costs." (the Wall Street Journal, 2008) in addition, the plans to hire 1,200 people have been canceled. Qantas will also be retiring 22 aircraft from its fleet and call centers in Arizona and London will be closed as well. (Thurlow and McFarland, 2008)

SUMMARY & CONCLUSION

Quantas Airways, Ltd. is the number one domestic airline industry in Australia and is a leader in the Asia-Pacific region. In fact, Quantas is among the ten largest airlines in the world and connects Australia in approximately 81 destinations and forty countries throughout the world. The company operates several regional airlines in the country of Australia and carries in excess of thirty million passengers…

Bibliography

Thurlow, R. And McFarland, L. (2008) Corporate News Qantas Plans to Cut Jobs, Scraps Capacity Increase. Wall Street Journal. 18 Jul 2008.

Qantas Airways Limited and Controlled Entities (2008) Preliminary Final Report. 20 June 2008. Online available at:

Qantas Airways Ltd. (2008) Financial Times. Online available at  http://markets.ft.com/tearsheets/businessProfile.asp?s=QAN%3AASX

Expanding trade as well as an expanding tourism market, the volume of goods and people moving from place to place around the world is consistently increasing. As more and more people around the world are able to get out of poverty, domestic travel and cargo markets are also likely to increase (we've already seen this in countries like China and India). In 2005, Boeing's Commercial Market Outlook stated that over the next twenty years, the Asia Pacific region would account for about 36% of total deliveries (Gross, 2005). Looking at Boeing's 2010 Commercial Market Outlook, Boeing notes that most economies in the Asia Pacific region were able to weather the recent economic recession and they are recovering. Boeing states that "with China and India leading the growth among emerging markets, the region's economy will grow at a rate of 4.6% per year for the next 20 years, significantly outpacing the…

References:

Boeing. (2010). Long-term market -- world regions: Asia Pacific. Retrieved on August

14, 2010, from the Web site:  http://www.boeing.com/commercial/cmo/asia-pacific.html 

Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. (2003). Expanding horizons: Boeing's global business operations. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs,49, 49-

56.

BA - Iberia

After nearly two years of negotiating, British Airways (BA) and Iberia completed their merger in the spring of 2010 (Arnott, S., 2010). By 2011, the combined entity earned an operating profit of €190 million. The profit was attributed to improved U.S. business due to a partnership with American Airlines, and strong group buying power that helped control jet fuel expense (othwell, S., 2011, 1). The combined entity is known as International Airlines Group (IAG) and has pledged to grow further, something that combined with the operating benefits has added to its share value (othwell, S., 2011, 2). When the merger was first proposed, the two airlines noted that there were synergies to be won, and that the combined entity would be better able to thrive in the current difficult market conditions (Werdigier, J., 2009). The success of the merger can be attributed in part to a good…

References List

Arnott, S., 2010. BA and Iberia Sign Merger Deal, at Last. Business Week. [Online] Available at  http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/apr2010/gb2010049_464729.htm  [Accessed October 26, 2011]

QuickMBA., 2010. Porter's Five Forces. [Online] Available at  http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/porter.shtml  [Accessed October 26, 2011]

Rothwell, S., 2011, 1. BA-Iberia Group Taps U.S. Business Boom to Outdo Air France-KLM, Lufthansa. Bloomberg. [Online] Available at  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-29/ba-iberia-post-second-quarter-profit.html  [Accessed October 26, 2011]

Rothwell, S., 2011, 2. BA-Iberia Overtakes Air France by Market Value as IAG Stocks Start Trading. Bloomberg. [Online] Available at  http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-24/british-airways-merger-with-iberia-takes-off-as-iag-group-begins-trading.html  [Accessed October 26, 2011]

political scenario illustrated that governments all over the globe are making their immigration rules more stringent because of the rise in terrorism; the implication of this phenomenon is a decrease in international traveling, which endangers continuance of a number of airlines, including Nigeria's Arik Air (Eze, 2010). Hofstede's power distance dimension denotes the degree to which unequal distribution of power is anticipated and accepted by the lower ranking members (in terms of authority), of organizations and institutions in the nation under consideration. UA's score on this dimension is relatively low (40). Power distance deals with members of a society not being on an equal footing with one another; the dimension conveys a particular culture's outlook towards power imbalances among countries, as well. Furthermore, the inequality that prevails in a given society is equally approved of by its leaders and followers. Nigeria demonstrates a high power distance score (80), signifying its…

Shih, S. C. (2010). Network Process Model for Group Choice of a Multinational Enterprises' Entry Mode. Contemporary Management Research, 6(3).

Stewart, M. R., & Maughn, R. D. (2011). International joint ventures, a practical approach. Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, Available at http://www. dwt. com/files/Publication/Article_Stewart.pdf

Venkateswaran, N. (2012). Chapter 8. Country evaluation and selection. International Business Management. New Age International. Daryaganj, IND. [Ebrary]

Aviation

On a Tuesday in 2000, an Air France Concorde supersonic jet crashed. The disaster resulted in the death of 113 people. In addition to the casualties from the flight itself, the Concorde crash left a major dent in aviation history. The crash was not like any other airline crash. This crash resulted in the entire dismantling of the Concorde program, which had been one of the most romantic eras in aviation history. Since 1969, the Concorde had been dazzling onlookers and aviation buffs. Its characteristic downturned nose made the Concorde unique, and it was the only commercial airline ever to fly supersonically.

What went wrong on that fateful day in 2000? It took ten full years to find out, and it appears that some mystery surrounding the Concorde crash still remains. In 2010, a French court ruled that Continental airlines were to blame for the Concorde crash. The verdict…

References

"1969: Concorde flies for the first time," (n.d). BBC. Retrieved onlinehttp://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2514000/2514535.stm

British Airways (n.d.). Celebrating Concorde. Retrieved online:  http://www.britishairways.com/travel/history-concorde/public/en_gb?cookiesAccepted=newvispop 

"Concorde: What Went Wrong?" BBC News. 5 Sept, 2000. Retrieved online:  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/851864.stm 

Lauter, D. (2010). Continental, mechanic guilty of manslaughter in Concorde crash. Los Angeles Times. 7 Dec, 2010. Retrieved online:  http://articles.latimes.com/2010/dec/07/world/la-fg-concorde-crash-ruling-20101207

air cargo industry experienced tremendous growth since inception because of various factors in the aviation industry, particularly the freight sector. The growth and development of this industry is evident in its current significance on the freight sector. Moreover, this industry currently accounts for huge profitability in the freight sector because of increased shipping of various packages across the globe. This increased shipping is fueled by increased interconnectedness of people and countries due to rapid technological factors.

However, the industry has experienced tremendous challenges and concerns in relation to security because of the increase of security issues and emergence of new security threats throughout the world. Some of the major security challenges or issues facing the air cargo industry include terrorism, hijacking threat, vulnerability to security breaches, and probable introduction of explosive devices. These security threats are largely brought by the development of sophisticated tools and means for criminal activities by…

References

"Bilateral and Regulatory Issues Facing the Air Cargo Industry." (n.d.). Chapter 6. Retrieved

April 17, 2015, from  http://www.aci-na.org/sites/default/files/chapter_6_-_bilateral_and_regulatory_issues.pdf 

Elias, B. (2010, December 2). Screening and Securing Air Cargo: Background and Issues for Congress. Retrieved April 17, 2015, from  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R41515.pdf 

"Evaluation of Screening of Air Cargo Transported on Passenger Aircraft." (2010, September).

S.$1 = 80.38 JPY (Japanese Yen). However, the current economic crisis in the United States and in major world economies including the European Union, combined with the post-tsunami economic consequences within Japan has made the exchange rates highly volatile and fluctuating. In order to avoid exchange rate risks, the company will make all transactions in one standard currency that is U.S. dollars. Moreover, in order to avoid exchange rate risks AKJT Inc. will use hedging approach, while netting approach will also be used where necessary. Hedging approach will be more pragmatic for the company as the company will be taking financial loans from international financial institutions (IXGW, 2011).

Generation of Financial esources

Given the highly capital intensive nature of the business, generation of financial resources remains a major concern for AJKT Inc. Since the retained profits of the company are expected to remain relatively lower in the initial years, the…

References

IXGW (2011). How do foreign trade avoid exchange rate risk. Retrieved from http://www.ixgw.com/2011/02/how-do-foreign-trade-to-avoid-exchange-rate-risk/

Gowthrope, C. (2005). Business Account and Finance for non-specialists. UK: Thomson.

Sofat, R. & Hiro, P. (2008) Basic Accounting. India: Prentice Hall.

Practicing Ethnographic Methods

JFK (John F. Kennedy) International Airport is one of the busiest international airports in the United States and serves as a gateway for the New York City and other Tri-State within the metropolitan regions. Apart from enjoying services from the Jet Blue, and Virgin America, the JFK airport is the major destination for visitors from various continents such as Europe, South America, Asia, Middle East and Africa. The JFK airport receives over 41 million visitors yearly making the airport the busiest international gateway in the New York. However, airports are the social-based organization where the visitors and employees come from various social and cultural backgrounds, which influence the airport decision making.

Objective of this paper is to carry out the ethnographic research by presenting the results of the observation of the social and cultural settings at the John F. Kenney International Airport.

Methodology

I use the ethnographic…

Reference

Kusenbach, M. (2003). Street Phenomenology the Go-Along as Ethnographic Research Tool. Ethnography, 4: 455-485.

United Technology Corporations in regard to its strategies, financial performance and general stock performance. The conglomerate's strategy and positioning is presented in regard to its various constituent firms. A conclusion is provided on the basis of the obtained financial outlook.

Financial performance and strategy

Capital markets considerations

UTC's financial and investor ratios

Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)

Price to Book Value (P/BV)

UTC's corporate strategy and positioning

United Technologies Corporation (UTC) is an American multinational conglomerate that has its headquarter in the United Technologies Building which is located in Hartford, Connecticut (UTC,2011).The company deals in research, development as well as manufacture of cutting-edge technology products in various areas such as aircraft engines, HVAC, fuel cells, helicopters, escalators and elevators, fire equipment, security, industrial products, and building materials among other products. The company is a major U.S. military contractor (Stewart, 2005, p.2) for which it produces missile systems as well as…

References

Bern, MD (2011).Enhanced Income strategies for United Technologies

 http://seekingalpha.com/article/296629-enhanced-income-strategy-for-united-technologies 

Cota, E (2011). United Technologies Corp: cash flow valuation  http://seekingalpha.com/instablog/817168-eric-cota/191938-united-technologies-corp-cash-flow-valuation 

Dividendvalue (2008). Stock Analysis: United Technologies Corp (UTX) A Buy At This Pricehttp://dividendsvalue.com/1433/stock-analysis-united-technologies-corp-utx-a-buy-at-this-price/

Islamic Maketing Stategy

As the population of Muslims is inceasing ove time, thee is also an inceased demand of the intoduction of Islamic pinciples in diffeent sectos. One of these sectos that have seen a geat deal of Islamization lately is the maketing secto. Muslims now want a maketing system that is in accodance with the laws of Shaiah. One of the most pojected examples of this is the intoduction of Islamic banking to povide altenate poducts and sevices to the Muslim customes. Many eseaches and studies have been caied out to see what the esponse of the Islamic maketing stategies has been ove the yeas. In this pape, we shall fist look at in detail what is actually meant by the Islamic maketing stategy and how the Islamic laws petaining to business diffe fom the conventional laws. We shall then look at how these stategies have been adopted by…

references In Jordan," International Journal Of Bank Marketing, Vol. 17 Iss: 3, Pp.135 -- 151.

Niazi, L.A.K. (1991). Islamic Law Of Contract. Lahore, Research Cell, Dyal Sing Trust Library.

Psychology: Research & Practice, 27, Pg.583-587.

Quran. (N.D.). Qura'an Majeed.

Shaw, M. (1996) Civil Society And Media In Global Crises, St. Martin Press, London.