hile such socially stimulating events were taking place, political workings were also making great headway. In 1791, the Constitution was accepted and the Assembly proclaimed, " the end of the Revolution has arrived."
The new constitution left France as a constitutional monarchy, and when war broke out with Austria and prices in the country spiked considerably, the monarchy was abolished and the Jacobins established the National Convention.

Not long after, Louis XVI was sentenced to execution and France declared war on Britain and the Dutch Republic. Riots and food shortages followed, and the Committee of Public Safety was created which ruled by terror.

By June of 1793, a new constitution was passed and Robespierre was put as head of the Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre was a "political and social thinker" that was "prone to substitute Jacobian rhetorical formulae for logical steps."

Terror ensues with the deaths of Girondin leaders, Marie Antoinette, as…...

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William Doyle, Robespierre (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000) 17.

Kristin Pederson, Marie Antoinette and the French Revolution, February 2, 2011,  http://www.pbs.org/marieantoinette/credits/index.html .

French evolution
For many people, the French evolution was the single most important event in modern world history. In a manner of speaking, it's a unique turning point for the ailing French society of the time and Europe. But, the events transpiring in Bastille Fortress in July 1789 are still discussed. The storming is discussed often. Peter Mcphee is an Australian born academic author specializing in modern French history and French evolution. His book titled "The French evolution 1789-1799" is a worthwhile reference to the French revolution when each chapter is analyzed.

It comprises of nine chapters beginning with "France in the 1780's." The initial chapter begins with his focus on rural settings of the 18th century. The economic conditions stemmed the French evolution. Only two people out of ten lived in urban settings for that matter. The French rural society was impoverished and their production was negligible. The population was fast…...

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References

Hazen, C.D. (2013). The French Revolution and Napolean, Chapter 7, Section 2 (Kindle Edition). Waxkeep Publishing, pp. 222-224.

McPhee, P. (2002). The French Revolution 1789- 1799. New York: Oxford.

The Analysis

However, it is the not past this point that this study needs to go, rather it is at this point that we need to stop and take into analyze the information that is cited here, and to see if that analysis takes us in other directions. There is really very little detailed information about the discussions and debate that might have surrounded the creation of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. It is not like the American Constitution, where the thoughts of the singers are recorded, or renderings of the National Council showing the country's forefathers of freedom hard at work and debate. It is important to understand the complexities of society as they existed at the time of the revolution. Thompson describes the country as the wealthy, the middle "bourgeois" class, and the workers.

In the age-long constitution of French society, so soon to be dissolved by revolution, the…...

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Works Cited

Aulard, a. The French Revolution, a Political History, 1789-1804. Vol. 1. London: T.F. Unwin, 1910. Questia. 4 May 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=20625504 .

A www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7932977

Aulard, a. The French Revolution: A Political History 1789-1804. Trans. Bernard Miall. Vol. 2. London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1910. Questia. 4 May 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7932977 .

A www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105351920

French Revolution and Napoleon
Napoleon and the French Revolution:

How the Leader both Continued and Broke from the Aims of his Revolutionary Predecessors

he French Revolution was a singular event in human history. Its importance to humankind is undeniable. he Revolution was both remarkable and horrific, in its scopes and its realities. As Charles Dickens wisely stated,

"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us […]. [1: Dickens, Charles. "he Period." A ale of wo Cities. Ann Arbor: Borders Group, 2006. Print. ]

hus, one can see there are many contradictions concerning the…...

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Thus, Napoleon himself stated that he wanted to continue with past aims and at the same time, establish new goals. As his actions show, the Emperor did provide France with a better foundation on which to "institutionalize revolutionary achievements," by providing it with administrative frameworks and thus ensuring that the goals of the Revolution would be carried out fully. It is clear that Napoleon stabilized an unstable society and provided it with a strong authoritarian leader and a republican monarchy. [4: Holmberg, Tom. Napoleon and the French Revolution. 1998. Website. < http://www.napoleonbonaparte.nl/html/body_nap_and_revolution.html>]

However, it was in this authoritarian way of ruling that the Emperor also broke from the aims of the Revolution, and especially from the aim of "liberty." Due to his practicality, Napoleon failed to see that liberty suffered most under his reign. The French desired to safeguard individual rights and property, so they felt that this guarantee could only come with stability, which Napoleon provided, and were thus willing to overlook a curtailment of liberty. In return, Napoleon sanctified "equality" in the Napoleonic Code, a Frenchman's most prized possession. Napoleon felt that, although the Revolution had ended and had achieved important reforms on its own, it was his duty to continue them and institute a way of government that would enable him to always ensure these reforms, and thus other facets had to be sacrificed. [5: Holmberg, P1.]

Napoleon is believed to have loved philosophy, but as a leader, he had to be pragmatic, and in order to do so, he had to both continue the revolutionaries' work, and begin anew, as he states in the aforementioned ambiguous quotation, goals which he actually achieved. Napoleon began as a meager military officer, and rose to be one of the best-known political figures in history. He took a country torn apart, put it back together, and led it to conquer Europe. Though he did not fulfill all his goals, Napoleon did lead France in a period in which a return of the monarchy without democracy would have erased all revolutionary progress. With regards to the French people, Napoleon led, and though he both continued and broke from revolutionary aims, this, to him meant leading well, to which historians agree. And in Napoleon's own words, "To [have] pursue[d] a different course […] would [have been] to philosophize, not to govern." [6: Holmberg, P1. ]

French Revolution was the greatest revolution of the 18th century. It was the revolution that started the modern era of politics and had its origins in the financial problems of the government.
In the 1770s and 1780s, a protracted war with England left the government of France depleted of money. France's national debt was high and bankruptcy and increased tax rates became inevitable. "The government's yearly income from taxation and other sources was, quite simply, less than its spending. By 1788, fully one-half of the annual budget went for ever-increasing interest payments on the ever-increasing debt."

Another financial burden on the people of France was the lavish lifestyle of King Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette at their extravagant home of Versailles. The king and his ministers could not print money and create inflation to cover their debts. France had no central bank, paper currency or means of creating credit. French…...

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Works Cited

Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf, "Classics of Modern Thought," Third Edition (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1980)

McKay, John P., Bennett D. Hill, and John Buckler. A History of Western Society Volume II: From Absolutism to the Present (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1979)

Oates, Stephen B. With Malice Toward None, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, (New York: New American Library, 1977)

Time-Life Books. Shadow of the Dictators, (Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1989)

French Revolution
An Analysis of the Radical Phase of the French Revolution

The French Revolution was almost extinguished in 1792. The economic reforms prompted by the Cahier of the Third Estate of Dourdan (29 March 1789) had only appeared to benefit the middle and upper classes of the Third Estate. Meanwhile, fearing the spread of revolt throughout all Europe, Prussian and Austrian forces were marching towards Paris to cut it off at its source. However, the determination of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette to put down the Revolution and flee the city combined with the approaching army of her brother, Leopold II, sparked a chain of events that pushed the Revolution into a radical phase. This paper will examine the causes of that radical phase, what it accomplished, and what role the Reign of Terror played in the Revolution.

Several personages had influenced estern philosophy prior to the outbreak of the Revolution. They…...

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Works Cited

Hooker, Richard. "Radical Revolution." Revolution and After: Tragedies and Farce. 6

June 1999. Web. 29 Mar 2011.

Jones, E. Michael. Libido Dominandi: Sexual Liberation and Political Control. South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press, 2000.

Kant, Immanuel. "What is Enlightenment?" Sources of the Western Tradition. Ed.

One of the relevant executions, part of Napoleon's terror, that is worth examining is the execution of the Duc d'Enghien. The execution of the member of the Bourbon family was motivated by the need to consolidate the newly established Napoleonic hereditary monarchy. s any act of terror, it was also meant to frighten away any potential individuals willing to contest the act itself, notably members of the Bourbon family who were still armed to support the right of their family to the throne. The act of terror was thus also a political act.

t the same time, one needs to mention some of Napoleon's closest collaborators to understand how closely Napoleon was influenced by Terror during his reign. One of them is Fouche, the chief of police and, during the French Revolution, one of the key instrument of applying terror throughout the country. s a Jacobin, his activity in Lyon marked…...

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At the same time, one needs to mention some of Napoleon's closest collaborators to understand how closely Napoleon was influenced by Terror during his reign. One of them is Fouche, the chief of police and, during the French Revolution, one of the key instrument of applying terror throughout the country. As a Jacobin, his activity in Lyon marked one of the bloodiest campaigns of the period of terror. While his methods may have been adapted during Napoleon's reign to better fit the times, there is no doubt that some of the key elements used previously, most notably instruments aimed at ensuring a state of uncertainty and fear with the population, remained with Fouche and continued to be used.

On the other hand, these arguments do need a final conclusion pointing out that Napoleon was never willing to go beyond a dictatorship and into the actual use of terrorist means. During the 1814 invasion of France, as well as during the 100 days, many of his closest collaborators, including Carnot, suggested that a new Terror was the only way that the French population could be sufficiently galvanized to be able to fight the invader. The solution was refused. Even more so, during the 100 days, Napoleon preferred a liberal approach (inspired by the Liberal Revolution), but one totally inadequate for the respective times, when the military dictatorship was most needed to save the country.

A military dictatorship is the best term to describe Napoleon's reign as First Consul and Emperor. This type of government implies limiting the individual freedoms and imposing this through the support of the army. Considering this brief description of Napoleon's governmental approach, it is clear that he was more influenced by the Terror than by the Liberal Revolution, although his application did not actually reach the levels of the period from 1792 to 1794.

However, from the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man, the Revolution gradually changed its course when it was governed by the Committee of Public Safety. In what later became known as the Terror, Robespierre enforced a regime of revolutionary 'correctness.' While the original intention of the Revolution may have been to equalize the relationship between the estates (and did not even have the express intention of overthrowing the monarchy, although that did eventually result), the Terror advocated, in the words of Robespierre, to uphold "public rights over private interests" (Sherman 120).

"Worn out by the turmoil of the Revolution," shortly after the reign of the Terror, a new form of government swept France in the form of the Napoleonic Regime. The military genius Napoleon was neither a republican nor a monarchist (Sherman 132). Eventually Napoleon was able to place an "Imperial Crown" on his head, with remarkably little…...

French Revolution
Seemingly prudent people go to war against their government when conditions under current laws make it impossible to earn a living and provide for their families, such as the conditions which led to the French Revolution.

The French Kingdom was divided into districts headed by an individual, the "intendant," appointed by the crown, who had complete authority and total control, except in military matters (Young pp). So enormous was his power that he could exempt, change, add, or diminish at pleasure, thus, friends, acquaintances, and dependents of the intendant as well as their friends, acquaintances and dependents formed a chain of class who were privileged under existing laws at the expense of the common people, including basic human rights (Young pp).

This chain of privileged persons would be favored in taxation and protected in court (Young pp). ith nobility and clergy exempt from taxation, the burden of taxes was forced upon…...

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Works Cited

Young, Arthur. "Travels During the Years 1787, 1788 and 1789."

 http://www.northpark.edu/history/Classes/Sources/Young.html 

What is the Third Estate?" Modern History Sourcebook: Abbe Sieyes: What is the Third Estate?

 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/sieyes.html

The King was stripped of his power, the clergy was required to swear an oath of loyalty to the constitution and church property was confiscated and used for security on the issues of assignats, or paper money. After the overthrow of the Monarchy Napoleon came into power in France and ruled as a dictator however, the people in France had learned that this type of ruler did not have to be tolerated.
Summary and Conclusion

This work has answered the question posed which asks whether the French Revolution was a war of the classes. Indeed it was a war of the classes, however the lines are not clearly drawn dividing the classes and as well there was much bleeding over from one class to the other in terms of that dealt with by a particular class in relation to their social position. For example, the bourgeoisie were also inclusive of the…...

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Bibliography (MSN Encarta Encyclopedia, 2005) Online at 26/French_Revolution.html]http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_7615578

French Revolution (1985) New Standard Encyclopedia Vol.6 Standard Educational Corporation Chicago.

Hilton, Rodney (2005) the French Revolution [Online available at: www.aldridgeshs.qld.edu.au/sose/revrespg/french/aolnote1.htm

Hooker, Richard (2005) the Origins of the French Revolution: The History Guide; Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History [Online at www.historyguide.org/intellect/lecture11a.html]

Woods, Alan (1989) the French Revolution [Online available at www.marxist.com/History/History/french_revolution.html

evolution
Talking About a evolution?

The word "revolution" has several meanings, all of which are closely related but that have significant and important differentiating details. The most basic and concrete meaning of the word, and the earliest usage of the word in English as derived directly from its Latin roots, is simply "a revolving," from Latin words meaning "to turn" or "to roll" (Online Etymology Dictionary, 2012). From this usage there quickly sprang the meaning of an "instance of a great change [or turn] in affairs," and in the current age the word can and has been applied from major scientific discoveries that fundamentally change the understanding of the universe to a new non-stick pan available for three payments of nine-ninety-nine (Online Etymology Dictionary, 2012). So when someone raises a question like, is the French evolution or the Industrial evolution more of a true revolution, the answer must include an analysis of…...

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References

Goloboy, J. & Mancall, P. (2008). Industrial Revolution. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

Neely, S. (2008). A Concise History of the French Revolution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Online Etymology Dictionary. (2012). "Revolution." Accessed 5 March 2012.  http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=revolution

When the revolutionary leaders confiscated Church land, they were restricting the rights of the French people to pursuer their religion and faith as they had done in the past. Even though the Church had, like the monarchy, imposed taxes on the French people, it was nonetheless their faith, which was, for a time, completely altered when the post evolution elite confiscated those holdings.
For a long time, the historians of the French evolution saw the revolutionary cults only as political endeavors appropriate to the circumstances. eacting against this tendency, Albert Mathiez wanted to underscore the specifically religious character of these cults.2 Then it became a question of agreeing on the nature of the religious occurrence. On this question, Mathiez is a strict follower of Durkheim who affirms that it is essentially by their form that we recognize religious phenomena. Like his predecessors, Mathiez seems little concerned with studying the religious…...

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References

Baker, L. (2005). The French Revolution as Local Experience: The Terror in Dijon. The Historian, 67(4), 694+. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5018510138 

Desaulniers, M. (1995). Carlyle and the Economics of Terror: A Study of Revisionary Gothicism in the French Revolution. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=82289529 

Frey, L.S., & Frey, M.L. (2004). The French Revolution / . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from Questia database:

Soboul, a. (1988). Understanding the French Revolution. New York: International Publishers. Retrieved December 5, 2007, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=53362916

French Revolution Revisited
No moment in history stands alone, but each builds surely from the moments before it. The French Revolution and its aftermath was no exception. In many ways it sprang from the undeniable and unswayable forces of modernization, toppling a system which was dying under its own weight and intrinsically unable to adapt and survive in the new economic and philosophical reality. One could argue that this violent overthrow of the old aristocracy was the inevitable outcome of modernization and the arrival of the bourgeoisie class. The war was caused by the financial and social collapse of the old regime and the disappointed hopes of a people who had been inspired by the enlightenment; its effects were far reaching and terrible in their bloody implications, and its overall effect upon the world is hopelessly drawn between the good and ill.

Three main issues may be pointed at as causing…...

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Bibliography

Aquinas Publications. "Effects of the French Revolution."

St. Joseph Messenger. 1998. http://www.aquinasmultimedia.com/stjoseph/history.html

Badanedwa, et al. "The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen." Wikipedia. April 2004.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen 

Effects of the Revolution." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press, 2000.  http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0858289.html

The dominant religion of France at the time (as now) was Roman Catholicism. Aston begins his book by discussing the special, privileged role of the First Estate, as well as different theological debates raging at the time, such as the Jansenism controversy. He also gives attention to other faiths, including Protestantism and Judaism, which were present in France at the time. Protestants and Jews were some of the Revolution's earliest recipients of additional rights in the new, secular, equal society.[footnoteRef:4] [4: Nigel Aston, Religion and Revolution in France, 1780-1804, (Washington, D.C: Catholic University of America Press, 2000), 244.]
Another important influence was what Aston calls a lack of 'enlightened piety,' or the persistence of a mixture of folk traditions and populist Catholicism despised by intellectuals, but professed in practice by members of the working classes. Although France would come to seem like the paradigmatic example of Enlightenment revolution (or non-religion)…...

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Bibliography

Aston, Nigel. Religion and Revolution in France, 1780-1804. Washington, D.C: Catholic

University of America Press, 2000

Doyle, William. Origins of the French Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press:

French Revolution. There are three references used for this paper.
The French Revolution was known as a Reign of Terror. It is important to understand why it began, how it was justified, its goals and whether the goals were accomplished.

Beginning of Terror

The first stage of the Revolution was from 1787 to 1789, and was mainly a "legal debate between monarchy and aristocracy over the financing of the state and the political authority which each claimed to enjoy and exercise (www.britannia.com/history/euro/1/2_2.html)." Aristocrats known as an Assembly of Notables demanded "political authority in return for tax reform. This assembly achieved nothing but further aggravation between monarch and aristocracy (www.britannia.com/history/euro/1/2_2.html)."

The major phase began in 1789 as competing classes encountered each other, and when an extension of the nation's political base was "demanded and obtained by the bourgeoisie. This initiated an aristocratic protest against the absolute monarchy bequeathed by Louis XIV, then enlarged in…...

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Works Cited

(Britannia: The French Revolution. (accessed 19 February, 2004).

).

(The French Revolution. (accessed 19 February, 2004).

<  http://history.hanover.edu/modern/FRENCHRV.html >).

While it is impossible to escape the similarities between the French Revolution and American Revolution and there is no question that the American Revolution helped inspire the French Revolution, there are a number of important differences between the French and American revolution.

Location was an important difference.  America was a colony that was revolting against a ruling government that was separated from it by a large distance, while the French Revolution occurred in France and was aimed at the monarchy in that country.

Social class played a much more important role in the French Revolution than the American Revolution. ....

Outline for Essay: How Historic Events Led to the Emergence of Sociology

I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a compelling statement or anecdote that highlights the profound impact of historic events on the development of human societies.
B. Thesis statement: State the main argument that historic events have played a crucial role in shaping the emergence and evolution of sociology.

II. The Enlightenment and the Roots of Sociology
A. Describe the intellectual and social context of the Enlightenment in Europe during the 18th century.
B. Explain how the Enlightenment thinkers' emphasis on reason, scientific inquiry, and human progress laid the groundwork for....

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Chapter 1: Ancient Civilizations

The Rise and Fall of the Sumerian City-States
The Indus Valley Civilization: Unraveling the Enigma
The Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Pyramids, Pharaonic Power, and Daily Life
The Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations: Maritime Masters of the Aegean
The Zhou Dynasty and the Birth of Chinese Civilization

Chapter 2: Classical Civilizations

The Athenian Golden Age: Democracy, Philosophy, and the Arts
The Roman Empire: Conquests, Governance, and the Pax Romana
The Mauryan Empire: From Chandragupta to Ashoka's Legacy
The Hellenistic World: A Syncretic Blend of Greek and Persian Cultures
The Han Dynasty: China's Ascendancy and Technological Innovations

Chapter 3: Medieval Civilizations

The....