heart attack occurs when the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or stopped. This happens when one or more of the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle is blocked. This is usually caused by the buildup of plaque that bursts, tears or ruptures, creating a snag where a blood clot forms and blocks the artery, leading to a heart attack (see Figure 1). Coronary artery disease causes approximately 1.5 million heart attacks each year. There are many causes of heart disease, some are controllable and some are not. Uncontrollable risk factors include male gender, older age, family history of heart disease, post-menopausal stages, and race (lacks and Mexican-Americans have larger risks for heart disease than whites). Risk factors that can be controlled include smoking, inappropriate cholesterol levels, uncontrolled hypertension, physical inactivity, obesity, uncontrolled diabetes and uncontrolled stress and anger.
Most individuals think of…...

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Bibliography

Grayson, Charlotte. "Risk Factors for Heart Disease." July 2003. WebMD 28 Oct. 2003.  http://my.webmd.com/content/pages/9/1675_57840.htm?lastselectedguid= {5FE84E90-BC77-4056-A91C-9531713CA348}

Grayson, Charlotte. "Understanding Heart Attack Treatment." 01 Aug. 2002. WebMD 28 Oct. 2003.  http://my.webmd.com/content/article/54/61487.htm?lastselectedguid= {5FE84E90-BC77-4056-A91C-9531713CA348}.

Heart Attack, Stroke & Cardiac Arrest Warning Signs." American Heart Association. 28 Oct. 2003.  http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3053#Heart_Attack .

What is a Heart Attack?" Wellness on the Web. 28 Oct. 2003. http://www.well-net.com/cardiov/hrtattck.html.

Heart attacks, or sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), affect more than 300,000 Americans each year and are considered the leading cause of death in the United States. Once a person experiences an SCA event, the single most important thing that will determine if a person survives is the time takes from SCA to defibrillation. In fact, the survival rate of a person suffering an SCA can drop "7% to 10% per minute with every minute defibrillation is delayed." (Drezner, 2009, p.518) Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) have become a common means of surviving an out of hospital SCA, increasing survival rates to as much as 74% when defibrillation occurs within the first 3 to 5 minutes. Because SCA also accounts for nearly half of all deaths involving young athletes, many high schools are investing in AEDs and instigating AED programs to educate the staff and teachers in its proper use. And…...

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References

Drezner, Jonathan, Ashwin Rao, Justin Heistand, Megan Bloomingdale, and Kimberly Harmon. (2009). "Effectiveness of Emergency Response Planning

for Sudden Cardiac Arrest in United States High Schools With Automated

External Defibrillators." Journal of the American Heart Association, 120:518-

525. Retrieved from  http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/120/6/518

Sean at this visit?
Ten questions to develop the diagnosis would be:

How often do you drink or smoke (how often do you play poker?) How many drinks? How many cigars? More/less frequently than usual? Same?

Have you had any recent illnesses?

What does your diet consist of?

What is your cholesterol level?

Have you had any fever?

Are you experiencing any stress?

How long had you been working out prior to occasion? How often/frequently? How much weight had you lost?

How much rest are you getting at night?

What is your diet?

Are you sweating more than usual? Have you had pain in any other parts of your body? Have you had a rapid or irregular pulse? Any swelling in lower extremities?

What is your differential diagnosis list for this visit thus far with rationale?

Likely diagnosis: Acute coronary syndrome. Differential diagnosis for this patient is based in the family of coronary heart disease, with the differential diagnoses possible being hypertension,…...

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References

Ben-Dor, I., Battler, A. (2007). Treatment of stable angina. Heart, 93(7): 868-874.

Ibrahim, A. (2012). Troponin-negative chest pain -- a diagnostic evasion? BMJ,

344:e1682.

Kyziridis, T. (2005). Notes on the history of medicine. German Journal of Psychiatry, 8: 42-48

" If the liver encounters more food materials than the body can use at the time, it converts the extra food into fat, which can then be stored in the liver, in the fat cells, and circulate in the blood. The extra circulating cholesterol, especially the LDL's, are a sign that either (1) the person is eating too much, (2) the person is not exercising enough to "burn" the food that he/she eats, or both.
A surplus of LDL's results in a build-up of plaque in the arteries around the body (not just the heart). They can coat the cardiac, peripheral vascular and brain arteries with relatively eccentric plaque, building up over a period of time to create a reduced blood flow.

When the main arteries of the heart are constricted enough, a small thrombus, or blood clot, can clog the remaining opening in the artery and cause the heart muscle cells…...

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Bibliography

Holz, K. "Intensive Statin Therapy Can Partially Reverse Plaque Build-up in Arteries." 15 March 2006. Medical News Today. 4 August 2007  http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/39470.php .

Naghavi, M. et al. "From Vulnerable Plaque to Vulnerable Patient." Circulation (2003): 1772.

Lipoproteins and Heart Attacks

Antidepressants May Improve Heart Attack Survival
Origin

Health Day Reporter

Ed Edelson

Date Published: July 05, 2005

This article was written in the subject of possibilities for improving heart attack survival through the help of antidepressants. Dr. C. arr Taylor, a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Stanford University School of Medicine, provided the results from his studies about the effect of antidepressants after a heart attack. Taylor also who wrote an accompanying editorial in the journal. Despite of Taylor's findings, Dr. Glassman however reiterates the following warning:

"even though a previous study produced similar evidence of the beneficial effects of antidepressants after a heart attack, the new finding may not translate directly into clinical practice"

Glassman points out that further study is still important to prove the effect of antidepressants after a heart attack and to provide enough evidence of the positive benefits of antidepressants that previous studies claim. Without a large scale…...

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Bibliography

Antidepressant may Improve Heart Attack Survival, Health Day Reporter, Ed Edelson

http://www.heartinfo.org/ms/news/526638/main.html

Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia,

Antidepressants.

Buddhism -- the Heart Attack Sutra
The Craziness of the Heart Sutra

Before specifically referring to Chapter 1, one should note that the difficulty of a estern mind readily understanding the tenets and nuances of Buddhist thought are made abundantly clear in reading Brunnholzl's book. Epstein points out just such a problem when he explores the difficulty of translating Buddhist philosophy to workable 21st Century psychotherapy, for several reasons: differences in languages and thought processes (Epstein, 2007, p. 178); and modern psychotherapy's orientation as an active seeker of remedies while Buddhist philosophy tends toward a gentler approach which may be too temperate and passive to treat tough modern problems such as narcissism (Epstein, 2007, p. 178).

As for Chapter 1 in particular, Brunnholzl addresses the apparent absurdity of the Heart Sutra in that it appears to negate all principles on which Buddhism is based, including conceptual frameworks, belief systems and reference points of…...

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Works Cited

Brunnholzl, K. (2012). The Heart Attack Sutra: A new commentary on The Heart Sutra. Boston Massachusetts: Snow Lion, An Imprint of Shambhala Publications, Inc.

Epstein, M. (2007). Psychotherapy without the self: A Buddhist perspective. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Nursing Concept Map for NURS 412/422Client Age and Gender: 62 F Weight: 105 kg Height/Length: n/a Allergies: morphine, percocetReason for Admission: Cardiac arrest with subsequent anoxic brain injuryPertinent History/Information: Refused last dialysis treatment, collapsed at dialysis facility, received CPR and AED shocks, given epinephrine en route, has had all COVID vaccines, on Zofran, Plavix, TrazodonePriority Concept #1: Airway/BreathingPriority Concept #2: Circulation/Hemodynamic StabilityPriority Concept #3: Neurological StatusOutcome: Patient will maintain a patent airway and adequate oxygenationPatient will demonstrate stable hemodynamics and adequate tissue perfusionPatient will maintain the highest possible level of consciousness and neurological functionSystem Specific Assessment:1. Respiratory rate and pattern2. Oxygen saturation levels3. Breath sounds4. Presence of any respiratory distressSystem Specific Assessment:1. Blood pressure2. Heart rate and rhythm3. Capillary refill4. Peripheral pulsesSystem Specific Assessment:1. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)2. Pupil size and reactivity3. Motor and sensory function4. Level of consciousnessInterventions: The nurse will1. Monitor respiratory status every 2 hours2. Administer supplemental…...

When you have a heart attack, it means that the blood flow to your heart muscle is suddenly blocked. If the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle is cut off, your heart cannot function properly. This can damage or destroy a part of your heart muscle. A heart attack is a medical emergency. If you think you or someone else may be having a heart attack, call 911 immediately and get to a hospital as soon as possible. When you arrive at the hospital, doctors will work quickly to try to restore blood flow to your heart. They also may give you medicine to help prevent further damage to your heart. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to open blocked arteries and restore blood flow to your heart. With early diagnosis and treatment, most people who have a heart attack survive and go on to live healthy…...

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ReferencesMayo Clinic. (2022). Heart attack. Retrieved from  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-attack/symptoms-causes/syc-20373106

Heart Problems Linked to Those Born with HIV
HIV treatment now improves the longevity of infected persons, and researchers have since shifted their focus to the health-related complications that such persons could face later in life. Cardiovascular disease has been found to be one, and perhaps the most significant, of these complications. esearch has, in fact, established that "children born with HIV are more likely to have heart problems later in life, even if they are treated early with antiretroviral drugs" (McNeil Jr., 2014). Whereas almost no child in America is now born with HIV, owing to the availability of preventive drugs, more than 250, 000 children born every year in the developing world are not as lucky, and have to take antiretroviral drugs their entire lives. This text establishes how the "combination of the effects of HIV itself and the antiretroviral drugs used to treat it" increases the likelihood of…...

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References

Fox News. (2013). HIV Linked to Higher Chance of Heart Attack. Fox News. Retrieved 26 April 2014 from  http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/03/06/hiv-linked-to-higher-chance-heart-attack/ 

McNeil Jr. D.G. (2014). Heart Problems Linked to Those Born with HIV. Positive Living Society of British Columbia. Retrieved 26 April 2014 from  http://www.positivelivingbc.org/news/140303/heart-problems-linked-those-born-hiv 

NIH. (2014). Youth Born with HIV may have Higher Heart Disease Risk, NIH Network Study Shows. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 26 April 2014 from  http://www.nih.gov/news/health/feb2014/nichd-24.htm

M.K., a 45-year-old female who has a history of Type II diabetes mellitus and primary hypertension. In addition to this, M.K. is overweight and persists with a poor diet. The patient has also been smoking for the past 22 years, and has recently been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis. Current symptoms include chronic cough, which tends to be more severe in the mornings and productive with sputum, light-headedness, distended neck veins, excessive peripheral edema, and increase urination at night. The patient is currently on several medications including Lotensin and Lasix for the hypertension, along with Glucophage for the Type II diabetes mellitus. From an analysis of M.K.'s lab results, this report will offer clinical findings and treatment recommendations, as well as suggestions for what other conditions M.K. may be at risk for given her health history, lifestyle, and lab results as follows:
Vitals

BP

158/98 mm Hg

CBC

Hematocrit

57%

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Arterial Blood Gas Assessment

PaCO2

52 mm…...

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References

American Heart Association (2015). Types of heart failure. Retrieved online:  http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Heartfailure/Aboutheartfailure/Types-of-Heart-Failure_UCM_306323_Article.jsp#.WEy-h6IrKRs 

CDC (2016). High blood pressure facts. Retrieved online:  http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm 

Cheung, M.M. & Li, C. (2012). Diabetes and Hypertension: Is There a Common Metabolic Pathway? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012 Apr; 14(2): 160 -- 166.

Elliot, W.J. (2003). The economic impact of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2003 May-Jun;5(3 Suppl 2):3-13.

Chronic Illness: Coronary Heart Disease
Outline of Coronary Heart Disease

The Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) has been on the increase of late across the globe and this disease, alongside stroke have been the top causes of death in many countries like Australia (Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 2017). There have been cases of people succumbing to complications occasioned by the CHD hence the need for any medic or clinician to fully furnish themselves with the CHD and the causes and effects as well as how it can be managed.

CHD is a disuse characterized by the development of a waxy substance called plaque building up in the inner walls of the coronary arteries. These are the arteries responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscles. The buildup of plaque on the inner walls of the arteries results into atherosclerosis and this takes many years to pile up to harmful quantities. Over the…...

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References

Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, (2017). Heart disease and stroke are the top two causes of death -- and among the leading causes of disability -- in Australia. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from  https://baker.edu.au/health-hub/fact-sheets/cardiovascular-disease?gclid=Cj0KEQjwt6fHBRDtm9O8xPPHq4gBEiQAdxotvNmN_YV05am6ts6wLgbbEPubE3I2Z6wwGSNl0AaycX0aAnFy8P8HAQ 

Cleveland Clinic, (2017). Coronary Artery Disease Symptoms. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/cad-symptoms 

Mayo Clinic, (2017). Coronary Heart Disease: Symptoms and Causes. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from  http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronary-artery-disease/symptoms-causes/dxc-20165314 

Southern Cross, (2017). Coronary heart disease - causes, symptoms, prevention. Retrieved April 9, 2017 from  https://www.southerncross.co.nz/group/medical-library/coronary-heart-disease-causes-symptoms-prevention

Personal Health History
Yes (Please list medications and reasons for usage below)

Medication

eason for usage

Tiotropium Breathlessness

Emsam Depression

Are you taking any vitamins or dietary supplements?

Yes (If yes then please list supplements and reasons for usage below)

I am taking Vitamin C through consuming multitude of fruits in order to fight muscle spasms, fatigue, and joint pain.

Do you now, or have you had in the past: Yes No

History of heart problems, chest pain or stroke?

Increased blood pressure?

Any chronic illness or condition?

Do you ever get dizzy, lose your balance or lose consciousness?

Difficulty with physical exercise?

Advice from physician not to exercise?

ecent surgery (last 12 months)?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

No

No

No

History of breathing or lung problems? No

Swollen, stiff, or painful joints? Yes

Foot problems? No

Back problems? Yes

Any significant vision or hearing problems? No

14. Diabetes or thyroid condition? No

15. Cigarette smoking habit? Yes

16. Do you ever drink alcoholic beverages? Yes

17. Increased blood cholesterol? Yes

18. History of heart problems in immediate family? No

19. Hernia, or a…...

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Reference Article

National comprehensive cancer network (NCCN). NCN clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Myeloid growth factors. Version 1. 2006

Its use on those with acute PAH should be performed with caution. The complication rate was observed at 2%
in patients with acute PAH. The use of the procedure was deemed relatively safe for chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Severely ill patients should be subjected to non-invasive imaging method exhaustively before resorting to pulmonary angiography (Hofman et al.).#

ILIOGRAPHY

Albert, Nancy M. Caring for Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension. Nursing:

Springhouse Corporation, May 1999. Retrieved on April 25, 2009 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3689/is_199905/ai_n8846566/?tag=content;col1

adesch, David, et al. Medical Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

131 (6). Chest: American College of Chest Physicians, July 20, 2007. Retrieved on April 25, 2009 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/560041

Flattery, Maureen P. And Kathy M. aker. Evidence for Racial Disparity in Cardiac

Transplantation Survival Rates. Journal of Cultural Diversity: Tucker Publications,

March 22, 2004. Retrieved on April 26, 2009 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m)MJU/is_1_11/ai_n6183827/?tag=content;col1

Hofman, Lawrence V., et al. Safety and Hemodynamic Effects of Pulmonary

Angiography in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension: 10-Year Single-Center

Experience. 183 (3).…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Albert, Nancy M. Caring for Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension. Nursing:

Springhouse Corporation, May 1999. Retrieved on April 25, 2009 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3689/is_199905/ai_n8846566/?tag=content;col1 

Badesch, David, et al. Medical Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

131 (6). Chest: American College of Chest Physicians, July 20, 2007. Retrieved on April 25, 2009 from  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/560041

Broken Heart Syndrome
Cardiovascular Case Study

Broken heart syndrome, otherwise called stress or Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC), represents an adverse physiological response to an acute psychological or physical stressor (Derrick, 2009). The death of a loved one or experiencing a physically traumatic event, represent two examples of life stressors that can cause this reversible form of cardiomyopathy. Although effective treatment is available, the seriousness of the condition is such that it explains how a person can literally die of a broken heart.

TTC Demographics

An estimated 1.2 million people suffered from an myocardial infarction (MI) in 2007 and approximately 1% (Derrick, 2009, p. 50) to 2% (Wittstein, 2012, p. 2) of MI events was probably due to TTC. Women are far more susceptible to TTC than men and represent approximately 89% of all cases (Derrick, 2009, p. 50). This gender bias shifts the estimated prevalence of TTC among female MI patients to between 4.7 and…...

The concept of self-care has never been more important than it is now, when a pandemic has shut down much of the globe and external stressors are unlike anything most people have seen in their lifetimes.  Generally, when people discuss self-care inside the topic of mental health, they are referring to the importance of caregivers engaging in self-care.  This makes it an excellent topic for a narrative essay, because of how narrative essays are structured.

The concept of self-care is an important one. People who are responsible for helping care for those who....

The Health Hazards of Smoking: A Persuasive Essay

Smoking, a prevalent habit worldwide, poses significant threats to human health. The detrimental effects of tobacco use extend beyond the individual smoker, impacting families, communities, and society as a whole. This essay aims to persuade readers about the urgency of addressing the health hazards associated with smoking and advocate for comprehensive measures to reduce its prevalence.

Physical Health Consequences

Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, responsible for over 480,000 deaths annually. Tobacco smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including many known carcinogens. These chemicals damage cells and tissues, increasing the....