Homeland Security Essays (Examples)

Homeland Secuity

Questioning the Legality of the Patiot Act

The Depatment of Homeland Secuity

Afte the Septembe 11 attacks, the United States was, undoubtedly, in a state of fuy, sadness, despeation and geneal tumoil. Ou county's iconic positivity had to be ebuilt, and theats, above eveything else, had to be kept at bay and fa away fom U.S. soil. The State Depatment undetook a numbe of policies to achieve this goal, and one of these policies was instituting a depatment that would be able to shae infomation with both the CIA and the FBI, as well as focus on the things that the two pevious agencies had missed at such a high cost. The Depatment of Homeland Secuity (DHS), as this body was called, would thus be able to not only wok with fellow govenmental institutions, but also monito foeign and domestic theats. Yet, as it often happens, nobody is…

references come from: ACLU Website. (2011). USA Patriot Act. Retrieved from <  http://www.aclu.org/national-security/usa-patriot-act >. DHS Website (2011). USA Patriot Act Fact Sheet. Retrieved from < http://www.dhs.gov/xnews/releases/press_release_0815.shtm>.]

PROS

CONS

Breaking down information is facilitated through breaking down barriers to share information to better protect the country.

This provision is contrary to the requirement set out in the constitution that mandates government to show reasonable suspicion/probable cause for searches and seizures.

Homeland Security

The obligation for homeland security inside the United States became obvious following the terrorist attacks that took place on September 11, 2001. The national debate that followed has concerned an amount of multifaceted and diverse difficulties. The issues linking to homeland security are a lot of the times blurred for the reason that the nation is dealing with a new kind of struggle, a new hazard right on American soil, and a new security idea -- every one of them needing some kind of changes that relates to how we must now protect the United States, its people and our critical structure. The national restructuring for homeland security has been one of the most important and debated subjects of conversation. In comparison, there has not been a lot written about it and plus there has been restrictive talks regarding the state level preparations that have been evolving over…

References:

Brook, D.A. (2008). Civil service reform as national security: The homeland security act of 2002. Public Administration Review, 17(7), 399-407.

Caudle, S. (2013). The balanced scorecard: A strategic tool in implementing homeland security strategies. Homeland Security Affairs,, 43(3), 41-56.

Getha-Taylor, H. (2010). Preparing leaders for high-stakes collaborative action: Darrell darnell and the department of homeland security. Public Administration Review, 9(2), 159.

Link, A.N. (2003). Deploying homeland security technology. Journal of Technology Transfer, 21(8), 363-368.

Homeland Security

The attacks of September 11, 2001 have necessitated a new awareness of the shortcomings of the American security system. It follows that there also arose the need to reassess this security system and to enhance the measures already in place so that the possibility of future attacks can be minimized. The emotions aroused by 9/11 doubtlessly played a large part in allowing the government to use measures that would otherwise appear outrageous, or at the very least an infringement upon the right to privacy. Some of these measures have come under renewed scrutiny, while others have been deemed acceptable.

Homeland security has become more effective in terms of its structure. It is now controlled by a single dominant agency, whereas in the past several agencies controlled its various functions. The advantage of this is that a better chain of command is established, and fewer miscommunications can occur. Security…

Bibliography

Hatch, Orrin G. "Judiciary Statement: 'America After 9/11: Freedom Preserved Or Freedom Lost?'" Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Nov. 18, 2003. http://hatch.senate.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.View&PressRelease_id=215260

O'Brien, Katie. "Preserving America's freedoms: Civil liberties, national security and patriotism one year after." Zephyr, Spring 2002. http://zephyr.unr.edu/091102/911_obrien.html

Russell, Margaret M. "Civil Liberties in the U.S.: Why they matter in a post-9/11 world." Santa Clara University, School of Law. Fall 2003.  http://www.scu.edu/bannancenter/publications/explore/fall03/civilliberties.cfm 

The American Civil Liberties Union. "Civil Liberties after 9/11." 2004. http://www.garynull.com/Documents/ACLU/911_Report.htm

Homeland Security

The needs to be prepared for any disaster or attack constitute the need of standard operating procedures which need to be followed accurately. Standard operating procedures ensure that the right procedures are followed when dealing with any disaster affecting the society. The main purpose of having standard operating procedures is to guarantee that investigations are done in a consistent manner which should be correct. The use of standard operating procedures ensures that the organization collects the relevant information needed for the investigation and files it correctly. Deviations from the standard operating procedure should not be allowed as it leads to inconsistency in the information collected (Haider, 2006).

Emergency response to an explosive device in the university

This is a standard operating procedure for emergency response in the event of an explosive device in the university prepared by the patrol division's commander for excelsior university police department. The document…

References

Haider, S.I. (2006). Validation standard operating procedures: A step-by-step guide for achieving compliance in the pharmaceutical, medical device, and biotech industries. New York: Taylor & Francis.

Maniscalco, P.M., & Christen, H.T. (2011). Homeland security: Principles and practice of terrorism response. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Schnepp, R., International Association of Fire Chiefs., & National Fire Protection Association. (2010). Hazardous materials: Awareness and operations. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

Homeland Security

How is command and control affected by "span of control"?

Command and control refers the actions of a properly designated commander. This commander will then exercise his or her authority over assigned forces in the accomplishment of the mission. This ability to oversee forces is directly related to the span of control, or how many people the commander oversees. If the commander does not have authority over personnel, equipment, communications, etc. then it may adversely affect the mission. Alternately, if command and control has too broad of a span of control, then the effectiveness of the mission may be diluted.

Discuss three issues important when determining the location of the incident command post.

The command post must be easily accessible to the disaster site and have easy access for support vehicles and resupply. It should have a securable perimeter and should be a place where telecommunications are readily…

Homeland Security and U.S. Intelligence

Formation of Department of Homeland Security & U.S. Intelligence on Terrorism

Definition of Intelligence

Rationale for Formation of DHS

Effectiveness of DHS

Importance of Intelligence & Analysts

Research Philosophy

Research Methods & Its Limitations

Data Collection & Analysis

National security has been a major concern for United States in past few decades. However, since 2001, this concern has turn into a serious threat for national security. The given research is performed with the intent of evaluating the effectiveness of Department of Homeland Security in terms of intelligence sharing on terrorism. For this purpose, the study is performed following a predictive form of research. This research methodology is best suited for the researches where the source of data is secondary. For the purpose of this research, the articles from peer reviewed journals and intelligence reports on Department of Homeland Security will be used.

For the purpose…

Bibliography

Best Jr., Richard A. Intelligence and Law Enforcement: Countering Transnational Threats to the U.S. 2001.

Best Jr., Richard A., Alfred Cumming and Todd Masse, CRS Report for Congress- Director of National Intelligence Statutory Authorities: Status and Proposals, 2007.

Department of State, Country Reports on Terrorism 2009, United States Department of State Publication, 2010.

Fiske, Daniel W. Defending the American homeland- Top Priorities For Improving Intelligence And Law Enforcement Capabilities, Intelligence and Law Enforcement.

("Lynchburg Virginia Emergency Operations Plan," 2012)

Elements of Disaster esponse, ecovery, and Incident Command

In the event of a disaster, the City Manager is appointed as the local spokesperson for all issues, events and the coordination of resources. They work directly with the Mayor and the City Council (who sit as an advisory board to the City Manager). In the event that there are any political issues, the Mayor will interact with officials. This is streamlining communication and reducing the overall amounts of confusion. As a result, the incident command is split between the Mayor / City Council and the City Manager. ("Lynchburg Virginia Emergency Operations Plan," 2012)

Professional Accountability

Professional accountability rests with the Mayor serving as a go between for the City Council and City Manager. The City Council has the power of oversight and monitoring for potential abuses as well as where different resources should be utilized.…

References

About Lynchburg. (2012). Lynchburg VA. Retrieved from:  http://www.lynchburgva.gov/Index.aspx?page=14 

Emergency Operations. (2012). Loudoun County. Retrieved from:  http://www.loudoun.gov/index.aspx?NID=729 

Lynchburg Virginia Emergency Operations Plan. (2012). City of Lynchburg. Retrieved from:  http://www.lynchburgva.gov/Index.aspx?page=5248 

Top Secret America. (2012). Washington Post. Retrieved from:  http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top-secret-america/states/virginia/

However, information sharing is not indicative of any overall advancement in counterterrorism activity but is certainly a sign of an expanding bureaucracy. According to David Rittgers, DHS fusion centers do little more than label anyone who is critical of the federal government as a potential terrorist. Rittgers reports that DHS analysts are "labeling broad swaths of the public as a threat to national security."

With the passing of the National Defense Authorization Act, these reports may be seen by the public as potentially disconcerting now that persons deemed as "terrorists" may now be militarily detained without charges or trial. The basic eradication of due process makes the powers, scrutiny, and judgments of the DHS that much more intimidating for citizens already suspicious of tyranny in the federal government.

Today the DHS is focusing its attention ever-increasingly on border patrol. The DHS Press Office stated in February, 2013, that the Obama…

Bibliography

Andreas, Peter. "Redrawing the Line: Borders and Security in the 21st Century,"

International Security, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Fall 2003): 78-111.

Barr, Stephen. "DHS Withdraws Bid to Curb Union Rights," Washington Post. 20 Feb

2008. Web.

Homeland Security Strategies

The United Sates Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Strategic Plan outlines the Department's vision for homeland security as outlined in the Department's Quadrennial Homeland Security eview (QHS). The plan is a unified, strategic framework for homeland security missions and goals. The Bottom-Up eview (BU) compliments efforts to align DHS's programmatic activities and organizational structure to better serve the department's goals and missions. The plan enables the Department to prioritize frontline operations while maximizing the effectiveness and efficiency of the tax payer's money allocated to the Department. The department has five key missions namely: securing the United States from terrorist threats and enhancing security; securing the country's borders; enforcing immigration laws; securing cyberspace; and building resilience to disasters (DHS, 2013). The Department has also made an undertaking to provide essential support to national and economic security, as outlined in the FY 2012-2016, as it matures. This paper gives…

References

DHS, (2007). The National Strategy for Homeland Security. Retrieved July 24, 2013 from http://www.dhs.gov/national-strategy-homeland-security-october-2007

DHS. (2013). Mission. Retrieved July 23, 2013 from http://www.dhs.gov/mission

DHS. (2012). Department of Homeland Security Strategic Plan FY 2012-2016. Retrieved July

23, 2013 from http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/dhs-strategic-plan-fy-2012-2016.pdf

In addition to this, the transportation security administration, customs and boarder protection department, citizenship and immigration services, immigration and customs enforcement, secret service, federal emergency management, and coast guard are part of the Department of Homeland Security (Department of Homeland Security 2008). This organizational structure, while certainly extensive, is rather complex. Although the department has undergone serious transformations since its creation, the Washington Post called it "hampered by severe management and financial problems" in 2005 (Eggen 2005). A specific attack on the Department's organizational structure, the article suggested that the Federal Emergency Management Department was "overburdened" because of its Department of Homeland Security responsibilities (Egen 2005).

As a result of this complex structure, the Department of Homeland Security has taken upon itself duties that were already allocated to other branches of the government and government departments. Some of the duties of the Department include "assessing the nation's vulnerabilities" through information…

References

Bush Signs Homeland Security bill. (2002, November 26). Retrieved January 25, 2009, from CNN. Web Site:  http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/11/25/homeland.security/index.html 

Department of Homeland Security. (2008). Department of Homeland Security Home

Page. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from the Department of Homeland Security. Web site: http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm

Eggen, Dan. (2005, December 29). Homeland Security is Faulted in Audit. Retrieved January 25, 2008, from the Washington Post. Web Site:  

On the other hand, the Department in itself was projected to deal with a large number of aspects surrounding homeland security. The arguments supporting the idea were focused on the principle that the citizens must be protected from foreign threats, such as terrorism, and they must be given the help needed to face the treacheries of nature. In aiming to accomplish the latter, the Federal Emergency Management Directorate was established. Even if it somewhat enables smoother and more effective assistance in case of natural disasters, it merely coordinates the efforts and it does not replace the actions taken at local or state level. Therefore, the decisions taken in crisis situations must pass yet another test and must receive approval from yet another decision making body before action is taken in the areas affected by floods or other natural catastrophes. A similar fact can be presented even in the case of…

References

Carter, a. (n.d.). The architecture of Government in the face of terrorism. Retrieved 17 January 2007, at http://bcsia.ksg.harvard.edu/BCSIA_content/documents/carter_winter_01_02.pdf

Drabek, T. (1990) Emergency Management. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Joseph, B. Macintyre, a.., DeAtley C. (2001). Ambulances to Nowhere: America's Critical Shortfall in Medical Preparedness for Catastrophic Terrorism. BCSIA Discussion Paper 2001-15, ESDP Discussion Paper ESDP-2001-07, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Retrieved 17 January 2007, at  http://www.gwu.edu/~icdrm/publications/Ambulances_to_Nowhere.pdf 

Perry, R., K.J. Tierney, and M.K. Lindell. (2001) Facing the unexpected: disaster preparedness and response in the United States. Washington: Joseph Henry Press.

This is because DHS has maintained that it is established not to work alone in enhancing security and safety of the people but in collaborating with all the U.S. departments and agencies, as long as it uphold the overall vision of the department - to protect and provide security to the people.

Thus, it can be viewed that DHS is logically organized as it provide venues for different governmental and federal agencies to work hand in hand with the department. However, the DHS has its own limitations that may not live up to the science and technology policy. but, if its objectives are attained in an honest and credible manner with an unbiased support from the federal government, there is a greater chance for the department to run for a longer term. Its similarities with the science and technology policy are considerably the most important factor that the federal government…

Works Cited

About OSTP." 2006.  http://www.ostp.gov/html/_whatwedo.html ."

Branscomb, L. "Science, Politics, and U.S. Democracy." 2004. Issues in Science and Technology.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3622/is_200410/ai_n9457074 .

Carafano, J., et. al. "Homeland Security Technology, Global Partnerships, and Winning the Long War." 2006. Backgrounder #1977.  http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/bg1977.cfm .

Directorate for Science and Technology. http://www.dhs.gov/interweb/assetlibrary/DHS_StratPlan_FINAL_spread.pdf.2006.

Homeland Security Act

The terrorist attacks on the orld Trade Center last September 11, 2001 highlighted the growing need to safeguard domestic security. One of the Bush government's responses was the passage of the Homeland Security Act during the 107th Congress. This law provides the Bush government a legal and executive basis to respond to terrorism.

This paper examines some of the effects of and changes that have taken place since the passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002. The first part of the paper looks at how the passage of the law has affected the federal bureaucracy. The second part then looks at the more specific effects of this federal law on the state of Texas. In the last part, the paper examines some of the economic effects the Homeland Security Act of 2002.

Federal law

The most immediate change wrought by the Homeland Security Act of 2002…

Works Cited

ASSE Summary of Homeland Security Act of 2002." ASSE Summary of Homeland Security Act of 2002. 19 December 2002. The American Society. 18 March 2004  http://www.asse.org/govupdate_12-19-02_homeland.htm .

Bush, George. "Homeland Security Presidential Directive/Hspd-7." News releases. December 2003. The White House. 18 March 2004  http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/12/20031217-5.html .

Homeland Security Regulations May Affect Maquilas at Texas-Mexico Border." The Monitor 15 July 2003: 1+15.

Scardaville, Michael. "The Homeland Security Act of 2002: An Analysis." Web Memo. 24 July 2002. The Heritage Organization. 18 March 2004  http://www.heritage.org/Research/HomelandDefense/WM131.cfm .

The challenge for local and state homeland security planning lies with the top-down nature of disaster response and relief and the technologies that are needed in order for adequate response to become possible. As authors Schafer, Carroll, Haynes, and Abrams (2008) write,

"Emergencies often have causes and effects that are global. However, emergencies are also inherently local: They occur in a particular place and point in time. While it is critical for governments and society to better organize emergency management top-down, it is also important to become more aware of local community-level values, planning, involvement, knowledge, and skill. Local communities plan collaboratively for potential emergencies of varying scales."

This means that the federal government, though ultimately responsible for the state and local planning, must take a secondary or passive role in the planning at these lower levels due to the fact that the federal government is not equipped with the…

References

Christopher, K.E.; Frye, D.E.; and Reissman, S.G. (2010). "Domestic federal interagency planning: meeting a homeland security need." Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 7, 10-17.

Collier, S.J. And Lakoff, A. (2008) "Distributed preparedness: the spatial logic of domestic security in the United States." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26, 7 -- 28.

Duncan, D.R., Gribko, J.R., Kolschina, R., and Lee, M.T. (2009). "Modeling,

simulation, and analysis for state and local emergency planning and response: concept of operations." Final Report for Logistics Management Institution (LMI), McLean, VA.

This goal is one that illustrates how accurate the statement by Charlie Allen, former Undersecretary of Intelligence and Analysis of the DHS is. The fourth goal of the DHS is to focus on mitigating and preventing attacks against the Homeland with specific focus on systems, facilities and individuals protected by the DHS Stakeholder Community. This goal is achieved through the use of an extensive framework created specifically for monitoring and defining deterrence to threats through the use of analytics and predictive modeling (Raghu, Ramesh, Whinston (2005), pp. 310, 311). The fifth goal is to serve Stakeholders throughout the intelligence, defense and law enforcement communities of the United States in addition to managing Stakeholder information requirements. The sixth goal is one that continues to be the leas quantifiable and the most important, which is the culture of the agency (Hyong (2003), pp. 55, 56). This goal centers creating a culture of…

Bibliography

Raghu, T.S., R. Ramesh, and Andrew B. Whinston. "Addressing the Homeland Security Problem: A Collaborative Decision-Making Framework." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 56, no. 3 (2005): 310-24.

Yi, Hyong. "Building a Department of Homeland Security: The Management Theory." Public Manager 32, no. 1 (2003): 55 -- 60.

Homeland Security

The Department of Homeland Security: the National Terrorism Advisory System vs. The Homeland Security Advisory System

In the aftermath of the September 11th, 2001 attacks, a complete review of America's counter-terrorism operations took place. hat was seen as the fault in U.S. intelligence to predict the 9/11 attacks was a severe lack of information sharing between U.S. intelligence agencies, and the lack of protocol in the event of future terrorist attacks. Thus, the Department of Homeland Security was created in an attempt to bring together the informational capabilities of the various U.S. agencies working on counter-terrorism, with a command structure that penetrates the entire U.S. law enforcement system. The DHS quickly instituted its first recommendations on March 12, 2002, with the creation of the Homeland Security Advisory System (HSAS), based on a colored threat scale from green to red, and protocol to be followed nationwide in accordance to…

Works Cited

"Chronology of Changes to the Homeland Security Advisory System." DHS. Web. 24 Mar. 2012. .

Mathes, Michael. "AFP: New U.S. Terror Alert System Replaces Color Code." Google News. Web. 24 Mar. 2012. .

Homeland security-Boston Bombing

The Boston Bombing in relation to homeland security

Following the various hearings after the 9/11 bombings, one factor that came out clear to all Americans, from the technical people to the lay people is that one single most aspect that resulted in the success of the terrorist attack was lack of a seamless communication among the various security agencies and departments and not the lack of information. This was a scene that was replayed in the recent Boston Marathon bombing where three people lost their lives as 260 others maimed to amputation levels (Larry B., 2013).

Tamerlan Tsarnaev who was 26 and his brother Dzhokhar who was 19 years old have been held responsible so far in the bombings at Boston. They coordinated to have explosive devices planted among the crowds that were at the finish line and successfully did so. Hours later Tamerlan was shot dead…

References

Barry G. (2013). FBI, Homeland Security withheld information on Boston bombing suspects from local, state police. Retrieved July 20, 2013 from  http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/05/11/bomb-m11.html 

Larry B., (2013). Boston bombing refocuses attention on homeland security. USA Today May 2, 2013. Retrieved July 20, 2013 from  http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/05/02/minnesota-homeland-security-funding/2130441/ 

Remal G., (2013). Homeland Security chair: FBI not cooperating with Boston Bombing Probe. Retrieved July 20, 2013 from  http://www.redicecreations.com/article.php?id=26052

Homeland Security

In 1945, the United States put a final and definitive end to World War II when it used two atomic bombs on Japan, forcing their surrender. At that time the entire world learned of the terrible potential of weapons of mass destruction. Unfortunately, as the major nations have backed away from weapons of mass destruction (WWD), terrorist organizations have sought to acquire them. Worse, technological advances have made it possible for to be constructed on a small enough scale that they could feasibly be smuggled anywhere in the world.

We have seen isolated use of such weapons. Terrorists released the nerve gas Sarin into a Tokyo subway some years ago, anthrax was used in the United States with the Postal Service as the delivery method, and al-Qaeda killed thousands in 2001 by flying fuel-laden passenger planes into buildings (Quillen, 2002). The last event in particular demonstrated that some…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bunn, Matthew. 2005. "Preventing a nuclear 9/11: presidential leadership is the key to accelerating progress on securing nuclear weapons and materials." Issues in Science and Technology, January.

Joyner, Christopher C. 2002. "Violence in the Middle East." World and I (17), July.

Levi, Michael A. 2005. "Averting Nuclear Terrorism." Congressional Testimony, April 14.

Laqueur, Walter. 2004. "The Terrorism to Come." Policy Review (126).

They were mostly former soldiers from Iraq, called in to help with the relief ops. Those supporting the use of the National Guard in these types of actions point out that "the National Guard already has a significant emergency response capability and the Constitution of the United States establishes the authority to employ the National Guard in significant and leading domestic roles against terrorism." (Oates, 2002) on the other hand, however, it can be said that the part time soldiers are stretched beyond their limits and are sometimes forced to work to exhaustion in order to achieve the task they were called in for. This can lead to poor performances, which in turn may cost lives. According to a study conducted in the Atlanta metropolitan area, "among 16 fire departments, an average of 22.2% of employees holds two or more public safety positions. Moreover, a significant percentage of the public…

References

Anderson, W. (2005) Katrina and the Never-Ending Scandal of State Management. Retrieved 17 January 2007, at  http://www.mises.org/story/1909 

Associated Press. (2006). Post Katrina analysis shows persistent FEMA flaws. FoxNews.com. Retrieved 18 January 2007, at  http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,190338,00.html 

Brown, D.M. (2005). Hurricane Katrina: The First Seven Days of America's Worst Natural Disaster. New York: Lulu Press.

CNN. (2005). Katrina hits Florida: 3 dead; 1 million in dark. CNN website. Retrieved 17 January 2007, at  http://www.cnn.com/2005/WEATHER/08/25/tropical.storm/index.html

Homeland Security and Criminal Justice Administration

OSEC and site security

Importance of personal accountability at scene of incident

ersonnel accountability mechanisms are the most important in any rescue operations to ensure that rescuers strive to protect themselves and mandatory at emergency scenes. Moreover, this system helps track the rescuers' identification, their role and location during emergency. It also ensures only authorized personnel who are trained and have been provided with specific instruction are operating within the scene of the incident. In most cases, these systems employ the use of badges, lists, tags, use of bar code readers and radio frequency identification (IAFC & NFA, 2009). Electronically-based systems, such as bar codes and RFIDs, are more often capable of relaying real-time information that can be transmitted to several stations at the same time providing more efficient monitoring and evaluation.

All rescuers in any rescue mission are responsible and accountable for their…

Preparation for a chemical attack

An attack of chemical nature is the deliberate release of toxic chemicals such as gases, solids and liquids so as to harm people and the surrounding environment. With the current world trends and terrorist actions has prompted a need for preparedness by the relevant authorities so as to handle adequately such a situation in the event that it occurs. In most cases, the effect of a chemical attack could be very devastating in comparison with other natural and pandemic disasters experienced in the past. Due to this revelation, it appears appropriate to take preventive measures and try to prepare adequately for it (Tucker, 1999).

The medical arena in particular needs to be prepared for three general categories of possible chemical attacks. The first category involves those chemicals that affect the exposed victims immediately or within a short span and its effects can easily be linked to the type of chemical. The second category may involve a chemical substance that may take time to show symptoms in the exposed individual and therefore is able to spread to a wide population before the victims realize they have been exposed. Finally, if a chemical substance can be linked to a specific terror group, then the medical practitioners will act as surveillance and alert the proper authorities once they link the chemical to a particular terrorist. In lieu with this, the CDC now keeps a database with a list of the most likely biological and

This leads the cycle back into the original planning stage as the new and improved plan can be put into practice.

Question #2

The United States Department of Justice has created a website called "COPS: Community Oriented Policing Services" in order to advance "the practice of community policing in America's state, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies." ( "COPS: Community Oriented") There are three aspects of Community Policing which the Department of Justice promotes: Community Partnerships, Organizational Transformation, and Problem Solving. The COPS program also organizes conferences, grants and funding for improvements and technical assistance, as well as courses for local police officers to learn the most advanced techniques in community policing. Community Policing is one of the police organizations and operations listed in chapter 3 of Kenneth Peak's book entitled Justice Administration. (Peak, 2007) the Department of Justice's COPS website is the official site for the DOJ's office that…

Retrieved from  http://www.mass.gov/perac/disability/municipalpoliceofficers.pdf 

Peak Kenneth. (2007). Justice Administration: Police, Courts, and Corrections

Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Print.

Introduction
Homeland Security is tasked with the responsibility of safeguarding the US from threats, both foreign and domestic. In the age of technological revolution unseen and unrivaled in any previous era of human history, digital surveillance is both more commonly accepted and viewed suspiciously by people who use cell phones, the Internet, social media, or even vehicles where GPS tracking systems are built-in. Many people allow Google, a public company, to monitor their movements and track where they have been, while others turn off Google tracking and use private networks because they want to maintain their privacy in the age in of digital technological intrusion and mass surveillance. The question that the Supreme Court raised but did not answer directly in United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. (2012) was what constituted a reasonable expectation of privacy in the digitalized world. Did using a GPS tracking device without a warrant constitute…

References
Athan Theoharis, Richard H. (2006). The Central Intelligence Agency: Security Under Scrutiny. Greenwood Publishing Group
DHS. (2018). Centralized area video surveillance. Retrieved from  https://www.dhs.gov/publication/centralized-area-video-surveillance-system 
DHS. (2020). Mobile surveillance capability. Retrieved from  https://www.dhs.gov/taxonomy/term/3557/all/feed 
Epic. (2012). Patriot Act extension. Retrieved from  https://epic.org/privacy/terrorism/usapatriot/extension/ 
Johnson, C. (2012). FBI Still Struggling With Supreme Court's GPS Ruling. Retrieved from  https://www.npr.org/2012/03/21/149011887/fbi-still-struggling-with-supreme-courts-gps-ruling 
Schad, M. (1967). Police Liability for Invasion of Privacy. Clev.-Marshall L. Rev., 16, 428.
United States v. Jones. (2012). Retrieved from  https://www.oyez.org/cases/2011/10-1259 

Introduction
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) arose from the ashes of the Twin Towers on 9/11 as the federal government’s response to the threat of terror. That threat has been represented in a number of incarnations: the Saudi hijackers, Al-Qaeda, Saddam Hussein, Gaddafi, Assad, ISIS, and so on. Today, with ISIS being acknowledged as largely defeated in the Middle East, the new security threat that the U.S. faces is unclear (Cronin, 2015) and the old security threats—the specter of terrorism that continues to rear its head both abroad and domestically—appear to have shifted into new forms. In an ironic twist, Americans themselves appear to be more like homegrown terrorists in their attacks on fellow citizens, whether these attacks are conducted at schools or at social venues where crowds gather for enjoyment. Terrorism and mass killing appears to be the new chosen method of expressing one’s own personal jihad on…

References
Atkinson, J. (2005). Towards an understanding about complexities of alternative media: Portrayals of power in alternative media. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 6(1), 77-84.
Brittain, V. (2016). The Counterterrorism Industry. The Political Quarterly, 87(4), 609-611.
Bush, G. (2001). Address to joint session of Congress. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript/
Coletta, G. (2018). Politicising intelligence: what went wrong with the UK and US assessments on Iraqi WMD in 2002. Journal of Intelligence History, 17(1), 65-78.
Cronin, A. K. (2015). ISIS is not a terrorist group: why counterterrorism won\\'t stop the latest jihadist threat. Foreign Affairs, 94, 87-98.
Department of Homeland Security. (2018). Retrieved from http://www.allgov.com/departments/department-of-homeland-security?detailsDepartmentID=571
Ganderton, P. T., Brookshire, D. S., & Bernknopf, R. L. (2004). Improving the Homeland Security Advisory System: an experimental analysis of threat communication for national security. In The Economic Impacts of Terrorist Attacks, ed. James Elliott Moore.
Gunlock, J. (2009). IWF Policy Brief. Retrieved from http://www.iwf.org/files/b0bb665d576c219e1d5549450fcdaa7b.pdf

Abstract

The Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 as a response to September 11. The goal of the creation of the new department was to centralize all decision-making authority under the rubric of homeland security, ensuring a common mission and philosophy for all the departments that come under the rubric of the Department of Homeland Security. The organizational structure of the DHS perfectly reflects its overall mission, goals, and culture.
Introduction
Created in the aftermath of September 11, with the goal of centralizing national security procedures and protocols for maximum efficiency, the Department of Homeland Security comprises several previously independent or disparate government organizations. The mission of the Department of Homeland Security is “to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards,” (DHS “Our Mission,” 2016). For example, customs and border security are housed under the rubric of the Department of Homeland…

References

Council on Foreign Relations (2006). Department of homeland security
Department of Homeland Security (n.d.). About DHS. Retrieved online: https://www.dhs.gov/about-dhs
Department of Homeland Security (2016). Our mission. Retrieved online: https://www.dhs.gov/our-missionhttps://www.dhs.gov/our-mission
Department of Homeland Security (n.d.). Organizational chart. Retrieved online: https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Public%20Org%20Charts%202017.08.15.pdf
Kettl, D.F. (2003). Contingent coordination. The American Review of Public Administration 33(3):253-277.
“Outline Organizational Structure and Design,” (n.d.). Retrieved online:  https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjlx4yh8dLWAhUP7GMKHWmWCn8QFggqMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhsu.edu%2FPortals%2F78%2FBADM%2520360%2520Ch.%25208%2520 (Not%2520Texts).ppt&usg=AOvVaw2PVbcoiRCE5WLeUMnMD3hr
Wise, C.R. (2006). Organizing for homeland security after Katrina. Public Administration Review 66(3): 302-318.

Section I: Introduction

The formation of the Department of Homeland Security after September 11 was an organizational and administrative response to the failure of the intelligence community to mitigate the attack. Although it predated the 9/11 Commission, the Department of Homeland Security benefitted from the results of the 9/11 Commission report, which advised a stronger information sharing culture in the intelligence community. It has been assumed that intelligence sharing under an umbrella organization will prevent future attacks, facilitate intelligence gathering, and enable the formation of trans-national intelligence communities that can more effectively respond to the threat of non-state actors. On the other hand, research has not uniformly shown the Department of Homeland Security to be effective. The Department of Homeland Security has led to major changes in the role and function of law enforcement. Whether these changes are predicted to be positive in terms of achieving national security goals is…

References
Brodeur, Jean-Paul, 2007, “High and Low Policing in Post-9/11 Times.” Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, Volume 1, Issue 1, 1 January 2007, Pages 25–37, https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pam002
DeBruijn, Hans, 2006. “One Fight, One Team.” Public Administration, Vol. 84, Issue 2, June 2006, pp. 267-287.
Marks, Daniel E. and Ivan Y. Sun, 2007, “The Impact of 9/11 on Organizational Development Among State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 159-173.
Parker, Charles F. and Erik K. Stern. “Blindsided? September 11 and the Origins of Strategic Surprise.” Political Psychology, Vol. 23, Issue 3, Sept 2002, pp. 601-630.
Tierney, Kathleen, 2003. “Disaster Beliefs and Institutional Interests.” In Lee Clark (Ed.) Terrorism and Disaster: New Threats, New Ideas. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.33 – 51.

Global Influence and the Challenges Facing Leaders in Homeland Security
Annotated Bibliography
Berger, L. (2014). Foreign policies or culture. Journal of Peace Research, 51(6): 782-796.
This study uses survey method to obtain data of the world’s three largest Muslim-majority nations in the world. The purpose of the study is to challenge conventional thinking in terms of what factors impact the public opinions of Muslims regarding political violence aimed at the U.S. The survey categorizes violence by distinguishing between violence towards civilians and violence towards military targets. Independent variables are identified that enable the researcher to also distinguish surveyors’ views on U.S. foreign policy as opposed to simply U.S. culture. The study analyzes the data using logistic regression models and finds that Egypt, Pakistan and Indonesia all have perceptions of U.S. policies relating to the Middle East (and the region’s oil), Israel, and an overall aim on the part of the…

bibliography must consist of five or six articles from peer-reviewed journals . Each annotation must be clear and concise descriptions of the articles in terms of the point of the article, research method the study used and other information that indicate that serious library research resulted in the selection of these articles..

National borders are far from arbitrary; they are important demarcations between one sovereign state and another. The foundation of national sovereignty depends on each nation protecting its own border, to achieve its own homeland security goals. In the United States, homeland security goals center on protecting the nation from foreign and domestic threats. To protect the nation from threats, it is essential to prevent would-be terrorists and criminals from entering, and also to prevent hazardous goods from crossing the border. Border security prevents the illegal flow of people, and therefore protects the world from human trafficking, illegal weapons trafficking, and drug trafficking. Preventing contraband from coming in is just one of many roles the border protection services provide in the interest of homeland security. One of the functions of border patrol is the maintenance of the nation’s domestic and foreign economic policy, essentially ensuring that all goods that enter the…

References

“Border Security,” (n.d.). U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Retrieved online: https://www.cbp.gov/border-security
“Border Security Overview,” (n.d.). Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved online: https://www.dhs.gov/border-security-overview
Bullock, J.A., Haddow, G.D. & Coppola, D.P. (2013). Homeland Security: The Essentials. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier.
Caldwell, L.A. (2016). The U.S. already spends billions on border security. NBC News. Retrieved online:  http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2016-election/trump-s-wall-would-add-billions-u-s-spends-border-n640251 


 

Introduction
The maritime industry is increasingly moving towards the adoption of systems that rely heavily on digitization, automation, and integration (Hayes, 2016). The extensive use of advanced technological solutions in the maritime industry is driven by the urgent need to maintain the industry in sync with all other industries that seem to have a step forward in adopting technological solutions. As a result of this growth and development in technological solutions, the security of data and other sensitive information has increasingly become a huge concern for the industry (Bueger, 2015). Cybersecurity has become a priority for the maritime industry. With many of the operational and critical system having already been digitized, automated, and integrated, the concern has now shifted to how entities within the maritime industry should implement appropriate procedures and policies to respond to cybersecurity incidents effectively.
Background
Cybersecurity refers to the ability of entities to prepare for possible…

Beginning in October of 2005, organizational arrangements for emergency management functions on a federal level were put into place, in the reorganization begun by Secretary Chertoff.

Pros and Cons about the Homeland Security Program

There are good things about the Homeland Security Program in the U.S. A list of positives would include the fact that some safeguards must be implemented in order to keep the country safe. Local and national law enforcement efforts to this effect might keep thousands or millions of people in the U.S. from being wounded or killed. Counterintelligence efforts, legal or otherwise have turned up some plots by terrorists to wreak havoc, though the equal potential for abusing this privilege is omnipresent. Likewise, the prosecution of terrorists has instilled an awareness and deterrence of like crimes, though the potential for abuse has been raised as a legal issue. The people have come to rely on the…

References

Center for Defense Information. (2001). Organization for Homeland Security: issues and options. CDI Terrorism Project. 21 Dec 2001. Retrieved April 29, 2008 at  http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/homelandsecurity.cfm .

Committee on Homeland Security. (2007). Homeland Security failures: TWIC examined. U.S. House of Representatives. 31 Oct 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2008 at  http://homeland.house.gov/hearings/index.asp?ID=98 .

Grant, a. (2007). Remarks at the 2007 Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism Law Enforcement Conference. U.S. Department of State. 15 Jun 2007.

Hall, M. (2004). Ex-official tells of Homeland Security failures. U.S.A. Today. 12 Dec 2004.

Homeland Security and Information Technology

Security and Technology

iometrics

Cyberterrorism

Geospatial Information System

The 9/11 bombing of the World Trade Center raised the awareness of the American public relative to the need for increased national security. The agency that is in the forefront of providing this security is the Department of Homeland Security. This agency is responsible for a broad range of security issues and, as a result, is confronted with a wide range of technological needs. The agency is forced to confront individuals and organizations who have availability to the latest technological innovations available on the market and the Department of Homeland Security must not only be prepared to confront the latest technology it must also anticipate future innovations.

Security and Technology

In today's world dominated by technology possessing information is even more important than it once was. The old adage is that information is power and the adage…

Bibliography

Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). Cybercrime. Retrieved March 3, 2011, from The FBI:  http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/investigate/cyber/cyber 

Goodchild, M.F. (2010). Twenty years of progress: GI Science in 2010. Journal of Spatial Information Science, 3-20.

John D. Woodward, N.M. (2002). Biometrics: Identity Assurance in the Information Age. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media.

Jussi, P. (2007). Digital Contagions: A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses. New York: Peter Lang.

At the same time, officials report an uptick in corruption-related investigations. Since October 2004, 136 Customs and Border Protection employees have been indicted on or convicted of corruption-related charges." (Becker, p. 1)

And on a broader institutional level, there is significant evidence that DHS, constructed to respond to threats of terrorism, has been used to justify the use of military and federal resources for preventing immigration along our shared border with Mexico. According to Sols (2010), "Through Sept. 7 this fiscal year, 176,736 criminal immigrants have been removed from the U.S. By Immigration and Customs Enforcement. That surpasses the total for all of last year, when 136,343 were removed." (Sols, p. 1) These figures suggest that Homeland Security's focus is highly susceptible to the political pressures of the time as opposed to the prevention of potentially catastrophic terrorist attacks.

Beyond this, because DHS is so generally unaccountable, it possesses an…

Works Cited:

Becker, a. (2012). Homeland Security Office Accused of Faking Reports on Internal Investigations. Huffington Post.

Cordes, J.J.; Yezer, a.; Young, G.; Foreman, M.C. & Kirschner, C. (2006). Estimating Economic Impacts of Homeland Security Measures. George Washington Institute of Public Policy.

Martinez, C. (2008). Homeland Security's new border-crossing rules prompt concern over economic impact. The Monitor.

Sols, D. (2010). Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano: Focus is on criminal immigrants. Dallas News.

National Incident Management System:

NIMS has been designed with the sole purpose of integrating emergency practices on all levels of government. These practices include mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery and NIMS provides the single platform where all these practices would merge in order to better respond to national terrorist crises. The strengths of the program are:

1. It provides standards for organizational structures, processes and procedures

2. It also offers standards for planning, training and exercising of emergency practices

3. It integrates technologies such as voice and data communication systems, information systems and data display systems (Bullock, p. 53)

Weaknesses

1. extensive training required to understand the system properly

2. not enough trained individuals available who can handle the complexities of NIMS

3. NIMS is dependent on NP for effective utilization of its capabilities and for its final success

National esponse Plan

With the help of NIMS, NP provides a…

References

Jane Bullock, George Haddow. Introduction to Homeland Security, Second Edition (Butterworth-Heinemann Homeland Security) Butterworth-Heinemann; 2 edition (April 13, 2006)

Homeland Security and Preparedness, esponse, Activities and Programs in Disaster esponse or Disaster ecovery

The focus of this study is the homeland security issue as it relates to the preparedness of the U.S.A. government and citizens in response to the emergencies that may emerge.

The research question in this study is one that asks in light of the past disasters experienced by the United States such as the events of September 11, 2001, and Hurricane Katrina among others, are the emergency response agencies and the law enforcement agencies in a better position to handle disasters from preparation to response and ultimately recovery effectively in the event of disasters or terrorist attacks?

Significance

The significance of the research in this study is that the effectiveness of the preparedness of Homeland Security initiatives should be addressed as it is not possible to know where and when disaster will next strike and the…

References

Bowman, M.E. (2007) Law Enforcement Technology Intelligence, and the War on Terror. JFQ. Issue 46, 3rd Quarter 2007. Retrieved from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9dfc7c9b-537f-44b9-a461-ed45b8fa1a76%40sessionmgr12&vid=1&hid=11

Central Intelligence Agency, (2011). About CIA. Retrieved June 30, 2012 from Cowper, TJ and Buerger, ME (nd) Improving Our View of the World: Police and Augmented Reality Technology. Retrieved from:  http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/police-augmented-reality-technology-pdf 

Edwards, John B. (2012) Intelligence Led Policing Connecting Urban and Rural Operations. Retrieved from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=1afefbff-3d5c-4282-bcda-00e357218031%40sessionmgr11&vid=1&hid=12

from http://www.dhs.gov/files/prepresprecovery.shtm

They have also provided intelligent analysis to state, federal and local law enforcers promoting competency and improved support missions in and out of the United States. Navy and marine corps have participated in multi- service working groups to ensure to update and produce multi- service CRNE defense.

CRNE is also incorporated into air command, where the training is incorporated into courses; the instruction in the course includes instructions addressing the use of airlift and aerial re-fuelling assets in CRNE contaminated environments. General accounting has also responded to CRNE readiness and training assessment; where the secretary for defense recommended that current CRNE medical services should be reviewed. The review will promote tri- service CRNE training program which shall meet the standards of CRNE. Tri- service standards of procedure includes; recognition, detection, decontamination, forces protection and incident response.

Homeland department focuses on deterring and defeating direct attacks in the U.S., supporting civil…

Bibliography

Department of Defense Chemical Biological Defense Program Annual Report. Atlanta: DIANE, 2005.

Punaro, a. Commission on the National Guard Reserves. Atlanta: DIANE, 2008.

The Need for a Policy Framework to Develop Disaster Resilient Regions. Journal of Homeland Security Emergency Management 2005.

Department of Defense Chemical Biological Defense Program Annual Report (Atlanta: DIANE, 2005).

Homeland Security

The first problem identified by Dr. Lowenthal in his YouTube interview is that traditionally the U.S. has conducted domestic intelligence and foreign intelligence, but it wasn't until the September 11th, 2001 attacks that the U.S. became increasingly concerned with Homeland Security. Since this is a rather new development, the definition and scope of Homeland Security is still being worked out. Currently there are many different ideas about what constitutes Homeland Security and what should be included in its objectives.

Integration is another challenge for Homeland Security. This described as fixing the airplane while it is flying. That is, Homeland Security has to design processes and procedures on the fly to ensure that the country is safe. They must adapt to changing threats all the while trying to build an infrastructure on the state and local levels. Many areas face significantly different types of threats. Some regions might fear…

It provides the starling figure that private industry spends $150 billion dollars fighting the war on terror.

More money has been made available to entrepreneurs to address computer security demands, and the government has found itself in a kind of game of catch-up, often mimicking the security protocols already installed in businesses across the globe. here is 'big money' to be made, profiting off of the federal government's need to fight the war on terror on a variety of new fronts, suggests the author, as the government contracts R&D in the private sector. Although the article is told from an undeniably 'pro- business' slant, despite its inclusion in a journal of international affairs, it is also an important reminder that the war on terror is fought on a variety of 'fronts,' including that of industry, and that the development of new technology is a vital component to the nation's homeland…

The U.S. 9/11 Commission on Border Control." (Sep., 2004). Population and Development Review, 30, 3. 569-574.

Border security is one of the most critical and passionately debated issues in the question of how best to fight the war on terror. Before 9/11, border security was primarily seen as an issue of stemming drug trafficking and illegal immigration, not one of fighting terrorism. This reprint of a commission report on border control contains the surprising fact that as many as 15 of the 19 hijackers could have been intercepted by border authorities and better monitoring of travel documents and travel patterns ("The U.S. 9/11 Commission on Border Control," 2004: 571).

However, the article advances a controversial recommendation, namely that Americans should not be exempt from carrying biometric passports and to ensure that certain individuals are screened with greater care, frequent travelers should be able to enroll in prescreening programs, for 'fast' check-ins at the airports. Although some of these programs have begun to be instated at most major airports, their fairness and security is still in dispute. Regardless of whether one agrees with the article, however, it is a portrait of how the U.S. government views border security and how it thinks it best to fight terrorism through screening measures. Thus it can be useful to read, to gain insight into how the government views it must protect our borders, and where technology to screen passengers should progress in the future.

And it does this by conducting investigations and enforcing laws that deal with public health, order, and decency.

"Morals" and "decency" are not words one would expect to see in the core values of a secular institution like a police department, but they are definitely in line with the stated core beliefs of SLU. As stated previously, SLU has it basis in a strong Catholic ideology, which is permeated with morality and decency. Catholic teachings, which are at the center of the core values of SLU, teach a person to be a moral individual who acts with decency. While maintaining the core values of maintaining excellence, respecting the law, protecting communities, and acting with integrity, the Lubbock Police Department does not forget to maintain a code of moral conduct that also expects society to act within the norms of decency.

One of the causes of the failure of the United…

References

Casteel, Philip. (2011, Feb. 24). "Mayor Reacts to Terrorist Arrest in Lubbock." KCBD

Webpage. Retrieved from  http://www.kcbd.com/story/14136417/mayor-reactas-to-terrorist-arest-in-lubbock?redirected=true 

"Core Values." (n.d.) St. Leo University Webpage. Retrieved from  http://www.saintleo.edu/About-SLU/Florida-Catholic-University 

"Lubbock Police Department swears in 13 New Officers." (2011, Sept. 9). Lubbock

S. faced during the Cold ar. And unlike in environmental and health issues, the debate on homeland security is one-sided, almost bi-partisan, both conservatives and liberals calling for gigantic security budget for homeland security and anti-terrorist activities. Friedman explains, "[b]oth parties see political reward in preaching danger. The massive U.S. national security establishment relies on a sense of threat to stay in business" ("The Terrible 'Ifs'" 38). The stakeholders financially benefitting from the colossal homeland security budget are allied with leaders of both political camps and thus are interested in perpetuating fear.

This is not, of course, to suggest that the Department of Homeland Security is unnecessary, or that there is no terrorist threat directed against the United States. The fact that terrorists were unable to strike at the United States in the American soil suggests that the law enforcement agencies have been successful in thwarting terrorist plots. It would…

Works Cited

Friedman, Benjamin. "HOMELAND SECURITY." Foreign Policy 149 (2005): 22-28. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Feb. 2011.

Friedman, Benjamin. "The Terrible 'If.'" Regulation 30.4 (2008): 32-40.

Light, Paul. "The Homeland Security Hash." Wilson Quarterly 31.2 (2007): 36-44. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 20 Feb. 2011.

Niskanen, William a., "The Several Costs of Responding to the Threat of Terrorism," Public Choice 128 (2006): 351-356.

Homeland Security and Justice Administration

In this paper, we are going to be studying the impact of the relationship between: an emergency operations plan (EOP) with a real time incident action plan (IAP). This will be accomplished by focusing on: the strategies that can be used by first responders and the relationship between an EOP in comparison with an IAP. Once this takes place, is when we provide specific insights as to how these areas can address the challenges that are impacting different stakeholders.

Over the last several years, the issue of first responders in dealing with terrorist related events has been increasingly brought to the forefront. This is because they are expected to go into areas where they may have to save lives. Yet, they are also must preserve evidence and protect any kind of possible crime scene. This is illustrating the constant amounts of planning and training that…

References

Emergency Operations Plan. (2011). Rollins University. Retrieved from:  http://www.rollins.edu/safety/documents/EOPRev03122012.pdf 

FEMA Incident Action Planning Guide. (2012). FEMA. Retrieved from:  http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/nsarc/FEMA%20Incident%20Action%20Planning%20Guide%20 (IAP).pdf

Bennett, G. (2010). Cross Training for First Responders. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Kirkorian, M. (2007). Are Immigrants a Homeland Security Risk? CFR. Retrieved from:  http://www.cfr.org/immigration/immigrants-homeland-security-risk/p14660

Homeland Security / Constitutional Issues

Civil Liberties: These are fundamental freedoms interpreted by policymakers and courts over the years or assured by the Constitutional Bill of ights (Pearcy, 2003-2016).

Bill of ights: This is an official statement of American citizens' fundamental rights, integrated into the U.S. Constitution in the form of ten Amendments, as well as into the constitutions of all states (Bill of rights, n.d.).

Thought Police: This denotes a cluster of individuals holding totalitarian views regarding a particular subject, and who continuously keep an eye on others for noting any deviations from the way of thinking approved (Thought Police, n.d.).

Thought Crime: This refers to a case of controversial or unconventional thinking, which is regarded as socially unacceptable or as a crime (Oxford Dictionaries, 2016).

Big Brother: A 'big brother' is an ever-present, apparently benevolent personage who represents the tyrannical control over the lives of individuals as exerted…

References

Bill of rights. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved May 21, 2016 from  http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bill-of-rights 

IndiaAllouche. (2012). 1984 Dystopian Society. Writing About Literature. Retrieved May 21, 2016 from http://12fwritingaboutliterature.blogspot.in/2012/10/1984-dystopian-society.html

Nolo. (2016). Appeals and the Writ of Habeas Corpus FAQ. Retrieved May 21, 2016 from  http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/appeals-writ-habeas-corpus-faq-29096-5.html 

Oxford Dictionaries. (2016). Thought Crime. Retrieved May 21, 2016 from  http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/thoughtcrime

Evolution of the Incident Command System (ICS)

Out of concern for the lack of a uniform protocol for emergency management, the concept of the Incident Command System (ICS) was developed in combined effort by Federal, State, and local governments during the 1970s (Dudfield, 2008, p. 31). This system was developed in response to the catastrophic wildfires that occurred during 1970 in South California by fire agencies at the federal, state, and local levels (Cardwell, 2000, p. 10). The intent of ICS is to provide an organizational structure to use to coordinate response efforts to incidents of any scope ranging from minor to large-scale incidents such as natural disasters, fires, accidents, or attacks. The original ICS system has evolved into what is known today as the National Incident Management System (NIMS) that still utilizes the tenets of ICS.

According to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA),

ICS is a standardized, on-scene,…

Works Cited

Beckering, D. (2005). National Incident Management System (NIMS) Update. Minnesota Fire Chief, 41(3), 20.  http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip , uid&db=f5h&AN=16261367&site=ehost-live

Cardwell, M.D. (2000). Nationwide Application of the Incident Command System. (cover story). FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 69(10), 10.

Terrorism as defined by the FBI is the illegal use of force against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing a government. It is always done to further political or social objectives. Further, according to FMA, there are three elements that constitute terrorism:

(1) Terrorist activities are illegal and involve the use of force. (2) The actions are intended to intimidate or coerce. (3) The actions are committed in support of political or social objectives. (FMA-SS) www.mema.domestic-preparedness.net/glossary.html

Many consider the cultural differences between law enforcement and the fire service to be based in training and training philosophy. According to Dan Jones, editor of Rescue Magazine, "Police officers are taught to function primarily on their own, but firefighters are taught to act as part of a team. It's a little like comparing tennis players to basketball players." Further, the philosophy of fire service personnel is basically one of…

ESF #3 -- Public Works and Engineering

ESF #4 -- Firefighting

ESF #5 -- Information and Planning Energyhttp://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/frp/frpesf.htm FEMA

limitations and capabilities of intelligence for corroborating homeland security efforts?

Sharing of intelligence and extensive threat analysis

There are quite many intelligent agencies working round the clock analyzing the data yet no single agency is working on analyzing the incoming data regarding terrorism in United States of America. No agency is presently working to gather intelligence and look for trends (DHS, 2002). Under the United States' president, a new department was formed which analyzed the data taken from government reserves such as DOE, DEA, INS, FBI, NSA, CIA and DOT along with public records. The department has the task of looking for trends keeping the big picture in mind. It is ready all-the-time to counter any probable terrorist activity underway (DHS, 2002).

An Example: Distribution of important pharmaceuticals

Potassium Iodide (KI) is quite a drug assisting in countering thyroid cancer when exposed to radiation. The drug needs to be taken…

References

Department of Homeland Security (2002). The Department of Homeland Security as approved by the President of the United States. Defense Homeland Security.

Kate Martin. (2004). Domestic Intelligence and Civil Liberties. SAIS Review 24, no. 1 (Winter-Spring 2004): 8.

Logan, K. (2010). Homeland Security and Intelligence. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger Security International.

National Security Strategy (2010). National Security Strategy as approved by the President of the United States. Defense Homeland Security.

Workplace enforcement includes the scrutiny of the I-9 form and the attached documents, in an attempt to discover identity fraud, fraudulent documents, and illegal workplace activities.

Illegal firearms.

Another aspect of illegal immigration is weapons. Illegal immigrants bring guns and other weapons across the border, but there is also a growing trade in illegal firearms, obtained in the United States, traveling back into Mexico and being used in criminal activities there, especially by powerful drug cartels. The annual report states, "ICE launched Operation Armas Cruzadas in FY08 to provide a targeted law enforcement focus on arms smuggling between the United States and Mexico" (Torres, 2009). The problem has gotten so bad that the U.S. issued warnings to travelers to stay away from the country during the recent spring break season. The agency has had some success with stopping cross-border smuggling activities, but they have not had as much success as…

References

Cox, A.B., & Posner, E.A. (2007). The second-order structure of immigration law. Stanford Law Review, 59(4), 809+.

Dillin, J. (2006). How Eisenhower solved illegal border crossings from Mexico. Christian Science Monitor.

Green, T.C., & Ciobanu, I.M. (2006). Deputizing - and then prosecuting - America's businesses in the fight against illegal immigration. American Criminal Law Review, 43(3), 1203+.

Headley, B. (2006). Giving critical context to the deportee phenomenon. Social Justice, 33(1), 40+.

Breadth of Responsibilities

All of the DHS responsibilities relate back to the primary jurisdiction and mission responsibilities listed above. Information sharing and analysis, prevention and protection, preparedness and response, research, commerce and trade, travel security, and immigration all are functions of keeping our country safe from terrorists and responding to both manmade and natural disasters.

The auxiliary functions of the department such as the Secret Service, U.S. Coast Guard, FEMA, Immigration and Customs, the Transportation Security Administration, and the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) all add to the breadth of DHS functionality, and fall under the primary mission statement of the department. Even the OIG, which is responsible for auditing the internal functioning of DHS including fraud and abuse indirectly operates as a function of ensuring this primary mission is carried out effectively.

Is the DHS Effectively Organized?

After a couple of re-organizations over the years, yes, it is,…

The Distinction Between ISR and IAA
The intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance have capabilities that are aimed at improving the informational and situation awareness to the department of homeland security. The capabilities of ISR have increased in demand since the incident of Hurricane Katrina. The same capabilities of ISR are the ones that are termed Incident Awareness and Assessment (IAA). The Incident Awareness and Assessment (IAA) capabilities have been leveraged to respond to various kinds of threats such as hurricanes, wildfires or even ocean oil spill.
The ISR has the capability to provide invaluable situational awareness from various intelligence disciplines. The intelligence can be in the form of signals or imagery to the military commanders. Improved ISR provides the military commanders with the big picture, enables them to have a clear understanding of the issues as well as allow them to apply the available resources in an efficient manner.
The ISR…

One of the biggest problems with interagency communication is the computer technologies between agencies. Essentially, they do not coordinate because each agency uses different computer technologies. Author anum continues, "That's how the federal government's computer systems became an incompatible mess: Each agency does its own product selection, and no effort is made to coordinate" (anum, 2004, p. 171). Even today, Homeland Security cannot coordinate the computers of all the agencies it oversees, and this is a huge barrier to sharing information and intelligence, and it puts the country and her people at risk.

Clearly, communication is a key element of keeping the country safe. Not only is it important between agencies, it is incredibly important for the first responders on the scene of a homeland security incident. For example, during the 9/11 attacks, firefighters, medical personnel, and police could not pick up each other's radio frequencies, so they could not…

References

Huang, M.P. (2007). After reorganization: A leadership journey. The Public Manager, 36(1), 67+.

Ranum, M.J. (2004). The myth of Homeland Security. Indianapolis: Wiley.

Perl (2008), the goals of terrorists are economic as well as political in nature. In addition to protecting high-profile political targets of the kind that were the focus of the 9/11 bombers, it is also essential to prioritize economic targets in a security policy. Perl argues that terrorism is given a relatively low ranking in terms of threats to energy infrastructure, it is often listed behind such factors as political instability and organized crime. Yet one could argue that many of these factors, particularly civil unrest, are critically linked to the risks posed by terrorism. In terms of recommendations, Perl suggests pursuing a more sustainable energy strategy regarding green power as the ultimate long-term 'back up' solution to the risks posed to sources of fossil fuels.

In the short-term, given the critical interdependence of the energy structures of the world on one another, cooperation between different nations is vital for…

References

Dhakal, S. (2011). Political anthropology and anthropology of politics. Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 5: 217-34. Retrieved from:

 http://www.nepjol.info/index.php/DSAJ/article/view/6365 

Galimberri, K. (2015). Impending monsoon season creates dire situation for Nepal's post-

earthquake tent cities. Accuweather. Retrieved from:

Homeland Security and Emergency Management.

M7D1: Social Media and Risk Communications

According to Bullock (et al. 2013) the four methods of risk communication include mitigation or "to promote implementation of strategies, technologies, and actions that will reduce the loss of lives and property in future disasters; preparedness or "to communicate preparedness messages that encourage and educate the public in anticipation of disaster events;" response or "to provide to the public notification, warning, evacuation, and situation reports on an ongoing disaster and recovery or "to provide individuals and communities affected by a disaster with information on how to register for and receive disaster relief" (Bullock et al. 2013: 515). It is in the response phase which was critically lacking in the case of dealing with the threat posed by the D.C. sniper. There is always an element of fear in the case of spontaneous threats which emerge, as but a realistic…

M1D1: Concept of Homeland Security Enterprise

HSE (Homeland Security Enterprise) was designed to better coordinate the resources of all law enforcement functions that fall under the auspices of the DHS. DHA strives to provide law enforcement agencies with "the tools to identify and combat threats in their communities," including access to its information (Strengthening the Homeland Security Enterprise: Progress Report 2011, 2011, DHS). "Because state and local law enforcement are often in the best position to notice the first signs of a planned attack, homeland security efforts must be integrated into the police work that they do every day, providing officers on the front lines with a clear understanding of the tactics, behaviors, and other indicators that could point to terrorist activity" (Strengthening the Homeland Security Enterprise: Progress Report 2011, 2011, DHS). DHS has created 'fusion' centers "to train state and local law enforcement to recognize behaviors and indicators related…