Hypertension Essays (Examples)

Hypertension among African-Americans

Nursing Process and Health Promotion of Groups and Community Theory

Hypertension is very rampant in African-Americans, and health providers link it with three major chronic diseases, which include; stroke, kidney and heart diseases. This paper examines the incidence of hypertension in African-Americans in the five subsystems of the SDS Assessment Categories. African-Americans suffer high risks of organ damage as well as stroke and heart diseases, caused by hypertension. Health providers, especially nurses, ought to be very practical in identifying hypertension in African-Americans and increase their aggressiveness in regulating and treating person(s). In addition, health providers should focus in providing health education in order to reduce and prevent mortality and morbidity rate in the African-Americans suffering from hypertension.

Introduction

Hypertension is an example of a chronic disease that causes major health problems to numerous Americans and a key issue to almost every racial group residing in the United…

References

American Fact Finder, (2013). Retrieved March 2013. From U.S. Census. gov.

 http://factfinder2.census.gov/ 

Blixen, C.E., Singh, A., & Thacker, H. (2006). Values and beliefs about obesity and weight reduction among African-Americans and Caucasian women. Journal of Transcultural

Nursing, 17(3), 290-297.

Hypertension

One of the major health problems that the American society and the whole world experience is the prevalence of hypertension or high- blood pressure- caused illnesses or deaths in many people today. A special report made by the website Lifeclinic.com stated that almost 50 million Americans have hypertension, "1 in every 4 adults" (2002). This statistic illustrates the increasing number of people who are gradually suffering and eventually dying due to hypertension. Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is defined to be the "condition which can result when the arterial diameter is reduced... And increased pressure caused by reduced diameter of the arteries plays a greater role in hypertension" (Varona 1999 46). To comprehend the concept of hypertension, a definition of blood pressure is needed. lood pressure is defined as "the pressure of the blood flowing through the blood vessels against the vessel walls." In effect, if a high blood…

Bibliography

Basic Facts about High Blood Pressure. Retrieved 28 October 2002, from Lifeclinic.com. Web site:  http://www.lifeclinic.com/focus/blood/whatisit.asp 

Laragh, John H. (1991). Hypertension. In World Book Encyclopedia (Vol. 9,-page 460). USA: World Book Inc.

McCann, Dervilla M. (2001). The History of Hypertension: Not a Modern Day Phenomenon. Retrieved 28 October 2002, from Dr. Donnica.com. Web site:  http://www.drdonnica.com/guests/00002086.htm 

Varona, Blecenda. (1999). Healing Wonders of Diet: Effective Guide to Diet Therapy. Manila: Philippine Publishing House.

M., 2009, p. 1474).

IMPACT on the FAMILY:

Although hypertension is one of the most prevalent of all disorders in the United States, it does not affect nor impact the family of a person with this disorder as much as other diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, Alzheimer's and other disorders associated with the central nervous system. Overall, hypertension does affect a person's family in one important way, being the build-up of stress within the family unit which then impacts the person with hypertension, making him/her more prone to a heart attack, a stroke or higher levels of blood pressure which can lead to an entire host of related life-threatening disorders.

For example, a family member with hypertension might be faced with a number of family-related problems which only increase the symptoms of the disorder, such as constant worry about a son's or daughter's conduct at school or their activities…

REFERENCES

Appel, L.J. (2009). Another major role for dietary sodium reduction: Improving blood pressure control in patients with resistant hypertension. Hypertension, 54(3), 444-446.

Baggish, a.L., Weiner, R.B., et al. (2009). Impact of family hypertension history on exercise-induced cardiac remodeling. American Journal of Cardiology, 104(1), 101-106.

Chummun, H. (2009). Hypertension: A contemporary approach to nursing care. British Journal of Nursing, 18(13), 784-789.

Forman, J.P., Stampfer, M.J., et al. (2008). Diet and lifestyle risk factors associated with incident hypertension in women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302(4), 401-411.

Other factors include a history of alcohol and tobacco use, and dietary assessment including saturated fat and caffeine. Also certain prescribed and over-the-counter medications, herbal remedies, and illicit drugs may be factors, as well as psychosocial and environmental factors such as family situation, employment status, working conditions, and educational levels (Guidelines).

Aside from routine physical examinations, laboratory tests, such as urinalysis, blood cell count and blood chemistry may be used in diagnostic procedure (Guidelines).

Hypertension may be treated with drugs including diuretics, such as thiazide derivatives; vasodilators, such as hydralazine and prazosin; sympathetic nervous system depressants, such as rauwolfia alkaloids; sympathetic nervous system inhibitors such as guanethidine and methyldopa and ganglionic blocking agents, such as clonidine and propranolol (Hypertension). Individuals with high blood pressure should exercise regularly, follow a low-sodium, low-saturated fat diet, avoid stress, get adequate rest, and lower calorie intake to control obesity (Hypertension).

Nutritional management of hypertension…

Works Cited

Gay, Christopher. "New developments in the management of hypertension."

American Family Physician. September 1, 2003. Retrieved November 16, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Hypertension." The Mosby Medical Encyclopedia.1996. Retrieved November 16, 2006 from HighBeam Research Library.

Selected Guidelines: Featured CME Topic: Hypertension." Southern Medical Journal.

Hypertension

In this text, I concern myself with hypertension. In so doing, I will amongst other things discuss its causes and possible complications. Further, I will also highlight treatment and control options with a particular emphasis on lifestyle changes, exercises, etc.

Causes

Hypertension could either be secondary or essential (Toth and Cannon, 2010). Unlike secondary hypertension, essential hypertension has no clear or exact cause. For this reason, this category of hypertension is often associated with a sedentary lifestyle, stress, excessive intake of alcohol, smoking, etc. On the other hand, secondary hypertension according to Toth and Cannon (2010) results from an identifiable mechanism or cause, i.e. A specific disorder.

Underlying Diseases Which Could be Caused by Hypertension

According to the American College of Sports Medicine -- ACSM (2010), underlying diseases which could be caused by hypertension include but they are not limited to chronic kidney disease, heart failure, CVD, etc. Other…

References

American College of Sports Medicine. (2010). ACSM'S Guidelines for Exercises Testing and Prescription (8th ed.). New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Dunford, (Ed.). (2006). Sports Nutrition: A Practice for Professionals (4th ed.). New York: American Dietetic Association.

Harvey, R.A. & Champe, P.C. (2009). Pharmacology (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Toth, P.P. & Cannon, C.P. (Eds.) (2010). Comprehensive Cardiovascular Medicine in the Primary Care Setting. New York: Springer.

Hypertension Crises

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not properly use or produce insulin. A hormone, insulin converts sugar, starches, and other food into energy needed for daily life. The exact cause of diabetes remains a mystery. Experts agree that both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise appear to contribute to the disease.

Over 17 million people in the United States, or slightly more than 6% of the population, have diabetes. Although an estimated 11 million Americans have been diagnosed, 6 million people (or the equivalent of one-third with the disease) are unaware that they have diabetes.

There are three major types of diabetes. They are:

Type 1 diabetes - The condition results from the body's inability to produce insulin, the hormone that "unlocks" or "opens" the cells of the body, allowing glucose to enter and fuel them. etween 5-10% of Americans…

Bibliography

National Diabetes Fact Sheet Brochure, issued and published by the American Diabetes Association. Downloaded from www.ada.orgon April 11, 2003.

Fuller JH, Stevens LK, Wang SL. Epidemiology of Hypertension in Diabetic Patients. The WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetic patients. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 1996; 28(Suppl.4): SI-S5.

American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 22(Suppl 1):S32-S41, 1999.

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The Effect of Intensive Treatment of Diabetes on the Development and Progression of Long-Term Complications in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. N Eng J. Med 329:977-986, 1993.

Figure 2 lists a number of risk factors that a person may change to reduce his/her risk of developing hypertension and/or to lower his/her blood pressure.

Figure 2: isk Factors for Hypertension (adapted from izzo, Odle & Costello, 2006, isk Factors section, ¶ 1).

Diagnostic Tests

Sharp (2006), purports that the four goals of evaluation for hypertension include:

1. Identifying lifestyle factors that contribute to elevated blood pressure and increased risk for cardiovascular disease,

2. assessing linking modifiable cardiovascular risk factors,

3. assessing for target organ disease, and

4. determining whether a secondary root exists for the elevation of the person's blood pressure (Sharp, 2006).

The instrument for measuring blood pressure, a sphygmomanometer, consists of a cloth-covered rubber cuff, which is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated. izzo, Odle and Costello (2006) explain the process:

When the cuff is inflated, an artery in the arm is squeezed to momentarily…

REFERENCES

Isabela. (2009). Magaly Rivera. Retrieved October 16, 2009 from  http://welcome.topuertorico.org/city/isabela.shtml 

Kassem, N. (2009). Medications for high blood pressure. Suite101.com. Retrieved October 16,

2009 from http://heartdiseasediabetes.suite101.com/article.cfm/medications_that_reduce_high_blo

d_pressure

HYPETENSION IN African-AmericanS

The questions regarding all aspects of life of African-Americans is a matter of curiosity and resultant scientific interest within the people of America, and there is a resultant interest in their health on that account. This is probably the major reason behind the study of hypertension among them, and the latest reasons that are shown may reflect some of the causes of this hypertension at the door of the other section of Americans.

There has been research conduced recently at Stanford University School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center and Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis along with others, who conducted a study on hypertension among African-Americans. This was the first in its line application of a new statistical method of analysis and it has identified regions on chromosomes 6 and 21 in their DNA which are likely to contain genes that result in the…

REFERENCES

Bakris, George L; Ferdinand, Keith C; Douglas, Janice G; Sowers, James R. (October, 2002)

'Optimal treatment of hypertension in African-Americans" Postgraduate Medicine. Vol: 112; No: 4. Retrieved from  http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2002/10_02/bakris3.htm  Accessed 7 November, 2005

Douglas, Janice G; Ferdinand, Keith C; Bakris, George L; Sowers, James R. (October, 2002)

'Barriers to blood pressure control in African-Americans" Postgraduate Medicine. Vol: 112; No: 4. Retrieved from  http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/2002/10_02/douglas2.htm

Losing weight not only reduces the likelihood of complications due to high blood pressure; losing weight usually entails dietary changes that will also reduce hypertension. For example, eating fewer processed foods will both help a person lose weight and reduce sodium intake. Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and no trans-fats ensures good overall health. Therefore, the first step towards reducing high blood pressure is learning how to identify foods that are healthy. eading product labels is one way to keep track of sodium intake. In general, persons with high blood pressure should avoid all processed and fast foods, which contain exorbitant amounts of salt.

In addition to paying attention to their sodium intake, individuals with high blood pressure or who are prone to it need to pay attention to their calcium intake. Low calcium intake is linked to high blood pressure (Anderson et al. 2008). Therefore, persons with high…

References

Anderson, J., Young, L. & Long, E. (2008). Diet and hypertension. Colorado State University. Retrieved online:  http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09318.html 

MayoClinic (2010). High blood pressure (hypertension). Retrieved online:  http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/high-blood-pressure/DS00100/DSECTION=lifestyle%2Dand%2Dhome%2Dremedies 

Zieve, D. & Eltz, D.R. (2011). Hypertension. PubMed. Retrieved online:  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001502/

This is closely related to atherosclerosis, as mentioned above. A plaque or rupture in a coronary vessel results in a significant reduction of blood supply to a critical portion of the myocardium.

Although not causing the condition directly, essential hypertension could be a significant contributing factor to the condition. Hypertension in such patients is also associated with elevated catecholamine levels, which in turn are caused by anxiety, pain, or other medical factors.

In addition to treatments for essential hypertension, Garas (2010) suggests that the condition can be treated by means of restoring the myocardial perfusion either by medical means or by surgery. Surgery might be administered either by percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting. Other suggested treatments include the restoration of balance between oxygen supply and demand to the myocardium; pain relief, or prevention and treatment measures for complications. Survival rates are reported to increase with Thrombolytic therapy,…

References

Alexander, R.W. (1995). Hypertension and the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Hypertension. Vol. 25. Retrieved from  http://hyper.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/25/2/155#SEC6 

Carretero, O.A. And Oparil, S. (2000). Essential Hypertension. Circulation. Retrieved from  http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/circulationaha;101/3/329 

Fenton, D.E. (2010, May 18). Myocardial Infarction. Emedicine. Retrieved from  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/759321-overview 

Garas, S. (2010, Jan 22). Myocardial Infarction: Treatment & Medication. Emedicine.  http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155919-treatment

Cardiovascular System Disorder Case Study

System Disorder Case Study

Hypertension is a primary cause of cardiovascular diseases. Causes of hypertension are largely unknown or disputable. The application of other molecular biologic tools is likely to serve through better delineation of the basic mechanisms of primary hypertension. Other secondary causes account for 10% of hypertension. The ingredients include renal disorders like renin-producing tumors, renal renovascular disease, sodium retention, and primary parenchymal disease. Endocrinologic disturbances resulting in hypertension are inclusive of exogenous hormones, carcinoid, adrenal disorders, and thyroid disease (Lilly, 2012). Other causes include aortic coarctation, pregnancy complications (pre-eclampsia), acute stress, neurologic causes, alcohol ingestion, increased intravascular volume, nicotine use, and the drug use such as tacrolimus or cyclosporine.

The lymphatic and cardiovascular systems' diseases affect various systems due to their infectious agents that are easily disseminated by lymph and blood. Although blood remains sterile, moderate numbers of microorganisms are not harmful…

References

Labarthe, D. (2011). Epidemiology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Global Challenge. New York: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Lilly, L.S. (2012). Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Montezano, A.C. & Touyz, R.M. (2012). Reactive Oxygen Species and the Cardiovascular System. New York: Morgan & Claypool Publishers.

Vlodaver, Z., Wilson, R.F. & Garry, D.J. (2012). Coronary Heart Disease: Clinical, Pathological, Imaging, and Molecular Profiles. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.

Hypertension is defined as systolic BP of at least 140 mm HG and diastolic BP of at least 90 mm Hg, self-reported use of antihypertensive medications, or both. (Ostchega, 2005-2006)

Hypertension, according to the joint national committee 6 and 7, is classified into the following stages:

Classification of Blood Pressure for Adults Aged ? 18 Years: JNC 7 versus JNC

JNC 7 Blood

Pressure Category

JNC 6 Blood

Pressure Category

SBP (mm Hg)

and/or

DBP (mm Hg)

Normal

Optimal

< 120

Pre-hypertension

Or

Normal

< 130

High-normal

Or

Hypertension:

Hypertension:

Stage

Stage

Or

Stage

Or

Stage

Or

Stage

Or

(Linda Brookes, Msc, 2003)

Hypertension is a progressive and multi-factorial disease, increasing in incidence with age, affecting twenty five percent of the population in the United States, with a predisposition amongst the African-American population.

Based on etiology, it is divided into idiopathic (or essential), occurring ninety five percent of the time,…

REFERENCES

Ostchega, Y; Yoon, S.S; Hughes, J; Tatiana, L (2005-2006).Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control -- Continued Disparities in Adults: United States. Retrieved from:  http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db03.pdf 

Linda Brookes, MSc. New Classification of Hypertension -- Introducing Pre-hypertension (2003): retrieved from:  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/455849_2 

Kumar Abbas, Fausto Mitchel. Robbins Basic Pathology (2007).India: Elsevier.

Healthy people website.Healthy people objective Development (2020).Retrieved from:  http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/about/objectiveDevelopment.aspx .

Hypertension, or elevated blood pressure, is the excessive amount of pressure generated as a result of blood flowing against the arterial wall. High blood pressure can be created when there is a great volume of blood passing through the arteries, or when there is narrowing of the arterial lumen, or both. A common analogy is that of a garden hose: when there is more water passing through the hose or when the nozzle is tightened, high hose pressure is generated. This is similar to what goes on in our blood vessels. (Wood Stephen, M.D, 1997)

When the systolic blood pressure (pressure with which the heart beats, while pumping) is 140 or greater, and the diastolic blood pressure (pressure when the heart is at rest, between beats) is 90 or greater, the person is said to be hypertensive. (National Heart Lung and Blood Institute)

There are various determinants of hypertension although…

REFERENCES

Wood Stephen, M.D, Griffith Bert, P.A. Conquering High Blood Pressure (1997). Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing.

National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. High Blood Pressure: What Is High Blood Presssure (April, 2011). Retrieved from:  http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov /health/dci/Diseases/Hbp/HBP_WhatIs.html.

CDC. High Blood Pressure. Retrieved from:  http://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/sodium.htm .

National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. High Blood Pressure: What Are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Pressure (April, 2011). Retrieved from:

Hypertension / High Blood Pressure

hat are the symptoms of hypertension and what are the reasons that people get hypertension? hat ethnicities are most prone to hypertension? The answer is that African-Americans are most prone to hypertension -- in particular male African-Americans over the age of 60. hat is the best treatment for hypertension for those older African-American males? This paper discusses these issues using available literature.

Hypertension

Hypertension is a problem with people worldwide and is found in all populations "except some primitive communities that live in cultural isolation" (Nadar, 2015). Hypertension is caused by "abnormally elevated blood pressures" and is often called the "silent killer" because people don't always know they have hypertension, Nadar writes on page 3 of his book. About 6% of adult deaths in the whole world result from hypertension, and the first signs of hypertension often are diagnosed when a person suffers a "myocardial…

Works Cited

Flack, J.M., Nasser, S.A., and Levy, P.D. (2011). Therapy of Hypertension in African

Americans. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 11(2), 83-92.

Gulledge, J., and Beard, S. (1999). Hypertension Management: Clinical Pathways,

Guidelines, and Patient Education. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Hypertension

Based on Mike's history and exam, what tests would you consider and why?

His doctor orders a straightforward metabolic panel. On top of that other things to be utilized are the electrocardiogram (EKG) in order to check the heart, along with a measurement of hemoglobin A1C (A1C). this is important because if a hemoglobin test exposes that your hemoglobin level is lesser than normal, it means that Mike may have a low red blood cell count (anemia). Furthermore, there needs to a urinalysis, urine protein / creatinine ratio, aldosterone, and a lipid panel.

What are the different types of hypertension and its pathophysiology.

The pathogenesis of essential hypertension is multifactorial and highly complex (Tong, 2015). Multiple factors moderate the blood pressure (BP) for suitable tissue perfusion and consist of humoral mediators, vascular reactivity, vascular caliber, mingling blood volume, blood vessel elasticity blood viscosity, cardiac output, and neural inspiration (King,…

References

King, C. (2015). Hypertension. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 13(9), 3-27.

Tong, X. (2015). Hypertension Screening in Children and Adolescents -- National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, and Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, United States, 2007-2010. CDC, 23(12).

Treatment of hypertension and the price to pay; adverse events and discontinuation from randomized treatment in clinical trials. (2016). Journal of Hypertension:, 34, 1489-1491.

Diabetes, Hypertension and Obesity

Diabetes Hypertension and Obesity:

Causes and Management

Diabetes Hypertension and Obesity: Causes and Management

The world as we know it today is a fast world and people are continuously adapting to the fast way in which things are done. In the process of doing this, the lifestyle and habits of many a people have greatly changed. This in turn has seen an upsurge in the occurrence of some specific types of diseases like diabetes, hypertension and obesity. Some of the causes of these diseases are quite obvious but others are vague therefore this paper will investigate the causes of these illnesses. As we will find out, some of these diseases are interrelated.

Obesity is defined better by the world health organization (2000) as the condition in which excess body fat affects the body. This means that the body fat has risen to a level more than…

References

Ann (2008, June 3). Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Pub Med. pp. 846-54.

Benson, Herbert. (1975). The Relaxation Response, New York: Morrow

Dodt C., Wellhoner J.P., Schutt, M. & Sayk, F. (2009, January) Glucocorticoids and hypertension" Der Internist 50 (1): 36 -- 41.

Sjostrom L, Narbro K, Sjostrom CD, et al. (2007, August). Effects of bariatric surgery on mortality in Swedish obese subjects. N. Engl. J. Med., pp. 741 -- 52.

Obviously, the articles were created for different audiences, and for different purposes. The Ebony article assumes the reader has a basic knowledge of hypertension, while the AAFP article understands the physician has the knowledge, which is why it goes into much greater detail to help the healthcare professional solve problems. It does not need to educate, it needs to create solutions to problems physicians face every day.

Finally, both these articles are quite useful to the people they were geared to help. The AAFP article is quite helpful for anyone in the healthcare profession, and gives concrete information the physician, nurse, and clinician can use in their day-to-day interaction with patients, especially if they serve a large portion of the black community. While the information is geared to the black community, there are similarities in the disease in anyone who suffers from hypertension, and so the information applies to just…

References

Hall, W. Dallas, M.D. (July 1999). A Rational Approach to the Treatment of Hypertension in Special Populations. Retrieved from the American Academy of Family Physicians Web site:  http://www.aafp.org/afp/990700ap/156.html1  June 2005.

Hypertension. (2003, July). Ebony, 58, 64.

Some of the drugs used
to treat hypertension include diuretics, vasodilators, certain depressants,
SNS inhibitors and specific blocking agents.
The prevention of hypertension includes many different methods, but
the most common are linked to changes in a person's lifestyle. These
include weight loss if a person is overweight or obese, regular exercise,
eating a healthy diet low in fat and sodium and high in fruits, vegetables
and fiber, avoiding smoking, and most importantly, controlling diabetes by
keeping one's blood sugar levels under strict control ("Hypertension: lood
Pressure asics," Internet). Of course, a person with hypertension should
always consult a physician before attempting to control or alter this
serious disorder which affects millions of Americans often without any kind
of symptoms.
ILIOGRAPHY
Cunha, John P. "High lood Pressure." Medicinenet.com. Internet. 2007.
Retrieved from
http://www.medicinenet.com/highbloodpressure/article.htm.

"Hypertension." MedlinePlus. Internet. 2007. Retrieved from
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
medlineplus/ency/article/000468.htm.

"Hypertension: lood Pressure asics." WebMD. Internet. 2007. Retrieved
from…

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cunha, John P. "High Blood Pressure." Medicinenet.com. Internet. 2007.
Retrieved from
 http://www.medicinenet.com/highbloodpressure/article.htm .

"Hypertension." MedlinePlus. Internet. 2007. Retrieved from
 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ 
medlineplus/ency/article/000468.htm.

hen this takes place the cause is believed to be a vasculature that is abnormally remodeled and that develops incorrectly in utero, generally in response to pulmonary hypertension, hypoxia, or prolonged fetal stress. In these cases peripheral and excessive muscularization of many of the pulmonary arterioles is often seen. PPHN has also been commonly associated with hypoplasia of the lungs, which is seen generally in congenital diaphragmatic hernias. The underlying causes of this are quite different structurally and generally functional differences are also seen. These differences are generally witnessed in response to the inhalation of nitric oxide or other vasodilators. Learning more about the biological alterations that take place with PPHN is very important in expanding the options that are available to newborns therapeutically (neonatal.peds.washington.edu, 2000).

As for treatment for PPHN, there are several different treatments that are available and that are seen in clinical consensus and relevant literature from…

Works Cited neonatal.peds.washington.edu. (2000). Retrieved 8 February 2005 at http://neonatal.peds.washington.edu/NICU-WEB/pphn.stm.

A www.emedicine.com.(2004). Pulmonary Hypertension, Persistent-Newborn. Retrieved 8 February 2005 at  http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2530.htm .

In the case of hypertension, the degree of hypertension will be placed into relevant categories. Stress levels will be divided into high stress and low stress.

Operationalization of Variables: The two key variables in this study will require different methods of measurement. Hypertension will be assessed through measurement with a blood pressure cuff by doctor's office personnel trained to do so. Stress will be measured through a scale developed by the researcher. There are a number of scales found, but many of them focused on life changes or acute stress. None were found that focused on chronic stress. The scale will be devised so that Likert-type answers can be added together to develop a "stress number." This number will be used to assign a numerical value to the person's stress level.

Qualitative esearch: This will be strictly a quantitative study.

eliability and validity: Measurement of hypertension is a standard medical…

References

Dobrian, a., Schriber, S., Khraibi, a., & Prewitt, R. (2004). Pioglitazone Prevents Hypertension and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Diet-Induced Obesity. Hypertension. 43: 48.

Grossman, E. (2008). Does Increased Oxidative Stress Cause Hypertension?

Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_2): S185 - S189.

Guyton & Hall, (2005). Textbook of Medical Physiology (7th Ed. ed.). Elsevier-Saunders. Retrieved March 27, 2009 at http://www.mfi.ku.dk/ppaulev/chapter8/Chapter8.htm

Introduction
Hypertension is the chronic elevation of blood pressure that can lead to organ failure and even mortality. Cardiac output creates blood pressure but in patients with hypertension, cardiac output is increased. The autonomic nervous system helps to regulate blood pressure but in patients with hypertension, no repinephrine is existent and stress is felt especially acutely.
Phenotype and Genotype
It is unknown what genes cause hypertension. Moreover, as Korner (2010) points out, “their identification is unlikely to be realized with current genetic approaches, because of ambiguities in the genotype-phenotype relationships in these polygenic disorders” (p. 841). Korner (2010) also notes that in the case of hypertension, the phenotype is “not just an aggregate of traits, but needs to be related to specific components of the circulatory control system at different stages” of hypertension (p. 841). Korner (2010) does show that some studies are underway to better understand the genotype-phenotype relationship…

References
Dickson, M., Sigmund, C. (2006). Genetic basis of hypertension. Hypertension, 48, 14-20.
Foex, P., Phil, D., Sear, J. (2004). Hypertension: Pathophysiology and treatment. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain, 4(3), 71-75.
Geller, D. (2004). A genetic predisposition to hypertension? Hypertension, 44, 27-28.
Hamrahian, S. (2017). Pathophysiology of hypertension. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1937383-overview
Inoue I, Rohrwasser A, Helin C, Jeunemaitre X, Crain P, Bohlender J, Lifton RP, Corvol P, Ward K, Lalouel J-M. (1995). A mutation of angiotensinogen in a patient with preeclampsia leads to altered kinetics of the renin-angiotensin system. J Biol Chem., 270, 11430–11436.
Korner, P. (2010). The phenotypic patterns of essential hypertension are the key to identifying “high blood pressure” genes. Physiological Research, 59(6), 841-857.
Qibin, Q., Forman, J., Jensen, M. et al. (2012). Genetic predisposition to high blood pressure associates with cardiovascular complications among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, 61(11), 3026-3032.

Introduction
Health disparities refer to avoidable dissimilarities existing in the occurrence of violence, disease and injury or in the opportunities for enjoying peak health which is faced by minority and social disadvantaged ethnic and racial populations and communities. Health differences are present across every age group, even in the older adults. Even though general health and life expectancy have both gotten better of recent, the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention knows that not every senior adult is enjoying these benefits equally as a result of factors like race, economic status and gender. The CDC realises that this issue is slowly becoming a huge concern and it is integrating it into our duties (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).
Hypertension, commonly called High Blood Pressure, refers to a medical condition where blood flows in its vessels with a higher-than-normal force. When the heart beats, it drives blood through the…

References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015, September 01). Adolescent and School Health. Retrieved August 02, 2017, from  https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/disparities/ 
Ephraim, P. L., Hill-Briggs, F., Roter, D., Bone, L., Wolff, J., Lewis-Boyer, L., … Boulware, L. E. (2014). Improving Urban African Americans’ Blood Pressure Control through Multi-level Interventions in the Achieving Blood Pressure Control Together (ACT) Study: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 38(2), 370–382. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2014.06.009
Ferdinand, K. C. (2015). Hypertension in High Risk African Americans Current Concepts, Evidence-based Therapeutics and Future Considerations. New York, NY: Springer New York.
Harman, J., Walker, E. R., Charbonneau, V., Akylbekova, E. L., Nelson, C., & Wyatt, S. B. (2013). Treatment of hypertension among African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.), 15(6), 367–374. http://doi.org/10.1111/jch.12088
Institute of Medicine (U.S.). (2010). A population-based policy and systems change approach to prevent and control hypertension. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Lackland, D. T. (2014). Racial Differences in Hypertension: Implications for High Blood Pressure Management. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 348(2), 135–138. http://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000308
Sharma, A., Colvin-Adams, M., & Yancy, C. W. (2014). Heart failure in African Americans: disparities can be overcome. Cleve Clin J Med, 81(5), 301-311.
Pcori. (2013, December 4). Clinical Interventions to Address Hypertension Disparities Workgroup: Topic Briefs. Retrieved August 2, 2017, from  https://www.pcori.org/assets/2013/12/PCORI-Hypertension-Workgroup-Topic-Briefs-120413.pdf

Hypertension is also known as high blood pressure, which refers to an elevated pressure of the blood in the arteries. There are two major factors that cause hypertension and they can be present independently or together. These factors are the heart pumps blood with excessive force or the body's smaller blood vessels narrow, forcing the flow of blood to cause more pressure against the vessels' walls. The body is able to tolerate increased blood pressure for years, but eventually, the heart might enlarge and this might result in heart failure. The high blood pressure might also injure the blood vessels in the kidneys, heart, the eyes, and the brain (van der Giet & Tölle, 2015). Systolic and diastolic pressure are the numbers used to describe blood pressure. Systolic pressure is the first and higher number and indicates the force that blood exerts on the artery walls when the heart contracts…

References
Campbell, N. R., & Niebylski, M. L. (2014). Prevention and control of hypertension: developing a global agenda. Current opinion in cardiology, 29(4), 324-330.
Petriz, B. A., & Franco, O. L. (2014). Effects of hypertension and exercise on cardiac proteome remodelling. BioMed Research International, 2014.
van der Giet, M., & Tölle, M. (2015). New Hypertension Guidelines: Progression or a Step Backwards in Hypertension? Current hypertension reports, 17(7), 1-7.
 

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension
Hypertension has become a rampant disease in the contemporary generation. It is no longer a disease of the rich or the fact or the old, but a problem that people of all ages, from the young to the elderly face. There have been efforts to reduce the incidences of hypotension within the American society especially among the teenagers most of whom are school going students. The most important aspect to look at as proposed by dieticians and doctors is the diet of an individual. What one eats and avoids eating is key to stopping and avoiding hypertension. It is important to have diet low in fat and sodium. Pickles, canned chicken noodle soup, French fries, bacon, whole milk, frozen pot pies, donuts, ramen noodles, margarine, sugar, alcohol, red meat and table salt are all foods and indulgences that Americans often have in their meals but…

Reference
Mayo Clinic, (2018). 10 ways to control high blood pressure without medication. Retrieved April 15, 2018 from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/in-depth/high-blood-pressure/art-20046974

Discussion
1
The first step to help the patient reduce his blood pressure would be to help him quit smoking. Since the patient is currently smoking two packs of cigarettes a day, he knows he is a very heavy smoker, which is taking a physical and economic toll. No doubt, he is aware of different available options that can facilitate quitting smoking—such as patches and gum—but I would recommend that he switch to vaping, which can deliver a throat hit that is comparable to the act of smoking a real cigarette as well as the nicotine high found in cigarettes. For a heavy smoker, vaping e-liquids with a nicotine content of at least 12 would be appropriate to help him quit his habit. Polosa, Caponnetto, Cibella and Le-Houezec (2015) have found that vaping e-juices can be an effective way to quit cigarettes.
The second step would be to exercise more…

In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, there is a wide prevalence of a red meat and carbohydrate-intensive diet among Saudis. As diet high in fats and sugars has been shown to be linked to hypercholesterolemia (Torpy, Burke & Glass, 2009; Hruby & Hu, 2015) and the increase in triglycerides in the blood (leading to arteriosclerosis and hypertension in adults aged 30-40 years old), this study aims to investigate the relationship between hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia.

In Saudi Arabia obesity is an emerging problem and hypertension is on the increase (Al Othaimeen, Al Nozha & Osman, 2007; Al-Nozha, Abdullah, Arafah et al., 2007). Investigating the dietary habits of Saudis and the onset of hypertension and diabetes type 2 among adults aged 25-40 will be helpful in establishing a preventive medicine approach that can be implemented by health care practitioners in the KSA to help reduce the spread…

blended study, both qualitative and quantitative in nature. The blend between numbers-based data and analysis and more abstract and conceptual work is necessary because of the totality of what is being looked at and how the research will be done (Lund, 2012).

ationale for Study Type Selection

While the before and after results of hypertension of patients in this case will be strictly numerical and statistical in scope, the formulation and tracking of the interventions, education and so forth that will form the control for the experiment will certainly be based more on concepts, evidence-based practice and the ostensibly proper ways to enforce and impose interventions on patients (McDonald & Blackwell, 2006). After all, the behaviors and changes under way are not something more detached and simple like whether a medication is take or not or whether a therapy is administered. The people involved will be instructed on what to…

References

Hanley, J. A. (2017). Correction of Selection Bias in Survey Data: Is the Statistical Cure Worse

Than the Bias?. American Journal of Public Health, 107(4), 503-505.

doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303644

Lund, T. (2012). Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches: Some Arguments for Mixed Methods Research. Scandinavian Journal Of Educational Research, 56(2), 155-

2009). The interventions used in this research study proved to be ineffective, however, and it has been suggested that more culturally relevant study leading to the development of more highly-culturally-specific practices is needed in this regard (Pekmezi et al. 2009).

Certain studies have also demonstrated a reduced efficacy of certain blood-pressure regulating pharmaceuticals in the African-American community, with certain individuals responsive to one type of medication but not others (Lackland 2004). This is significant in the area of hypertension prevention in the African-American community for several reasons, not the least of which is the fact that it is evidence of certain mechanisms at work that are still not fully understood or even necessarily identified in the medical literature (Lackland 2004). In addition, this suggests that there are certain predispositions that both affect hypertension and interrupt the mechanisms of drugs proven efficacious in other communities, which could provide greater insight into…

References

Douglas, J., Bakris, G., Epstein, M., Ferdinand, K., Ferrario, C., Flack, J…. & Vidt, D. (2003). Management of High Blood Pressure in African-Americans: Consensus Statement of the Hypertension in African-Americans Working Group of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks. Archives of Internal Medicine 163(5): 525-41.

Glover, M., Greenlund, K., Ayala, C. & Croft, J. (2005). Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Prevalence, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension -- United States, 1999-2002. JAMA 293(8): 923-5.

Harvard. (2003). High blood pressure isn't color-blind. Harvard heart letter 13(10):1.

He, J., Klag, M., Caballero, B., Appel, L., Charleston, J. & Whelton, P. (1999). Plasma insulin levels and incidence of hypertension in African-Americans and Whites. Archives of internal medicine 159(5): 498-503.

Hypertension

Essential hypertension or primary hypertension is a highly complex disorder. There are various factors modulating BP or blood pressure in order for adequate tissue perfusion to occur. These include:

Vascular reactivity

Vascular caliber

Humoral mediators

Circulating blood volume

Blood viscosity

Blood vessel elasticity

Cardiac output

Neural stimulation

History of high blood pressure in family

Ethnic background

Aside from these factors, the natural course of primary hypertension is progression from infrequent or occasional to established or frequent hypertension. There is a long, asymptomatic, and invariable period when the persistent hypertension then progresses into complicated hypertension. This means there will be target organ damage to the small arteries and aorta, retina, heart, kidneys, and central nervous system.

The journey to primary hypertension begins with prehypertension from ages 10-30 years. The transition to early hypertension occurs from ages 20-40 years. During this phase peripheral resistance is noticeable. After this stage is established…

References

Bolivar, J. (2013). Essential Hypertension: An Approach to Its Etiology and Neurogenic Pathophysiology. International Journal Of Hypertension, 2013, 1-11.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/547809 

MacGregor, G., & Kaplan, N. (2010). Hypertension. Abingdon: Health Press.

Mayo Clinic,. (2016). Overview - Creatinine test - Mayo Clinic. Mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 29 February 2016, from  http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/creatinine-test/home/ovc-20179389 

Podzolkov, A., & Fadeyev, V. (2009). Hypothyroidism, Subclinical Hypothyroidism, High-normal TSH-level. Clinical And Experimental Thyroidology, 5(2), 4.  http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/ket2009524-16

precarious world of hypertension (HTN) as it relates to a specific and substantial segment of the American population. The study sought to determine whether an intervention with African-American students between the ages of 14 -- 17 would be efficacious. The problem is that there is a higher incidence of HTN in African-Americans than in almost any other demographic. This is a problem because of the many health risks associated with this disease.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether education and learning on how to combat HTN would be beneficial to the study participants, and through extrapolation be beneficial to the African-American members of society as well. Specifically, "the purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of a school-based health promotion intervention" (Covelli, 2006, p. 173).

The objectives of the study included; increasing knowledge of health promotion and daily exercise, increasing the intake of fruits and…

And Li, (2006). These researchers took previous findings regarding the efficacy of ACE inhibitors (Fosinopril, in particular) and applied them to children of different racial populations. Moreover, Menon et al. (2006) investigated whether the evidenced differences in effectiveness of ACE inhibitors among adults of different racial groups transferred to children of different racial groups. The results of the study indicated that Fosinopril was effective in treating hypertension in all racial groups, but Black children in the study required a higher dosage of the anti-hypertensive medication in order to experience the beneficial results. Furthermore, the differences in ACE inhibitor efficacy observed among adults of different races exist also in children of various races (Menon et al., 2006).

The demonstrated fact that African-Americans with hypertension are not as responsive to certain anti-hypertensive medications than non-African-Americans has opened the door for further research. Papademetriou, Narayan, and Kokkinos (2004) studied the effectiveness of ACE…

References

Brewster, L.M., van Montfrans, G.A., Kleijnen, J. (2004). Systematic Review: antihypertensive drug therapy in black patients. Annals of Internal Medicine, 141(8), 614-27.

Ferdinand, K.C., Saunders, E. (2006). Hypertension-related morbidity and mortality in African-Americans - why we need to do better. Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 8 (Suppl. 1), 21-30.

Flack, J.M., and Hamaty, M. (1999). Difficult to treat hypertensive populations: focus on African- Americans and people with type 2 diabetes. Journal of Hypertension. Supplement, 17(1), S19-24.

McDowell, S.E., Coleman, J.J., Ferner, R.E. (2006). Systematic review and meta-analysis of ethnic differences in risks of adverse reactions to drugs used in cardiovascular medicine. British Medical Journal, 332, 1177-81.

The "pain" caused to the heart due to tissue damage can be misplaced in the body due to these nerve pathways and connections; heart attacks are often felt in the left arm and elsewhere on that side of the body between the heart and brain.

5)

Diuretics would encourage the elimination of sodium and a lessened fluid retention, easing the pressure in his arteries.

6)

The increased acidity in J.M.'s blood indicates reduced heart functionality and creatine phosphokinase levels are elevated which indicates muscle damage; low-normal lactate dehydrogenase suggest no recent prior infarctions, however, and without further tests this particular measure is not especially edifying.

7)

The drug relaxes blood vessels, allowing easier passage of blood reducing chest pain (which elevates stress and blood pressure) and easing the underlying problem, as well

8)

Aspirin inhibits the collection of platelets at the site of a plaque rupture, preventing a full blockage…