Inferential Statistics Essays (Examples)

inferential statistics to evaluate sample data.

Inferential tatistics are used to determine whether one can make statements where the results reflect that would happen if we were to conduct the experiment again with multiple samples. With inferential statistics, you are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone via inference. For instance, inferential statistics infer from the sample data what the population might think. Another example, inferential statistics can be used to make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study. Thus, inferential statistics make inferences from data to more general conditions; whereas descriptive statistics simply describe what's in the data.

When conducting research, inferential statistics that are useful in experimental research design or in program outcome evaluation. The simplest inferential test is used when comparing the average performance of…

In this way, true experimental research attempts to control for all confounding variables, or at least consider their impact, while attempting to determine if the treatment is what truly caused the change. Note that individual background variables such as sex and ethnicity do not satisfy the requirements of true experimental design since they cannot be purposively manipulated in this way (Practical assessment research and evaluation).

True experiments are different from experimental design in that they are the only experiments that allow researchers to make causal conclusions based on study results and, therefore, provide greater internal validity (True experiments). It is only through random assignment that researchers can be assured that groups are truly comparable and that observed differences in outcomes are not the result of extraneous factors or pre-existing differences (Practical assessment research and evaluation). This means that the researcher needs so have control of the situation to have a…

Inferential Statistics and Their Discontents

The notion of conducting statistical testing is increasingly important because of the significance testing is the basis of statistics. Inferential statistics is an important part of this process despite the necessity of descriptive statistics, which help in data exploration and interpretation. Actually, one of the most important aspects of inferential statistics is significance testing largely because this is what statistics are centered on. Generally, inferential statistics mainly focus on statistical concepts and thinking. There are several components to consider when examining inferential statistics including degrees of freedom, what to infer, General Linear Model, parametric and non-parametric statistics, and assumptions of the statistical test.

Degrees of Freedom and How they are Calculated

Degree of freedom is a term that is commonly used to refer to mathematical equation utilized in statistics as well as other fields like chemistry, physics, and mechanics. However, many researchers seemingly struggle to…

Inferential Statistics: Decision Modeling

Decision Modeling: Inferential Statistics

Decision models are important components of inferential statistics. They are crucial in helping researchers choose the most appropriate statistical test to use for their study. This text presents the various steps involved in decision modeling, and uses two studies to demonstrate how such models can be used to guide the decision on what test to use.

Decision Models in Inferential Statistics

Decision models play a crucial role in inferential statistics; particularly in assisting researchers identify the most appropriate statistical test to use for their study. The decision about what statistical test to use for a study is made in a series of steps laid out in the decision tree or decision model. Each stage requires the researcher to answer a simple question about the investigation. This text summarizes the basic steps of a decision model, and provides a demonstration of how such…

Psychological esearch

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Descriptive statistics is an style of analysis that is used when wanting to describe the entire population under study. But the population studied must be small enough to include every case, or each subject. ("Definition") On the other hand, inferential statistics also studies a population, but the purpose is to expand the results to include a much larger population in general. (Healey) In descriptive statistics, the results can be used to make conclusions about the population studied, and only that particular population. While inferential statistics allows a researcher to make conclusions about larger groups based on the results of the study of one particular group.

Descriptive statistics can be used when studying a population, such as one particular class in a school, or one group of workers, and the results are to be used to draw conclusions from only that group. For example, the…

Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Part 1
In basic terms, descriptive statistics could be conceptualized in terms of “the analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way such that, for example, patterns might emerge from the data” (McGregor, 2017, p. 112). Thus descriptive statistics are interested in describing certain features of a set of data or population. This could be differentiated from inferential statistics which, as will be described elsewhere in this text, concerns itself with inferring features of a set of data or population. We could make use of descriptive statistics to measure performance. A good example of the utilization of descriptive statistics to measure performance would be in the determination of the average performance of a specific class, such as this one, in a specific test. It is also important to note that with descriptive statistics, we can also do a comparison of…

inferential statistic tests used in study. What were these tests typically used for? Why were they chosen here?

The objective of the study was to analyze the true costs of hypertensions. The researchers did this by analyzing the data of four patient groups using propensity score matching to control for possible bias in cost estimates. The regression model that followed estimated for costs of hypertension by controlling for sex, length of hospital stay, Charlson comorbidity index, region of residence, and urbanization of residence.

Researchers used the 2005 MarketScan CCAE database, that contained information about hospitalized patients who belong to more than 100 health insurance plans offered by about 40 employers, in order to estimate hypertension associated hospitalization costs for patients with hypertension as a secondary diagnosis.

The problem was that since more than 95% of the hypertensive patients in the CCAE study had hypertension as secondary rather than primary diagnosis,…

There are also ethical issues pertaining to the observational method that will be discussed later in this paper.

Experience surveys are widely used throughout qualitative research studies, due to their focus on bringing greater insights into the study through the interviewing of experts in chosen fields. There is also a strong focus on how to gain insights of experts in the future definition of the methodology being created, and how the research objectives can be more effectively accomplished as well. Experience surveys also are often used in the first stages of a research project. Another qualitative research technique, the case study, takes the concept of gaining insight and applies it to an organization and its dynamics. A case study seeks to define and complete a thorough analysis of one or more specific circumstances within institution of interest. The goal of case studies is to measure the relationships, inter-dependencies and cause-and-effect…

Statistics in the Hospital Setting

During the course of performing my professional duties at College Hospital, which is a psychiatric facility located in Cerritos, California, I encounter patients who are struggling to maintain some semblance of a normal life despite struggling with one or more mental illnesses or psychological impairments. College Hospital is a 187-bed, free-standing psychiatric care unit which is accredited by The Joint Commission and licensed by the California Department of Health Services, and part of my job is assist in providing a wide range of psychiatric services for a wide range of patient demographics. As the leader in Partial Hospitalization Programs throughout the greater Los Angeles and Orange County metropolitan areas, College Hospital relies on the accurate and efficient use of statistics to ensure positive patient outcomes.

An Example of Descriptive Statistics Used in My Workplace:

While working at College Hospital the use of descriptive statistics has…

Healing with Statistics

There are numerous ways in which statistics are used in a standard healthcare organization. Statistical measurements and analyses are used to track patient costs and hospital/healthcare organization expenses, to determine appropriate medication levels, to assign work staff and maintain proper human resource levels, and for a wide variety of other applications and areas of concern. In many ways, the quality and the cost-effectiveness of care provided by a typical healthcare organization is directly related to the quality of the statistical data the organization collects and assesses. Without such statistical analysis and manipulation, direct healthcare providers as well as administrators within the healthcare organizations would be left with little more than anecdotal evidence and subjective perceptions and judgments when it came to making decisions for patient health and/or organizational fitness, thus the importance of statistics in such organizations is difficult to overstate.

The most basic level of analysis…

Being able to express statistical results in ways non-statisticians can understand, and explaining those results correctly in language that does not mislead or confuse is becoming a lost art, if the popular media are any indication. Entrepreneurs will use these visual display techniques to increase productivity, notice patterns that may go unrecognized in tabular or numerical reporting, and communicate results quickly without requiring extensive and subjective verbal explanation.

Inferential statistics will become increasingly useful even before graduating college, if peer-reviewed studies in consumer psychology, economics and marketing become more rather than less proportional in coursework on the way through graduate school. Some of the coursework I read for other classes contains statistical procedures I am unfamiliar with even after this course, and thus learning more statistics should explain a significant improvement in grades in my other classes, hopefully with a strong (? = .001) effect size! Knowing how likely flaws…

Assessing descriptive statistics in the form of raw data is often a critical component of primary research when constructing an experiment, where the experimenter then can have control over the various variables affecting the specific phenomena that is being studied. the, in the actual experiment, the tendency of other information to influence statistical results can be restricted or taken into consideration, and a control, or unaffected group can be included to see what the population resembles without the experimental variable. Descriptive statistics, in short, can be useful, but many variables can affect their results, so they cannot always be relied upon.

In contrast, "inferential statistics are used to help psychologists draw inferences, or conclusions, from the data obtained from their research" ("Statistics in psychology," 2008, Encyclopedia of Psychology). For example, inferential statistics are collected when researchers test if watching a particularly violent film makes a group of subjects more apt…

Therefore to form a basis of good decision making business people should be able to understand how statistics can be applied in the description of markets, advertising development, price setting and how they can best respond to the consumer demands that are often changing (Petryni, 2010).

Statistics can be used in various situations within a business for instances; incase a business wants to venture into new markets statistics can be used to inform the business decisions in the definition of target consumers. The statistical analysis of the trends of consumers, purchasing powers and preferences can be useful in making decisions before venturing into a particular business.

Another situation can be where decisions on the branding and advertising products or services the statistical analysis may aid in the definition of the consumers who are targeted, provide information about the industry one wants to venture in and description of the buying trends.…

Online Statistics
Part 1
Probability theory is an aspect that is applicable on an everyday basis. A particular situation in which I may use probability theory to reach a decision in public management is to investigate equal employment prospects within the organization. For instance, there is a need to assess whether the organization hires women in the same manner as men, especially in positions that do not necessitate certain gender traits. Therefore, in this case, probability theory can be beneficial in probability theory, specifically Bernoulli process. That is, a process can either generate two possible outcomes, which are male or female. Probability plays a pivotal part in this regard because the probability of a certain results is the proportion of times that outcome would take place in a long and extensive run of repeated observations. In this instance if men and women are equally represented in the labor force, then…

Organizational Dynamics

L. Jones

In my job as a Health Readiness Coordinator, I am required to exercise a high level of skill in communication, leadership, organization, as well as basic statistical analysis. In specific, I have found the following principles of group and organizational dynamics, leadership styles, and basic statistics to be invaluable.

One of the first ways in which a Health Readiness Coordinator begins his or her relationship with a client is by helping them to make relevant decisions. Of course, the best way to begin this process is by utilizing a "break down" method that separates the decision into defined components. Specifically, these include defining the problem, collecting the relevant data on all possible choices, evaluating present alternatives, and finally, making an informed decision (Amos, 2004). Additionally, I have also found it useful to add a final reflection step in which I evaluate the success of the decision,…

18. Stratified sampling could be used where the population contains characteristics that can be placed together to construct a strata. In a clinical trial cluster sampling could be used to select individuals from a similar geographic area.

19-a

20-B

21-B

22-C

23-B

24-C

25-B

26-B

27-B

28-C

29-a

30-a

31-a

32-a

33-a

34-a

35-B

Quiz 2

1-True

2-False

3-True

4-False

5-False

6-True

7-True

8-False

9-True

10-False

11-True

12-True

13-False

14-False

15-False

16-B

17-D

18-C

19-a

20-D

21-C

22-B

23

H0 is the null hypothesis and it generally states that there is no difference or no change. H1 is the alternative hypothesis or the researcher hypothesis and is generally the opposite of the null hypothesis. Hypothesis testing centers on the acceptance and rejection of the null hypothesis.

24.

In most clinical research studies the researcher would use a one-tailed test. This is so for two basic reasons the first is that…

Interestingly, however, only females reported over 60 hours per week. The scatterplot below shows the hours worked with females on the top axis:

Mean

29.0567

Standard Error

1.132015

Median

40

Mode

40

Standard Deviation

19.31074

Sample Variance

Kurtosis

-1.0554

Skewness

-0.26386

Range

80

Minimum

0

Maximum

80

Sum

Count

The correlation between the satisfaction with the weight in men and women is 0.097. As expected, this is also a weak correlation, but it does indicate that males are more likely to be satisfied with their weight. 46.6% of males and 37.3% of females indicated that they were satisfied with their weight. The chart below shows females in pink and men in blue. The top axis represents the number that are not satisfied with their weight and the lower axis, the ones that are.

Mean

1.584192

Standard Error

0.028942

Median

2

Mode

2

Standard Deviation

0.49371

Sample Variance

0.243749

Kurtosis

-1.89513…

It is often easier to impose this sort of control in a laboratory setting. Thus, true experiments have often been erroneously identified as laboratory studies" (Woolf, 2012). True experiments rigidly control for validity by attempting to isolate variables so that only a single independent variable is studies. The independent variable "is the variable that the experimenter manipulates in a study. It can be any aspect of the environment that is empirically investigated for the purpose of examining its influence on the dependent variable" (Woolf, 2012). Furthermore in true experiments, the subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Finally, true experiments are double blind, which means that neither the experimenter nor the subjects know whether the subjects are in the experimental or control groups (Woolf, 2012).

True experiments differ from experimental designs in the level of control that exists in each different type of research. An experimental design,…

Figure 1 shows that the majority of readings surrounded this mean and median cluster on both sides to symmetrical degree, as opposed to appearing grouped highly above or below. The result of this all is a relatively high value for the first standard deviation, which corresponds to meaningful Kurtosis but very little skew -- Table 1 reveals less than .01 skewness, which means the results are highly symmetric (Brown, 2008-2012, n.p.). Negative Kurtosis reflects the concentration of data in these shoulders (DeCarlo, 1997, p. 294), which is supported by two modes one either side of the mean-median (Figure 2, Appendix IV shows this bimodality, not revealed in Figure 1). While this indicates less than normality and warns that parametric inferential statistics should be scrutinized carefully and non-parametrics (CHI-Squared; rank-sum; Wilcoxon's, etc.) run for corroboration in case the 100 value turns out to be an outlier, these results show more symmetry…

Part 2

One of the important issues that this type of statistical sampling conducted by the substitute teacher was her choice of students to inquire about their test results. In a class size of 30, 5 students hardly represent the whole class; in fact, in order to accurately determine the performance of the class as a whole, it is recommended that all students be asked of their test results. The sub-teacher can also generate a sample, group of students who will represent the total population, which is the whole class. The sample should be objectively chosen, and since the method of choosing the students to report on their exam performance was based only on the fact that they all belonged to the front row of the class, then the sample generated by the teacher is biased. An alternative to this problematic method of sampling would be to choose one student…

Conselling Master Questionnaire

Describe the Boolean Approach (Hauser, 2009 p. 18)

In order to use counseling databases to search for information, it is important to develop appropriate search practices. The terms one types when searching will most likely provide the results owing to their meaning. Therefore, it is up to an individual to come up with a search strategy and learn the tips of using counseling databases. The tips will assist an individual in acquiring high quality information in the required amount. Additionally, an individual is likely to add intelligence to their search strategies, the more one knows the tips of searching, and they are likely to obtain better results.

The Boolean approach is among the techniques that will generate useful results when using counseling databases, and it aims at supporting scholarly research. On the other hand, Boolean operators are words, which have unique meanings that instruct the database to…

Palese et al. (2011). According to Wood & Haber (2014) " the critique is process of critical appraisal that objectively and critically evaluates a research report's content for scientific merit and application to practice." Using the text's understanding of this examination this essay will explore the article and examine it for practical use and valid argument.

The problem that this research is premised upon is the idea that nurse's caring has gone mostly under examined in relation to patient's view of quality of care. The role of caring within the nursing profession is described as the factor which inspired this research. The variables within this examination are the patients' satisfaction measured against the practice of caring executed by nurses in their professional duties.

This problem is clearly identified and can be empirically tested as the article revealed in its conclusions. To help lessen the distortion of the ideas and values…

epidemiological data, and then exploring possibility of a causal connection between lack of government funding for community-based treatments and increase in HIV incidence in queer male communities.

Both statistical descriptive and inferential tests will be employed.

The descriptive tests summarize and describe the data. These would include frequency analysis e.g. Of the amount of men diagnosed as queer, and frequency that the participants experienced homophobia. Univariate analysis would focus on one variable, e.g. frequency of homophobia, by analyzing the mean, the distribution, the central tendency, and the dispersion of the occurrence.

The distribution would provide some assumption of the pattern of the range: whether normal or skewed.

The central tendency would, in this case, measure the mean of the data, i.e. average number of males that experienced discriminatory treatment. Dispersion would be another descriptive tool that measures the spread of values around the central tendency, i.e. range and standard deviation.…

Females in Military

Should females in military be allowed to lead combat units?

Gender discrimination is a wide exercised practice that is witnessed in the military organization as well. Women in the current times are equally challenging and capable of being a significant part of combat units. However, this subject matter has come under numerous arguments and disagreements with controversial results. In this regard, this study aims and intends to carry out a profound study that can determine whether females in military should be allowed to lead in combat unit or not. The study is a synthesis of both primary and secondary research that can aid the researcher to conclude with meaningful information.

Table of Contents

Abstract

Introduction

esearch Methodology

esearch Design

Participants of the Study

Data Collection Techniques

Timeline

Conclusion

eferences

Introduction

Since time immemorial, the element of discrimination and biasness, especially based on gender have existed in many…

The median is the middle point in a series and represents the 50th percentile, meaning about half the cases are above it and half below it. The easiest application of this technique is to organize the scores from highest to lowest, and then count to the middle. Therefore, in those cases where there is an odd number of scores, the calculation is straightforward; even numbers require some extra analysis to identify the median (Neuman, 2003).

This measures if the easiest to use (Lomax, 2001) and can be used with nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio data (Neuman, 2003). The mode is simply the most common or frequently occurring number in such a series, but a distribution can have more than one mode (Neuman, 2003).

Sources: As indicated.

Conclusion

The research showed that the three common measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode, although other indexes also exist. The research…

statistics statistics and inferential statistics.

Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics are used for different types of designs. For example, correlational studies will utilize descriptive statistics to measure a set of data's central tendency along with the way variables vary and relate to one another. A Pearson r would be a type of descriptive statistics test conducted to evaluate the strength of the relationship or if there relation goes in any one direction but descriptive statistics can also be used in causal-comparative design studies to measure data variability (Statistics for the non-statistician, n.d., p. 70). Inferential statistics on the other hand are used to compare means (typically a t-test is conducted) and statistical significance is determined by whether the p value is > or < than alpha (commonly .05) (Statistics for the non-statistician, n.d., p. 61).

Another way to think of descriptive statistics is that they are "used to synthesize and…

This result is somewhat different from that of a colleague which found that teenagers who are more likely to be at the high school level of education responded in higher numbers. This difference can be attributed to the differences existing in the posts. The other post was on the use of the GPS feature on smart phones. Teenagers are more likely to engage in tech talk compared to other age groups.

Conclusion that can be drawn about interpreting data

ata interpretation is an important exercise that comes after the data is analyzed. It helps to draw conclusions from the data itself. In the data interpretation process, it is possible to tell whether the hypothesis has been accepted or not. It is also possible to know how the sampling or data collection methods affected the results that have been collected. ata interpretation also helps to provide the answer to the research…

Table 5: Summary of the Findings of Survey Question 1, 2 and 3

Survey

Survey Questions

Mean

Standard Deviation

% of Important

% Not important

% Not Sure

1

Graduate from Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT

2.914

1.40101

34.29%

45.71%

20

2

Pilot should be Under 40 years old

2.057

1.1099

34.28%

66.72

0

3

Having Minimum of 100 Flying Hours

3.2

1.549

40%

34.29

25.71

Total

Mean %

36.19

48.91

Mean Difference

12.72

Fig 5: Bar Chart Comparing esponses of Survey 1, 2 and 3

Based on the findings in the Fig 5, it is revealed that the second survey, which indicates that a Pilot should be under 40 years to demonstrate the effective aviation safety, supports the first null hypothesis and rejects the first alternative hypothesis. From the bar graph in Fig 5, 66.72% of the respondents agree that to be fewer than 40 is not important to demonstrate…

BMX Racers

Research, whether it is qualitative or quantitative in design, must be succinct, thorough, and best fit in order to achieve the intended results. Without proper controls, definition, and well-defined objectives the research endeavor is simply an ad hoc attempt to gather data and explain a particular phenomenon. Research must also command interest, enthusiasm, and passionate commitment to that which is being investigated. The purpose of the proposed research is to determine the differences that possibly exist in and amongst BMX (Bicycle Motocross Racing) racers with respect to the effect this extreme sport has on those who participate.

In order to accomplish the goals of the intended research project data will be collected by way of a short survey questionnaire wherein participants will be asked four (4) questions relative to the following:

The number of body scars received while participating in the sport.

The individual participants relative ranking in…

M&M Project Report

This project is a quantitative study involving descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics allow for summations about objects (FAQs-Descriptive & Inferential Statistics), in this case m&ms. With the exception of measurement error, descriptive statistics can clarify large volumes of data with no uncertainties about the values. Each descriptive statistic reduces lots of data into a simpler summary (Trachim, 2006). The sample was collected by purchasing 1.67 oz. bags from different retailers from around the U.S. The colors were individually counted with the total number of candies per bag. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine whether the distributions were as the targets required, including the mean, standard deviation, and 95% confidence intervals. Half of the colors of the m&ms were off target, which indicates problems in the manufacturing and packaging processes. The blue, yellow, and brown did not show sufficient evidence, meaning they were off target for the target distributions.…

Probability and Normal Distribution

In the study of statistics, probability is a key concept that illustrates and describes the randomness and likelihood of an event from happening given the number of ways it can happen and the number of outcomes that this event could probably happen. That is, probability in statistics helps determine how likely an event is going to happen, as the certainty of the event happening cannot be determined specifically and how many times, but the likelihood of it happening can be determined. Using probability for the researcher, statistician or business decision-maker would mean going through all possible outcomes for an event or outcome to happen. andomness and probability makes it possible for an event to not happen at all; or there is an even chance that the event may or may not happen; but there is also a likelihood that the event could happen after all. These…

Coleman et. al., (2009) Patient Perceptions of Obstetrician-gynecologists' Practices elated to HIV Testing. Maternal Child Health Journal 13: 355-363.

What were the objectives and hypothesis of the study?

The Coleman and colleagues (2009) study had four main objectives. The researchers sought to determine (1) the number of patients who were tested for HIV by their obstetrician-gynecologist (OBGYN); (2) investigate the attitudes of knowledge of patients concerning HIV testing and their personal risk status; (3) elucidate the key reasons that lead to declining an HIV test; and (4) examine how patients recall their OBGYN's approach to HIV testing.

The researchers hypothesized that women in their sample who were pregnant, seeking preconception care or who were women with risk factors for HIV infection would demonstrate recall for their OBGYN recommending an HIV test.

What was the overall goal/recommendation of the study?

The studying was predominantly seeking to determine whether or not female…

Americans and Canadians Differ in their Online Spending Habits?

It is no secret that the economies of most industrialized nations have been sluggish over the first part of the 21st century. However, consumer confidence in North America may be on the rise. For instance, according to a March 2012 euter report consumer confidence for Americans and Canadians remained stable as 26% of Americans (the highest level in over a year) and 28% of Canadians believed that their economies would improve over the next year. These figures are taken from the BC U.S. Consumer Outlook Index and the BC Canadian Consumer Outlook (BC COI and BC CCO respectively; euter, 2012). Of course this is really not as optimistic as the researchers depict it, because 26 or 28% does not represent a majority. Therefore, the real news is that the majority of citizens in these countries DO NOT believe there economy will…

Industrial/organizational Psychology deals with the human component of organizations as well as clarifying primary motivational drives together with implications of people, socially, that work at the same place within a setting of an organization. Its research as well as the way it is being applied tries to put up characteristic human nature to be a way of efficiency and productivity in the process of facilitating environment which is conducive and safe as per their effect to the employee. All through I/Q psychology's rich history, it has applied statistical analysis and scientific researches in determining application of real-world in the work environment in trying to uphold efficiency in the process of offering an environment which is safe and is conducive to the satisfaction and well being of the employees.

Evolution of Industrial/Organizational Psychology

The genesis of I/Q psychology is from the early history of psychology in late 1800s at the time…

structure the research, to show how all of the major parts of the research project -- the samples or groups, measures, treatments or programs, and methods of assignment -- work together to try to address the central research. Creating an effective research design is likely to be one of the most difficult and eminently useful tasks in drafting a proposal. An effective research design links abstract and stylized concepts and questions with the empirical world's complexities and challenges.

A research design must at once be specific and highly flexible. It must be expansive enough to adapt these very complexities while still pointing you towards relevant data. The methods you use should be extensions of your substantive question and epistemological orientation. Contrary to some disciplinarians' claims, there is no single research model that one can or should follow. Numerous alternatives must always be considered and choices made.

By the time you…

Workers With in Small Firms

Chapter I outlines the problems this research aims to address, namely an information gap that may, if filled, enhance employment for potential and existing workers with disabilities. This chapter defines the problem background, purpose of research, theoretical framework through which conclusions will be drawn from survey data gathered in the field, the research questions the survey instrument seeks to answer, the definition of terms those questions employ and limits and delimitations of the intended research. Once those parameters are outlined, the claim this argument attempts to support, that closing a gap in information describing satisfaction and productivity for workers with disability in small firms below conventional definitions of 500 workers or less may improve employment for a historically marginalized population, leads to conclusions that thus inform the subsequent methodological and analytical chapters.

Problem Background: The Uncashed 'Triple Paycheck'

Title I of the Americans with Disabilities…

The problem with using this approach is that anomalies could occur, which will make the figures incorrect. To avoid these kinds of oversights, descriptive statistics is looking at a wide variety of numbers. This allows researchers to corroborate the underlying trends with one another. (Descriptive Statistics 2006)

Inferential data is when you are trying to determine what the respondents of the sample are thinking by looking beyond the data. This is accomplished by using probability to make judgments about what the data means by: looking at the differences between the control group and the independent variable. Two types of tests that are appropriate include: the t test and analysis of variance. (Inferential Statistics 2006)

Time Line

To achieve the various objectives of the survey, we include a timeline that will serve as guide in determining the length of the project. elow is a time line that will highlight the extent…

Nursing Handoff Communication esearch

Nursing handoffs are important components in the modern health care setting given their role in transfer of the responsibility and authority of care from one practitioner to another during shifts. Generally, nurses work in different shifts when providing patient care in order to reduce their work burdens and potential stressful moments. Therefore, nursing handoffs help ensure continuity of care during a patient's stay in the health care facility. Despite the significance of nursing handoff in continuity of care, this process has been characterized by numerous communication problems. In most cases, nursing handoffs are substandard and contribute to several challenges in enhancing patient outcomes and satisfaction. This study seeks to examine communication problems in nursing handoffs with a view of identifying effective strategies towards enhancing this process. This issue is important in current nursing practice with regards to enhancing patient outcomes and satisfaction. Effective nursing handoffs are…

" Orthopedic Nursing. 19 (1); 71-82.

1. 1. What data was collected in this study? How was the data analyzed? Data from 24 patients who were admitted for primary hip replacement was collected. Participants were assessed for functional status using standard modification; mobility assessed, as well as general medical issues. Data was analyzed using the 1975 Sickness Impact Profile, a standard explanatory measurement within the field.

7. 2. Summarize the results of the study in your own words -- remember that results are the findings based on analysis of the data. The study found that functional status improved between pre and post-operative states in patients who underwent total hip replacement surgery. This also included basic mobility and movement. No real relationship was established regarding the patient's pain, however.

8. 3. What findings from this study were based on descriptive statistics? List them below.

Patients asked to rate (describe) themselves on…

Paradox Marketing Implementation for Business ustainability in Indonesian Telecommunication Company

The study provides the analysis of paradox marketing strategy implementation for business sustainability for Indonesian telecommunication company using the Telkom as a center of investigation. The research objectives have been achieved and research questions answered using both the primary and secondary research. The secondary data are collected using a comprehensive literature review from various scholarly research articles. Moreover, comprehensive literature review is carried out by collecting data from various research articles from EBCOhost database, cience Direct, Emerald Publication, university libraries, and online academic libraries. The quantitative research is used as a method of data collection using the survey strategy. Comparative analysis carried out between qualitative and quantitative research reveals that quantitative research is more appropriate to complete the thesis because it saves time and is cost effective.

The data collected through primary and secondary research have been used to achieve…

Dropping the interest rates and doing other things to make consumers breathe a little easier when they make a purchase shows that the country is pulling together, which is something that the recession is teaching almost everyone in America - that people are all alike in many ways, and they need to help each other out as much as possible.

Is the fiscal policy maneuvering a good idea? Many people think that using fiscal policy is not a good idea to try to stimulate the economy. The reason for this is that fiscal policy has a built-in system of checks and balances. For example, when the unemployment rate rises, the amount paid out in unemployment benefits also rises. It is just the way the system works. Many think that people mess with that system at their own peril. The concern is that the whole thing will get out of balance…

First of all only a scant few of these Veterans groups will acknowledge the "promise" of free health care; for the most part these groups will tout the benefits already promised by the Veterans Administration and assert that cuts in these benefits are the same a broken promise-or contractual breach in legal terms. The idea of the United States military making a "promise" or forging a legally binding agreement between individual veterans or groups of veterans is barred by the United States Constitution. As will be demonstrated in the Literature eview, specific Constitutional language from Article I give Congress and only Congress the express authority to make laws and regulations pertaining to the armed forces. Therefore, the idea the military breached a contract with service members is, ultimately, inherently inaccurate. Combining the lack of specific language within the materials provided by any governmental agency with the clear language of the…

EP Implementation Approach

The study collects data from 5 business units of the company. The data collection method is through both qualitative and quantitative data analysis, and the study collects data to enhance greater understanding of the EP implementation approach carried out by the company. As being discussed previously, the methodology used to collect data is through qualitative and quantitative approach, and the study collects data from the following business units:

Accounting Department

Human esources Department

Purchasing and Supply Department

Manufacturing and Product Development Department

IT (Information Technology) Department.

The study selects these business units because they are the most important business departments that focus on the core business activities of the company. The selected company represents a cross section of the major companies engaging in the EP implementation. Typically, the information collected from the company is treated with high confidentiality, and the company chooses to implement EP system to…

ole of Mental Health Group in Helping an Individual

ole Of Mental Health Group In A Helping Individual Overcome Schizophrenia In Hawaii: A Substantive Grounded Theory

ole of mental health group in helping an individual overcome schizophrenia in Hawaii: a substantive grounded theory

Schizophrenia is a brain disease that is emotionally distressing for patients and their families. In a society that has misunderstood schizophrenia for a long time, its victims have been undeservingly stigmatized. This study compares the development of social skills and coping skills of schizophrenia patients in support groups: can support groups help these patients? The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare schizophrenia patients with social skills issues and the care they receive from support groups with respect to developing these skills. Schizophrenia patients need a lot of support. They attend support groups to discuss housing, job, and family issues. This also gives them an…

Economic Motivators for Employers on Employment ates for People With Disabilities in Atlanta

Qualitative esearch

Quantitative esearch

Definition of Disability

Statistics for Individuals with Disabilities

Effects Of ADA On Persons With Disabilities

Economic Motivators for Employers Hiring People with Disabilities

Factors Affecting Economic Motivators for Employers

Lack of Information and Knowledge egarding Economic Motivators

Misconception about Individuals with Disabilities

Inaccessible Hiring Strategies

Conflicts with Existing Programs

Lack of Appropriate Planning and Difficulties in implementations Economic Incentive Programs

Unemployment Among People with Disabilities

Summary

Conclusion

CHAPTE III: METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Qualitative esearch

Quantitative esearch

esearch Design

Variables

Selection of Participants

Complete description of the esearch Participants

Type of Sampling

Instrumentation 52

eliability 54

Validity 55

Appropriateness/rationale for use in the study 55

Ethical Consideration 56

Data Analysis 57

Qualitative esearch Analysis 57

Quantitative esearch Analysis 59

The esearcher's ole 60

Credibility 60

Dependability 60

Transferability 60

Conformability 61

Conclusion 61

CHAPTE IV:…

Economic Motivators for Employers on Employment ates for People With Disabilities in Atlanta

Qualitative esearch

Quantitative esearch

Definition of Disability

Statistics for Individuals with Disabilities

Effects Of ADA On Persons With Disabilities

Economic Motivators for Employers Hiring People with Disabilities

Factors Affecting Economic Motivators for Employers

Lack of Information and Knowledge egarding Economic Motivators

Misconception about Individuals with Disabilities

Inaccessible Hiring Strategies

Conflicts with Existing Programs

Lack of Appropriate Planning and Difficulties in implementations Economic Incentive Programs

Unemployment Among People with Disabilities

Summary

Conclusion

CHAPTE III: METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Qualitative esearch

Quantitative esearch

esearch Design

Variables

Selection of Participants

Complete description of the esearch Participants

Type of Sampling

Instrumentation 50

eliability 52

Validity 53

Appropriateness/rationale for use in the study 53

Ethical Consideration 54

Data Analysis 55

Qualitative esearch Analysis 55

Quantitative esearch Analysis 57

The esearcher's ole 58

Credibility 58

Dependability 58

Transferability 58

Conformability 59

Conclusion 59

CHAPTE IV:…

Hoteling T^2 Control Charts

Multivariable statistics is an aspect of statistics that involves analysis of more than one variables. In other words, the multivariable analysis is concerned with the statistical analysis of more than one variables how they are related to one another. Some problems involve using the multivariable data using multiple regression or linear regression, and one of the aspects of the multivariable analysis is an area that involves analysis of quality control using the linear regression. Contrary to the univariable analysis that uses two variables, the multivariable analysis uses two or more independent variables or dependent variables. The concept independent variables are the variables manipulated by the researcher to carry out the analysis. With this control, the researcher will be able to correlate the dependent and independent variables. However, the manufacturing companies are increasingly using the multivariable statistics to enhance product quality. In the contemporary manufacturing environment, increasing…

Pattern of inductive reasoning is as follows: Theory ?Tentative Hypothesis ?Pattern ?Observation. While inductive approach is concerned with the open-ended explanatory, deductive reasoning chooses a narrow perspective by testing or confirming the hypothesis. (Trochim, & Donnelly 2007). Typically, inductive reasoning chooses qualitative approach to test the hypothesis. However, the deductive approach employs quantitative method to test hypothesis before arriving at confirmation. In qualitative research, it is not necessary to generate hypothesis to begin research, however quantitative studies make use of hypothesis to begin research. One of the advantages of deductive approach is that the researcher is able to test the hypothesis by using data. The limitation of quantitative approach is that the hypothesis could only be tested when there is enough data. (Ali, & Birley, 1998).

In accounting research, testing the hypothesis with the use of the statistical analysis is the common method to arrive at confirmation. The validity of…

Running Head: QUALITATIVE DOCTORAL BUSINESS RESEARCH ANALYSIS 1
QUALITATIVE DOCTORAL BUSINESS RESEARCH ANALYSIS 5

Analysis Role of Theory in Context of Qualitative Doctoral Business Research
Introduction
Models and theories produce the basis upon which empirical inquiries are built. Empirical research is not only concerned with data variations (with respect to what is going on in the globe) but also with testing whether such data is in conformity with the theory or model (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2007). It is also our intention to progress existing theories or even come up with new ones on the basis of existing ones and on the basis of freshly acquired empirical evidence. Generally two strategies for carrying out quantitative research exist. The first strategy involves formulation of hypotheses by researchers based on previous research information and testing those hypotheses against available empirical data through a process called confirmatory research. Confirmatory research is used to…

Sundborg et al. (2012) conducted a quantitative study, which examined the preparedness of nurses to provide care for women who are exposed to intimate partner violence (p.1). The study was carried out on the premise that intimate partner violence (IPV) has significant effect on women's health. Therefore, nurses need adequate preparations to identify such victims and provide suitable interventions. While the study provides significant insights relating to nurses' preparedness in handling such patients, there are some drawbacks associated with it as demonstrated in this critique.

The sample for this study was randomly selected from the 174 primary health care centers that employ approximately 1,200 active nurses in Stockholm County (Sundborg et al., 2012, p.3). Since the sample was selected randomly, a probability sampling method was utilized by the researchers. Every individual in the sampling population had equal chance of being included in the study. The results from this sampling method…

size is an important step in the sample selection process. In Negarandeh, Bahabadi & Mamaghani's (2014) study, the procedure used to determine the sample size is clearly described. Following a pilot study, using the sample size formula, and based on the population of the hospital in which the trial was carried out, the authors estimated the sample size at 100 participants (50 participants in each group). evealing how the sample size was determined enables readers to ascertain the extent to which the sample selected is representative of the larger population (Thomas, 2009). In quantitative research, a representative sample is important for improving the generalizability of findings (Bryman, 2008). In this case, the sample was quite representative of the study population. The study setting was a 530-bed hospital. The trial was specifically conducted in the medical surgical ward, which had 40 active beds, meaning the findings can readily be generalized to…

video games have on short-term memory. esearchers normally study action games, but quest/puzzle games were also included in this study, to allow for direct comparison of different game types along with a control group. In this research, we looked at three different types of short-term memory, the visual-spatial dimension, verbal and numerical. We examined some correlations between improved memory and video game usage. However, not all of the null hypotheses were confirmed in this study, meaning that there is room for future study. In particular, it has been established that quest/puzzle games are correlated with higher visual-spatial and verbal short-term memory, but it has not been determined if differences between baseline abilities amount the study participants might have influenced this result. This, therefore, would be one avenue for future study that has been opened up. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge with respect to the influence that…

Cloud Computing and Insider Threats)

A survey will be conducted of 40 businesses that have successfully dealt with insider threats. These 40 businesses will be compared with another online survey that arbitrarily and randomly samples other businesses.

My objectives will be to assess how 40 large companies successfully deal with insider threats and how these practices contrast with practices from other companies.

My methodology will be the following: I will randomly select 40 companies from the top Fortune 500 companies and, approaching their manager, will ask the manager whether I can conduct a survey on computer security on their company and whether I can distribute this survey to officials form their IT division. The survey will have certain key items, some of which will be graded on a Likert scale from 0 to 5. One of the questions may, for instance, be "ow secure do you think your company's computer…

Another statistical measure that should be implemented is the use of statistical techniques to measure the side effects of certain drugs and medications given to patients.

Possibly one of the most important statistical aspects that should be applied to modern nursing is the creation of clinical pathways in hospitals. The development of clinical pathways are related to "…attempts to reduce hospital utilization" and "cost-containment initiatives" ( Lagoe, 1998) There are many variables that have to be statistically considered in this regard and statistical analysis of data provides insight into the clinical pathway; for example, an analysis of the variables relating to the hospital population.

While data and information collection processes are important, they are dependent on accurate and dependable analysis techniques to be effective and of use in nursing. While nursing is known as a profession that stresses qualitative aspects, there is an increasing emphasis on the accurate quantitative side…

Distinguish between thinking about crime as a social problem and thinking of it as a sociological problem).

Taking crime as a sociological issue one would attempt to theories regarding the causes of criminal behavior, social construction of the concept of crime, and solutions to crime on a societal level. Sociological theories and psychological theories of criminal behavior are heavily entwined. There are numerous sociological theories concerning the cause and control of criminal behavior. In general sociological theories of criminality attempt to connect the individual's behavior with broader social structures and cultural variables, discuss how the contradicting factors of these variables interact to lead to criminal behavior, investigate how these structures have historically developed, and view criminal behavior from the standpoint of social constructionism and concentrate on the social causes of criminality.

For instance, Durkheim (1897) coined the term anomie to describe a feeling of a lack of being connected to…

Verification of Interpretation -- Trustworthiness

Credibility

Transferability

Dependability and Confirmability

Advanced Qualitative esearch Methods

The role of research methods knowledge and its benefits for social research is an area of debate and confusion since the beginning of the profession's inception (Austin, 1983). Central to this understanding is the broader context of social research as new found study areas. In social research, the knowledge of research methods helps in selecting appropriate method for a particular area of research as well the knowledge of strengths and weaknesses of particular methods can lead a researcher to choose combine methods and adopt strategies to address the weaknesses of a particular method. In this research report the author intends to describe advanced qualitative research method, theory, practical implications, ethical consideration as well as types of advances research methods, the importance and significance of employing qualitative research methods, the sampling procedures and data collection and analysis…

Dorrepaal, Thomaes, Smit, van Balkom, et al. (2010) address the topic of Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Complex PTSD) which often occurs following a history of child abuse. Complex PTSD has associated features in addition to the normal symptoms of PTSD that make it much more difficult to treat. As social workers will most likely encounter clients/patients suffering from PTSD symptoms and patients suffering from child abuse this topic is relevant to social work practice.

The researchers are primarily interested in knowing if stabilizing treatment normally used for PTSD and other psychiatric disorders is effective for patients with Complex PTSD, particularly women with PTSD and childhood sexual abuse. The research question is evaluative.

Literature eview

As this study is in the brief communications section does not contain an in depth literature review. The literature review in this study simply describes the features associated with Complex PTSD and presents the questions of…

health care centers (PHCC) in Stockholm County, 40 of them were randomly selected using an old-fashioned, non-probability method of basically drawing names from a hat. The author notes, "every PHCC was given a unique number that was written on a paper card and placed in a pot. For transparency, two colleagues independently drew 20 paper cards each, a total of 40." Of these 40, one declined to participate. Therefore, 39 PHCCs were selected, and one nurse from each PHCC served as contact person. The sample size is adequate and actually fairly large for the study. Although unconventional, bias was not introduced by using this method of sample selection, and the sample can be considered representative of the population given the randomness of the PHCC selection procedure. Eligibility criteria are also clearly identified, as the contact person nurse needed to comply with the study design, namely to distribute anonymous questionnaires to…

1. Introduction
The modern 21st century has posed new challenges for the organizations to survive and grow (Smith et al. 2010). As they are operated and managed by human beings, the challenges are ultimately faced by the individuals who are responsible for making decisions and implementing them (Nieuwenhuizen, Weiss and Rossouw, 2009). As challenges are multifaceted, and human lives are divided into various aspects, it is difficult to excel in every field. The gap between desired and actual state of mind leads to stress and has a high impact on employee performance and productivity.
The concept of supervision is not new in business settings. It may be rooted right in the main essence of organizational structure from where delegation of authority and chain of command were introduced. In lieu of human psychology to stay conscious when being observed and monitored, it is more likely that they are not in normal…

Interval variables

Frequency distribution

Agecat

Category Percent

18-24-5%

25-34-25%

35-49-30%

50-64-25%

64+ 15%

As one may observe, most respondents in this study are in the 35-49 and in the 50-64 age groups. The least respondents are in the 18-24%.

Ordinal variables

Frequency distribution

Dept results show that the clothing department is preferred by 25% of respondents, followed by the electronics department with 18%. Payment results reveal that 35% of customers prefer to pay with their credit cards, while 52% prefer to pay with cash. egarding the prices in these stores, 26% have a somewhat negative opinion, 18% have a strongly negative opinion, while 42% have a neutral opinion.

Categorical variables

Frequency distribution

Gender: 63% of customers are female, and 37% are male.

egular: 38% stated that they shop several times a week, and 35% said they shop once a week.

eason1: 26% of respondents said they prefer these stores because…