International Trade Essays (Examples)

International Trade in Services in BIC Countries

International trade in services plays a key role in the economic development of a country. Trade in services has grown at a much faster pace than the trade in good for the past three decades. This paper analyzes International trade in services in context of Brazil, ussia, India and China (BIC countries). The paper discusses in detail how these countries have made drastic changes in the world economy by making substantial trade and output gains in the recent years. It also explains the major role played by BIC countries in EU trade in services.

BIC Countries and Services Trade

Geographical Structure of Services Trade

Sectoral Structure of Services Trade

Services Trade in China and India

Trade Balances and Specialization Indices

BIC Countries and EU trade in Services

India -- The Leading BIC nation in Services Trade with UK

eferences

International Trade in Services…

References

Cattaneo, O., Engman, M., Saez, S. And Stern, R., M. (2010). International Trade in Services

New Trends and Opportunities for Developing Countries. Washington, DC: The World Bank.

Havlik, P., Stollinger, R., Pindyuk, O., Hunya, G., Dachs, B., Lennon, C., Ribeiro, P., M.,

Ghosh, J., Urban, W., Astrov, V., and Christie, E. (2009). EU and BRICs: Challenges and Opportunities for European Competitiveness and Cooperation. Industrial Policy and Economic Reform, 13, Pp. 2 -- 95, Retrieved November 22, 2012, from  http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/_getdocument.cfm?doc_id=5586

International trade has high importance in the economic growth of the country. Even it is not only in benefit of the country's economy but there are number of benefits for the global organization and the overall world's economy as well. Without international trade, it was never possible to reach the success level at which the world is right now.

An international trade is the major source of revenue for the country and so the high percentage of gross domestic product depends on it. Moreover, international trading has also helped in reducing the poverty all over the world.

The main concept of an International Trade can be identified with theory of David Ricardo, an economist: both parties that are individuals, companies or organizations can benefit in trading if goods produced are with different relative costs i.e. one party get goods or services from the other party who can produce it at…

Bibliography

Bank of England. (2012) Agents' Summary of Business Conditions. Bank of England.

Booth, S., Persson, M., & Scarpetta, V. (2011) Repatriating EU social policy: the best choice for jobs and growth? London: Open Europe.

EconomyWatch Content. (2010, March 15) England Trade, England Exports, England Imports. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from EconomyWatch:  http://www.economywatch.com/world_economy/england/export-import.html 

European Union. (2012) Policy areas of the European Union. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from europa:  http://europa.eu/pol/index_en.htm

International Trade Theories

International trade may be classified as the trade of capital, goods, and services across international boundaries or areas. In many nations, such trade signifies a substantial share of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). While international trade continues to be present throughout a lot of significant research for trade history (see Silk oad, Amber oad), the fact remains that the over societal, economic and political importance for international trade continues to be increasing even further in recent decades (Samuelson, 2001).

Industrialization, modern and intricate transportation structures, globalization, the presence of multinational companies, and outsourcing are getting increased attention and thus having a significant effect on the international trade system. Growing international trade is vital towards the continuation and growth of globalization. Without international trade, nations could be restricted to the products or services created inside their own boundaries (Samuelson, 2001).

International trade is, in its theory and…

References

Bhagwati J.A.Panagariya and T.N. Srinivasan (2004), "The Muddles Over Outsourcing." Journal of Economic Perspectives, November.

Broadman H.G. (2006), Africa's Silk Road. China and India's New Economic Frontier. The World Bank, Washington DC.

Chang, H. (2008). Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism, Bloomsbury Press.

Deardorff, A.V. (2005). How Robust is Comparative Advantage. Review of International Economics, Volume 13, Issue 5.

International Trade for odamia

International trade is the exchange that takes place between one country and another. It involves movement of goods, capital and services across the borders and contributes immensely to a country's gross domestic product. It is through International trade that countries have been able to consume a variety of commodities and services that are not produced within their territories in exchange for goods and services that are cheaply produced or are in abundant within a country's territory.

Various factors such as globalization and industrialization have had a significant impact on International trade whereby as countries open up their borders for global trade, this has subsequently allowed trade relations between nations as the quest for industrialization continues. The less industrialized nations have partnered with the industrialized nations whereby the much needed raw materials have been sourced from different countries allowing for trade and opening up of more opportunities.…

References

Aatisk Palekar, (2012). What are the advantages and disadvantages of foreign trade? Retrieved July 27, 2012 from  http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/business-studies/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-foreign-trade.html 

Anita Chanda, (2010). Factors affecting Foreign Exchange Value. Retrieved July 27, 2012 from  http://indianblogger.com/factors-affecting-foreign-exchange-rate/ 

Economy Watch, (2010). Benefits of International Trade. Retrieved July 27, 2012 from  http://www.economywatch.com/international-trade/benefit.html 

Liberty Fund, (2007). Comparative Advantage. Retrieved July 27, 2012 from  http://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/Details/comparativeadvantage.html

International Trade

To a point, there is no compelling reason under theories of international trade for IT companies to locate their production in Silicon Valley. Many major Valley firms have long since offshored their production, such Apple, Intel, Cisco and more. There is a strong case, however, under the theories of international trade, for IT firms to locate their intellectual hubs in the Silicon Valley. hen the factors for building a successful global firm are considered, it is the competitive advantage that a firm in the Valley would have with respect to gaining access to talent and to capital that point to the Valley; with production the advantages are far less noticeable except in certain specialized cases.

The Silicon Valley can be said to have developed starting even as soon as the early 50s, when Stanford University saw the building of an industrial park that would house General Electric, Eastman…

Works Cited:

Alexander, (2006). Solow growth model. Iowa State University. Retrieved November 7, 2011 from http://www2.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ302/alexander/Spring2006/SOLOW/SOLOWGROWTHMODEL.htm

Gromov, G. (2011). Silicon Valley history. Net Valley.com. Retrieved November 7, 2011 from  http://www.netvalley.com/svhistory.html 

Investopedia. (2011). What is international trade? Investopedia.com. Retrieved November 7, 2011 from  http://www.investopedia.com/articles/03/112503.asp 

Porter, M. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition. Harvard Business Review. Nov-Dec 1998.

International Trade and Finance Speech:

Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen, I would like to share with you on the current state of the U.S. macro-economy, highlighting the internal and external factors that affect it. Macroeconomic analysis seeks to forecast economic conditions by monitoring and gauging the behavior of several broad areas including gross domestic product (GDP) - which is simply national output, the rate of unemployment, and the state of currency inflation.

According to the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA), America tops the list of the world's largest oil consumers with a consumption rate of 18.8 million barrels per day (MBD). Concurrently, the U.S. ranks third in the worlds list of top oil producers at 9.1 MBD. The 9.7 MBD shortfall between U.S. oil production and consumption is the main contributor to country's trade deficit (Smith, 2011).

Foreign oil dependence means America's business and consumer trends are…

References:

Morrison, W.M. (2011, September 30). China-U.S. Trade Issues. Retrieved March 10, 2012, from  http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33536.pdf 

Smith, C.H. (2011, February 28). We're no. 1 (and No. 3)! Surprising Facts About the U.S. And Oil. Retrieved March 10, 2012, from  http://www.dailyfinance.com/2011/02/28/surprising-facts-about-us-and-oil/ 

White, D.S. (2010, August 14). Growth of the Knowledge-based Economy: U.S. Service Exports January - June 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2012, from  http://dstevenwhite.com/2010/08/14/growth-of-the-knowledge-based-economy-u-s-service-exports-january-june-2010/

International Trade

The world appears to be shrinking as the global landscape continues to be developed by technology and new ways of communication. It is inevitable that this new intimacy will have, and has had, a significant impact on the economies of all nations. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the impact of globalization and how it can be used for benefit and gain competitive advantage in virtually any industry or market. This essay will discuss the evolution of the global economy before using a real world example to compare and contrast the differing effects that this phenomenon is manifesting in today's fast paced and hectic world that depends on the goods and services that economic markets provide for humanity.

Globalization and The Drivers of Globalization

Mourdoukoutas (2011) explained that the global nature of the market economies contain great benefit when used in a purposeful and practical manner.…

References

Bera, A. & Inderfurth, K. (2013) U.S.-India economic relations trade potential into reality. The Economic Times, 22 Aug 2013. Retrieved from  http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-22/news/41437316_1_ge-india - trade-potential-us-india

Lowell, M. & Thakkar, B. (2012). The Impact of Globalization on Cross-Cultural Communication, Globalization - Education and Management Agendas, Dr. Hector Cuadra-Montiel (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0702-6, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/45816. Available from:  http://www.intechopen.com/books/globalization-education-and - management-agendas/the-impact-of-globalization-on-cross-cultural-communication.

Mourdoukoutas, P. (2011). The Good, The Bad, And The Ugly Side of Globalization. Forbes, 10 Sep 2011. Retrieved from  http://www.forbes.com/sites/panosmourdoukoutas/2011/09/10/the-good-the-bad-and-the - ugly-side-of-globalization/

Taylor, T. (2013). Global Supply Chains and the Changing Nature of International Trade. Economists View, 5 Sep 2013. Retrieved from  http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2013/09/global-supply-chains-and - the-changing-nature-of-international-trade.html

International Trade

Each year, globalization plays a more profound role in regards to the national economies of the world. Globalization has allowed for the expansion of corporations beyond their natural domestic limits. As such it has contributed to an increased standard of living for those who embrace its presence. Free trade therefore, is a welcomed addition within the overarching trend of globalization. Free trade allows for the transfer of goods and services when demanded by specific economies. It also allows the countries best suited for such activities to flourish. For example, China is proficient in manufacturing which allows the country to export far more goods than it imports. Developed nations such as Europe, America, and to a smaller extent, Japan demand these cheaper goods as they import more than they export. This trade allows both parties to subsequently flourish. China can sell its products to generate addition funding to expand…

References:

1) O'Sullivan, Arthur; Steven M. Sheffrin (2003). Economics: Principles in action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 458. ISBN 0-13-063085-3

2) David E. Sanger and Michael Wines "More Countries Adopt China's Tactics on Currency" The New York Times October 3, 2010, accessed October 4, 2010

International Trade and Open Economy Microeconomics

Why there is free trade between states in the United States but not necessary between countries

Trade between states in the United States is not restricted as this may hurt the entire wider American economy. United States in a way restricts free trade between it and other countries for a number of reasons. To start us off, the United States government uses tools like tariffs and quotas to enhance better allocation of resources. Tariffs and quotas other than helping the government generate revenue and discouraging imports into the United States, help in protecting smaller and more vulnerable companies and industries (Worth Publishers, 2010). Quotas basically limit the amount of specific goods that can be imported into the United States. The most common trade restrictions that are normally used in trade between USA and other countries are tariffs and quotas. Apart from generating revenues, tariffs…

References

Reagle, D. & Salvatore, D. (2000). Forecasting Financial Crises in Emerging

Market Economies. Open Economies Review, 247 -- 259.

Salvatore, D. (1996).Theory and Problems of International Economics, 4th ed. New

York: McGraw-Hill.

International Trade

I'll Take Four of Those in Blue

International trade is a fundamental tool in building a healthy economy. This does not mean that nations should open their economic borders in an indiscriminate way, for unfettered trade is not in the interest of any particular nation. ather, there are worse and better combinations of free trade, tariffs, and protectionism for any given national economy at any given moment in time. This trade simulation proposes a set of conditions for international trade that are in the best interest of the nation of odamia, as proposed by the trade representative of the country.

odamia's economy is based primarily on the service industry, with two-thirds of the nation's income from this sector, almost a third from industry, and just four percent from agriculture. This is a problematic profile in that arguably the most important function of any national economy is to provide…

References

Buchanan, J.M. (2008). Opportunity cost. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Retrieved from  http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=opportunity+cost&edition=current&button_search=GO .

Chang, H.-J. (2008). Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism. London: Bloomsbury Press.

Van den Bossche, P. (2005). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

International Trade

Because of the increasingly globalized nature of the economy, manufacturers, retailers and service providers have more options to locate sources of supply and labor where overall costs are lower than in their home markets. In industry today, parts and supplies frequently come from many different countries, such as the Boeing 787, with 65% of its components outsources to foreign companies (Hill 2011). Another example is flat-screen TVs, which have their components manufactured in Asia, assembled in Mexico then shipped to distributers in the United States. Vizio has a small office in California with less than 100 employees to handle sales and service, but with all of the design, manufacturing and assembly done overseas. Even though American companies originally developed this technology in the 1960s, they did not continue with it and forfeited this market to Asian countries (Hill 2011). This has happened time and again in American industry,…

REFERENCES

Economist Online (2011). "Is China a Currency Manipulator?," October 11, 2011.

 http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/10/america-and-china 

Hill, C. (2011). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. 8th ed. New York: McGraw Hill'

Lahart, J. (2011). "Tallying the Toll of U.S.-China Trade." Wall Street Journal, September 27, 2011.

The recent change in his designation will put him in greater pressure to display neutrality in such cases as heads WTO.

The role of Brazil in shifting its trade policy from an underdeveloped protectionist Latin American country towards becoming one of the fastest growing emerging economies with trade reforms will also be vital. Azevedo has to ensure that trade violations by Brazil do not go unchecked. Since the paramount responsibility of WTO remains to aid the process of trade liberalization, the role if its leader will be vital. Azevedo's predecessor did not achieve much success in bringing countries to liberalize their trade policies. The 'Doha' round spanning over a period of ten years did not yield much good results as well for the trade liberalization. The other impediments in Azevedo's way are the protectionist policies of Brazilian president ousseff. Higher customs duties and tax incentives were provided by ousseff to…

References

BBC News Business. (2013. May). WTO names Roberto Azevedo as new Head. BBC News. Retrieved from:  http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22443597 

Bourcier, N. (2013, May). Roberto Azevedo's WTO Appointment gives Brazil a set at the Top Table. The Guardian. Retrieved from:  http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/may/21/azevedo-head-world-trade-organisation 

Heilprin, J. (2013, May). Brazil's Roberto Azevedo Chosen as Next World Trade Organization Director General. Huffington Post. Retrieved from:  http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/08/roberto-azevedo-wto-director-_n_3231733.html 

Kleckner, D. (2013, May). Will Azevedo revive WTO. Western Farm Press. Retrieved from:  http://westernfarmpress.com/government/will-azevedo-revive-wto

The trade relationship with China can be analyzed from both perspectives of inter- and intra-industry exchange, and major differences are available. In this order of ideas, China is characterized by low income and a scarcity of natural resources. Ergo, their trading operations are dominated by the theory of the comparative advantage, and the necessity to supply the population with complementary products. As a result then, most of China's trading operations occur at inter-industry levels. The East-Asian country possessed a comparative advantage in terms of food and beverages, crude materials or manufactured goods, but a disadvantage relative to beverages and tobacco or machines and transport equipments. The table below reveals the relative comparative advantages (CA) of the two parties in 1998:

Source: Yao and Liu, 2003, p.186

The intra-industry trade operations of the European Union with other countries registered increases generally due to higher living standards and increasing customer demands. As…

References

Forstner, H., Balance, R.H., 1990, Competing in a Global Economy: An Empirical Study on Specialization and Trade in Manufactures, Routledge, ISBN 0044456190

Fosu, a.K., Nsouli, S.M., Varoudakis, a., 2001, Policies to Promote Competitiveness in Manufacturing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Develop Centre Seminars with the IMF and the AERC, OECD Publishing, ISBN 9264187057

Freinkman, L.M., Polyakov, E., Revenco, C., Trade Performance and Regional Integration of the CIS Countries, World Bank Publications, ISBN 0821358960

Grimwade, N., 2000, International Trade: New Patters of Trade, Production and Investment, 2nd Edition, Routledge, ISBN 0415156262

3.2. International policies

As of 2010, Canada is party to a total of 81 international organizations, as follows: "ACCT, ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), APEC, Arctic Council, AF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, BIS, C, CDB, CE (observer), EAPC, EBD, ESA (associate), ESA (cooperating state), FAO, FATF, G-20, G-7, G-8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUC, NAFTA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHC, UNMIS, UNWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC" (Central Intelligence Agency, 2010).

In terms of trade organizations which have generated the most impact on Canada's lumber policies and activities, the most reputable institutions refer to the World Trade Organization and the North Atlantic Free…

References:

Dufour, D., The Canadian lumber industry: recent trends, STATISTICS Canada,  http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-621-m/11-621-m2007055-eng.htm  last accessed on October 25, 2010

Hessing, Howlett, M., Summerville, T., 2005, Canadian natural resources and environmental policy: political economy and public policy, 2nd edition, UBC Press, ISBN 0774811811

Moffatt, M., The softwood lumber dispute, Economics About,  http://economics.about.com/cs/agriculture/a/softwood_lumber.htm  last accessed on October 25, 2010

Percy, M., Yoder, C.G., 1987, The soft lumber dispute and Canada-U.S. trade in natural resources, IRPP, ISBN 0886450578

" Until recently, Japan was primarily described as a nation of exports, Eastern Europe was either prohibited by the government or too poor to make use of a wide array of imported goods, and the United States was the world's major exporting power.

hile an end to international trade would certainly mean less immediate choice for United States consumers, the United States would not suffer as much as many other nations in the short-term. The United States consumers would have to do without as much choice of inexpensive cars, coffee and foods imported from around the world, and would also lack a market to export its considerable agricultural produce. The average United States consumer would likely not have to do without goods per se, but might very well have to pay much more for clothing and other goods produced more cheaply in nations such as China and Vietnam, for example.…

Works Cited

Dean, Mark & Maria Sebastia-Barriel. (2004). Why Has World Trade Grown Faster than World Output?" The Bank of England. Retrieved 30 Nov 2006 at  http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/quarterlybulletin/qb040304.pdf 

Economy and Industry." (2006). Explore Japan. Retrieved 30 Nov 2006 at  http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/japan/economy.html 

Krugman, Paul. (2006). "Competitiveness: Does it Matter?" The unofficial Paul

Krugman Webpage. Retrieved 30 Nov 2006 at  http://www.pkarchive.org/trade/CompetitivenessDoesItMatter.html

International trade regulations refer to a set of codified rules and laws that manage, control and regulate all types of trade among different countries of the world. Based on the theory of economic liberalism, these regulations came into existence in the backdrop of World War II. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was the first multilateral treaty formed to regulate the rapidly rising trend of cross border trade.

The fast economic and industrial growth in Europe and America and expanding world markets created the need for a full-fledged organization to manage international trade. Thus, World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 under the "Marrakesh Agreement."

The WTO aimed at arbitrating bilateral and multilateral trade agreements, formulating and implementing trade mechanism, promoting free trade around the globe and solving tariff and non-tariff hiccups in international trade.

The world trading system is based on the notion that economic relations form…

References

Crawford, Jo-Ann., & Laird, Sam. (2000). Regional trade agreements and the WTO. University of Nottingham, 00(3).

Gathii, J.T. (2011). African Regional Trade Agreements as Legal Regimes. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Jackson, J.H. (1997). The world trading system: Law and policy of international economic relations. United States of America, USA: MIT Press.

Yerxa, Rufus., & Wilson, Bruce. (2005). Key issues in WTO dispute settlement: The first ten years. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Question

According to Staffan Linder, there are two explanations of international trade patterns-one for manufacturers and another for primary (agricultural) goods. Explain.

To resolve the Leontief paradox, Linder proposed a demand-side theory of international trade, suggesting that nations with similar demand patterns develop similar industries, and this is how an international marketplace with differentiated goods develops. Consumers with similar levels of income have similar tastes, and the more affluent the nation, the smaller the proportion of income consumers spend that income on primary (agricultural) goods (Bonham & Nilsson 2006, p.1)

Question

Describe a specific tariff, ad valorem tariff and a compound tariff. hat are the advantage and disadvantages of each?

A specific tariff is levied upon an item as determined on a per unit basis, such as weight, number, length, volume or another unit of measurement. They are usually levied on foods, raw materials, and other input goods but can…

Works Cited

Ad valorum tariff. (2009). Business Dictionary. Retrieved March 5, 2009 at  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ad-valorem-tariff.html 

Bohman, Helena & Desiree Nilsson. (2006). Introducing income distribution to the Linder hypothesis. Retrieved March 5, 2009 at  http://www.etsg.org/ETSG2006/papers/DNilsson.pdf 

Compound tariff. (2009). Business Dictionary. Retrieved March 5, 2009 at  http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/compound-tariff.html 

Leontief paradox. (2009). Econ 355: Lecture Notes. Iowa State. Retrieved March 5, 2009 at  http://www.econ.iastate.edu/classes/econ355/choi/leo.htm

The measure implemented is still highly prejudiced and does little to spur economic growth or to regulate trade in an open and effective manner, and as such should be easily defeated by a Panel review.

Part C

The need to create accountability, transparency, and to eliminate corruption is a compelling interest of governments and business alike, and the WTO and GATT were certainly not meant to help perpetuate corruption. This does not mean that the United States' decision to impose trade restrictions on Eastasia is automatically justifiable either on the facts or the law, however, and in fact it could be difficult to prove that such a ban is actually in keeping with the articles of GATT and their interpretation. Given the nature of Eastasia's recent development and the corruption inherent to such patterns of development, however, this law and its implementation can likely stand.

First and foremost, the law…

References

WTO. (2007). Brazil -- Measures Affecting imports of Retreaded Tyres. Report of the Appellate Body.

WTO. (2009). China -- Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products. Report of the Appellate Body.

WTO. (2011). General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Accessed 17 December 2011.  http://www.wto.org /english/docs_e/legal_e/gatt47_01_e.htm

WTO. (2011). General Agreement on Trade in Services. Accessed 17 December 2011.

Brock and Dobbelaere (2003) demonstrate that wage price competition from overseas reduces wages in the developed world, even when jobs are maintained.

However, international trade based on comparative advantage should also create opportunities and indeed it does. The reallocation of resources to improve efficiency means that less manual labor is conducted in the est because on a comparative basis estern nations perform better at innovation, and at knowledge-intensive businesses in general. This is because we have better access to education and to information, and our cultures are more attuned to innovation and entrepreneurship than perhaps is the case in other parts of the world. International trade means that our knowledge can be used to earn money all over the world, whereas for most of the 20th century it was likely that most firms in the est earned most of their money in the est. Today one video game impresario can…

Works Cited:

Brock, E. & Dobbelaere, S. (2003). Has international trade affected workers' bargaining power? LICOS Discussion Paper No. 13603.

Harrison, a. & McMillan, M. (2011). Offshoring, international trade, and American workers. National Bureau of Economic Research Reporter No. 4: Research Summary. Retrieved May 13, 2012 from  http://www.nber.org/reporter/2011number4/harrison.html

S. To the Europeans, it provides several advantages for the Americans. On one hand, they would have an additional instrument of negotiations that they can use. The commercial talks about the trade agreement are likely to be very complicated and the Americans could obtain important concessions in areas ranging from agriculture to the film industry.

On the other hand, it would allow the U.S. To access a huge and very profitable market, capable of absorbing important exports of energy from U.S. producers. This would come at the right time, since the U.S. is expected to be self-sufficient in terms of energy production and consumption and producers would need to turn to foreign markets such as the European one.

Taiwan's protesters are fighting for the very democracy of the island

This is a very interesting article that looks at some of the negative results of a free trade agreement signed between…

Bibliography

1. Baetz, Jurgen, Casert, Raf, (2014). Obama Highlights Need for U.S.-EU Energy Cooperation. ABC News. On the Internet at  http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/obama-important-reach-free-trade-deal-eu-23064302 . Last retrieved on April 2, 2014

2. Hsiao-Hung, Pai, (2014). Taiwan's protesters are fighting for the very democracy of the island. The Guardian. On the Internet at  http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/25/taiwans-protesters-democracy-china-taiwan-strait . Last retrieved on April 2, 2014

3. Donnan, Shawn, (2014). Pacific Alliance captures zeitgeist in era of 'mega' trade agreements. Financial Times. On the Internet at  http://www.ft.com/international/cms/s/0/17754b8a-aec3-11e3-a088-00144feab7de.html . Last retrieved on April 2, 2014

List four key points from the reading assignments that were emphasized in this simulation.

The production possibilities curve shows the trade-offs between producing items by indicating the opportunity cost of increasing one item's production in lieu of another item. Equilibrium is the point at which the economy is most efficiently allocating its resources.

Consumer surplus is the difference between the number of products and the amount of consumers willing to buy it. Trade increases consumer surplus. The gain is the difference between the price they are willing to pay and the actual price.

Producer surplus is the difference between what a supplier is paid for a good or service and what it costs to supply the good or service. A producer surplus exists when actual price exceeds the minimum price sellers will accept.

The deadweight economic loss from an economically inefficient situation equals the consumer and producer surplus that people…

In this instance then, the label 'Made in America' is a sign of national trust and high quality. Acme Motors is able to benefit from this as well.

But since producing automobile internally is so beneficial for Acme, the question remains why they, in the first place, moved engine manufacturing from Detroit to Mexico. The answer is the most simplistic one: cost reduction. The Detroit area is highly specialized and as a result, highly costly. Even with the transportation costs incurred, the expenditures are still reduced in comparison to those that would be incurred from producing all engines internally. Moving the manufacturing plant to Mexico did not imply loses in engine quality, moreover when the Mexican labor force is used to outsourcing operations and is becoming increasingly specialized in various fields.

The effects of such international operations are felt by all company stakeholders, including its customers. They are sometimes content…

References

Harrington, J.W., 1995, Industrial Location: Principles and Practice, Taylor and Francis Inc.

Ricardo, D., 1963, on the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Richard D. Irwin Inc.

Van Der Berg, H., Lewer, J., 2007, International Trade and Economic Growth, Sharpe M.e. Inc.

There were many factors quoted for the reasons for this type of incompatibility, and they were the following: Article 2 of the Brussels Convention is in fact mandatory, and it can only be derogated from in the numerous ways and means that have been expressly provided for in the Convention.

Similarly, there was no provision for the forum non-conveniens in Article 2 of the Convention, and this was despite the fact that the Doctrine was discussed at the time when Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom acceded. Another factor stated was that legal certainty would never be fully guaranteed if there was such an incompatibility between the Brussels Convention and the forum non-conveniens doctrine, and furthermore, the very predictable nature of the rules of jurisdiction would become severely undermined. In addition, when a defendant has to come before the courts for any reason whatsoever, it would be infinitely better for…

References

Consumer and Competition Policy, Guidance Note, Brussels Regulation. Retrieved August, 12, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.dti.gov.uk/ccp/topics1/guide/jurisdiction_brussels.htm

Convention on Jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. Retrieved August, 12, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.curia.eu.int/common/recdoc/convention/en/c-textes/brux-idx.htm

Forum Shopping set for a big spree. Retrieved August, 11, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.dac.co.uk/whatsnew/uploads/forum%20shopping.pdf

Kessaris, Amanda-Perry. Conflict of Laws option. Department of Law, Queen Mary, University of London. Retrieved August, 12, 2005, from the World Wide Web:  http://www.laws.qmul.ac.uk/staff/downloads/Conflicts_2002.doc

International Trade: Pros and Cons

In our globally interconnected world in which it seems that every possible pairing of trading partners is occurring at all times, the idea that international trade is anything but the best system for supporting the global economy can seem quaint if not absolutely absurd. But simply because the world now exists as an increasingly integrated market in which fewer and fewer tariffs or sanctions have significant power does not mean that it is not significant to examine on a continuous basis the advantages and disadvantages of international trade.

Of course, there is no single assessment as to whether international trade is advantageous or disadvantageous because international trade affects different nations (and even different regions within the same nations) differentially. For the purposes of this paper, I shall focus on the effects of international trade on the United States as representative of the ways in which…

References

Hubbard, R. & O'Brien, A. (2010). Applying International Trade Concepts simulation Economics (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Hall.

The same effect can occur for import industry. The prices of imported goods and commodities depend on how much the export market sells the commodities.

Applying the Situations in International Trade

As an administrative assistant, it is important to watch the international trading and market to gather enough information as to when it is ideal to invest or buy office goods and commodities for the company. An administrative assistant who has the responsibility to maintain proper conditions in an office environment always involves himself in buying of products for his company's use. Thus, applying knowledge in the current situations in international trade can benefit the company in terms of financial resources.

eferences

Trade Advantages and Disadvantages

etrieved on September 13, 2005, from Online. http://floti.bell.ac.uk/intee/Comparative%20advantage/tsld010.htm

The World Trade Organization (WTO). Advantages and Disadvantages.

etrieved on September 13, 2005, from Online. http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=875&p=opinion&a=2

References

Trade Advantages and Disadvantages

Retrieved on September 13, 2005, from Online. http://floti.bell.ac.uk/intee/Comparative%20advantage/tsld010.htm

The World Trade Organization (WTO). Advantages and Disadvantages.

Retrieved on September 13, 2005, from Online. http://www.yementimes.com/article.shtml?i=875&p=opinion&a=2

Thus, free trade keeps costs lower for consumers and leads to more efficient production. However, there are exceptions to unabated free trade. Most notably, national security dictates restrictions on the sale of military goods to unfriendly countries. Also, one needs to consider appropriate responses to other countries who do not engage in fair trading policies. Recently, the U.S. has seen huge losses of jobs and a redistribution of wealth to Asian countries such as China and India. Perhaps some form of protectionism might be useful to give time for the U.S. time to make plans to deal with the situation.

ibliography

Comparative advantage and absolute advantage. EconomicsInteractive.com. Retrieved at http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Essays/AS_Comp_Adv.htm

Wallenius, H. International economics. http://www.tuta.hut.fi/studies/Courses_and_schedules/Isib/TU-91.2011/lecturenotes/Lecture_4.ppt#256,1,3INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY

Bibliography

Comparative advantage and absolute advantage. EconomicsInteractive.com. Retrieved at  http://www.unc.edu/depts/econ/byrns_web/Economicae/Essays/ABS_Comp_Adv.htm 

Wallenius, H. International economics. http://www.tuta.hut.fi/studies/Courses_and_schedules/Isib/TU-91.2011/lecturenotes/Lecture_4.ppt#256,1,3INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY

The primary advantage of trade, he argued, was that it opened up new markets for surplus goods and also provided some commodities at less cost from abroad than at home.

Mass perception of free trade in the United States is rarely positive. Immediately, people think of lost jobs and our growing trade deficit instead of the free trade promises of a higher standard of living brought about by the theory of comparative advantage and economies of scale. Therefore, many feel that free trade makes this country worse off.

ibliography

Adam Smith (1723-90)." The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Available:

http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Smith.html (Accessed 19 Feb. 2005).

David Hume (1711-76)." The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Available: http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Hume.html (Accessed 19 Feb. 2005).

Mercantalism." Available:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercantilist (Accessed 19 Feb. 2005)

David Hume (1711-76)." The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Available: http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Hume.html (Accessed 19 Feb. 2005).

Adam Smith (1723-90)." The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Available:

http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Smith.html (Accessed 19…

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Adam Smith (1723-90)." The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Available:

 http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Smith.html  (Accessed 19 Feb. 2005).

David Hume (1711-76)." The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Available:  http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/bios/Hume.html  (Accessed 19 Feb. 2005).

Mercantalism." Available:

International Trade

Managing Offshoring Software Projects From U.S.-based Locations

In the article and research cited in An Empirical Investigation of Client Managers esponsibilities on Managing Offshore Outsourcing of Software-Testing Projects (Jain, Poston, Simon, 2011) the dynamics of outsourcing alliances with American companies and Indian service providers' shows signs of becoming more efficient through the use of collaboration technologies and more effective quality management techniques. The cultural, ethical and financial implications of Indian outsourcers becoming more efficient in working with American companies are having a risk reduction effect in the short-term and an acceleration of innovation in the long-term (Zhao, Watanabe, 2010). From a social perspective, Indian outsourcers are finding strategies for attaining a higher level of customer satisfaction level not attainable in previous iterations of their business models (Bairi, Manohar, 2011).

Analysis

The cumulative effect of ethical, cultural and financial factors on the operations of Indian outsourcers throughout the United…

References

Bairi, J., & Manohar, B.M. (2011). Critical success factors in gaining user customer satisfaction in outsourced IT services. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 24(6), 475-493.

Hofstede, G. (1983). The cultural relativity of organizational practices and theories. Journal of International Business Studies, 14(2), 75-75.

Jain, R.P., Poston, R.S., & Simon, J.C. (2011). An empirical investigation of client managers' responsibilities in managing offshore outsourcing of software-testing projects. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 58(4), 743.

Zhao, W., & Watanabe, C. (2010). Risk management in software outsourcing -- a portfolio analysis of India's case based on software export market constitution. Journal of Services Research, 10(1), 143-155.

Knowing that international trade is by definition a national-level issue does not stop people from pointing out its flaws. Protectionism arises from individual or national interest, or to protect infant industries. Each of these must be recognized, however, as a distortion in the trade system, a negative action undertaken to achieve a non-economic goal (Friedman & Friedman, 1997).

In the case of many countries, the benefits of international trade are negligible not because the money does not come into the country, but because the money is siphoned out of the economy before it can do any good. Corruption and other inefficiencies in a market can negate some of the benefits of international trade, before the citizens of the country see the benefit. In order that citizens see benefit, they must have low taxation rates, receive public goods from their governments, or receive jobs from their companies. In short, trade will…

Works Cited:

Landsburg, L. (2007). Comparative advantage. Economics Library. Retrieved December 2, 2009 from  http://www.econlib.org/library/Topics/Details/comparativeadvantage.html 

Krugman, P. (1996). Ricardo's Difficult Idea. Slate. Retrieved December 2, 2009 from http://hei.unige.ch/~baldwin/ComparativeAdvantageMyths/RicardoDifficultIdea.htm

Krugman, P. (1999). Enemies of the WTO. Slate. Retrieved December 2, 2009 from http://hei.unige.ch/~baldwin/ComparativeAdvantageMyths/BogusArgumentsAgainstWTO.htm

Friedman, M. & Friedman, R. (1997). The case for free trade. Hoover's. Retrieved December 2, 2009 from  http://www.hoover.org/publications/digest/3550727.html

The orld Hunger organization (www.worldhunger.org) assertsthat there is a bias in international trade rules that favor developed nations. hy? Developed nations control the orld Trade Organization, according to the orld Hunger organization; and as to export items like pharmaceuticals, developed countries have shown "reluctance" to allow developing countries "to produce or import low cost generic drugs for major illnesses, such as AIDS" (www.worldhunger.org).

Another example of this alleged unfairness can be viewed in light of the U.S. Sugar Tariffs and Brazil. In the ashington Post (Jeter, 2003) it is explained that though the U.S. extols the greatness of free trade, it does not always live up to that rhetoric. The U.S. imposes a tariff of 244% on sugar imports "...above a small quote of duty free sugar imports" (Jeter, 2003). "hile Brazil has both plentiful and fertile land and available workers, the 244% tariff that the U.S. Government levies on…

Works Cited

Jeter, John. "Brazilians Soured by U.S. Sugar Tariffs." Washington Post 10 September 2003. Retrieved March 3, 2009, at  http://www.washingtonpost.com .

Nogues, Julio J. "Unequal Exchange: Developing Countries in the International Trade

Negotiations." Murphy Institute Conference (2002). Retrieved March 4, 2009, at http://www.ctrc.sice.oas.org/geograph/south/nogues.pdf.

Office of the United States Trade Representative. "The Benefits of Trade for Developing

Only a few decades ago, China was a struggling economy. It is much newer in the free market economy system as compared to the already established economical giants, given the country's communist history. China, a country with an extremely high population, put its resources to its best possible advantage and that was something which contributed towards the country's rapid growth. China has one of the cheapest labor and energy and power resources available for its production. As a result, the industries can achieve economies of scale and thus can cut down on their cost of production. As a result, China enjoys a greater absolute advantage over its competitors. Importers around the world have realized the fact that importing goods from China is relatively much cheaper as compared to imports from other developed economies. These cheaper imports allow them a greater profit margin. Moreover, given the fragile economic conditions and declining…

References

Kreh, W. (2008). Money, Debt and Wealth of Nations. Canada: COMER publications

Lipsey, R. & Chrystal, K. (1997). An Introduction to Positive Economics. London: Oxford University Press.

Zweig, D. & Jianhai, B. (2005). China's global hunt for energy. Foreign Affairs, 84(5), 25-38.

Hale, D. & Hale, L. (2003). China takes off. Foreign Affairs, 82(36).

Given the high degree to which AIDS impedes global economic integration, in particular of sub-Saharan Africa, it would be reasonable to think that such a transnational issue would bring nations and institutions together to a much higher degree than we see.

Overall, the various aspects of the international system have enabled the expansion of global economic integration. Regimes, institutions, and regional interests bring nations together to meet common objectives. As rational actors, nations sometimes impede global integration, be it over a domestic issue or a transnational one. No aspect of the current international system, however, specifically impedes global economic integration. Only when a nation takes itself out of the international system, as has occurred in North Korea, Cuba, Zimbabwe and a handful of other countries, does economic integration become fully impeded. Therefore we can reasonably conclude that the international system, on balance and with a modicum of cooperation on the…

Works Cited

Goldstein, Judith; Rivers, Douglas & Tomz, Michael. (2003). How does the Trade Regime Affect International Trade? Stanford University. Retrieved December 21, 2008 at  http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/6/4/3/7/pages64379/p64379-1.php 

Wayne, E. Anthony. (2004). NAFTA: Ten Years After. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved December 21, 2008 at  http://www.state.gov/e/eeb/rls/rm/31645.htm 

No author. (2003). Trade Reforms and Food Security: Conceptualizing the Linkages United Nations. Retrieved December 21, 2008 at http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4671e/y4671e00.htm#Contents

Capdevila, Gustavo. (2008). The Death of Doha. Asia Times. Retrieved December 21, 2008 at http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/JG31Dj02.html

In the case of United States, Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code provides for practically all types of security agreements for owned property that are both for own use as also for commercial purposes. This type of agreements includes fixtures which mean personal property that is attached to the property, and the ready example can be a water heater. This does not include other liens taken on the property like the lien of a mechanic are not covered by this act, but are covered by the individual laws that govern them. There is also a statute of frauds and that requires a security agreement to be in writing for it to be valid, unless the property has been pledged for getting the loan. This sort of a pledge takes place when the borrowing party shifts the collateral to the lender of money in exchange for the loan that he…

References

9-203. Attachment and Enforceability of Security Interest; Proceeds: Formal Requisites.

Retrieved at  http://www.law.cornell.edu/ucc/9/9-203.html . Accessed 10 November, 2005

Bailey, Sue. PM defensive over election threat. Retrieved at  http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/World/2005/11/03/1291616-cp.html . Accessed 10 November, 2005

Banking: An overview. Retrieved at  http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/banking.html . Accessed 10 November, 2005

Mercantilism as a philosophy may be dead, but special interests that lead to trade controls are alive and well (Mercantilism today: how a dead philosophy comes back to life, 2003). Trade controls that affect price and indirectly quantity include tariffs, subsidies, arbitrary customs-valuation and special fees (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2007). Trade controls that directly affect quantity and indirectly affect price include quotas, voluntary export restrictions, "buy local" legislation, arbitrary standards, licensing arrangements, foreign-exchange controls, administrative delays and requirements to take goods in exchange for selling (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2007).

Finally, businesses must also consider trade organizations and regional economic integration when deciding where to conduct business. The World Trade Organization promotes trade liberalization and mediates trade disputes and enforcing agreements (Daniels, Radebaugh, and Sullivan, 2007). Major regional trading groups include the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Central American Common Market, the Caribbean Community and…

Bibliography

Daniels, J.D., Radebaugh, L.H., & Sullivan, D.P. (2007) International business: Environments and operations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0131869426.

Kokko, a., Matha, T., and Gustavsson, P. (2006). Regional integration and trade diversion in Europe.  http://ideas.repec.org/p/hhs/eijswp/0231.html 

Mercantilism. http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Mercantilism.html

Mercantilism today: how a dead philosophy comes back to life (2003, September 19). National Review. http://www.policynetwork.net/main/article.php?article_id=584

wto.org).

Thirdly, an advantage of the TO treaty is that it protects individual privacy when it comes to the "processing and dissemination of personal data and the protection of confidentiality of individual records and accounts" (www.wto.org). That issue came up because consumer advocate Ralph Nader was quoted as saying, "Particularly in the area of Internet privacy protections, the TO is forcing governments to forego sovereign privacy protections deemed to be overly restrictive to international trade" (www.wto.org). The TO's answer to that the trade deal signed by 123 nations "has had nothing whatever to do with internet privacy" and indeed a safeguard is built into the General Exceptions in Article XIV regarding processing and dissemination of personal data, as mentioned at the top of this paragraph.

The fourth advantage of international trade under the auspices of the TO is that deals signed cannot force any country to move towards the privatization…

Works Cited

Organics Unlimited. (2009). FreshPlaza: Global Fresh Produce and Banana News / EU

Proposal to end Banana Trade Dispute. Retrieved June 11, 2009, from  http://www.freshplaza.com/news_detail.asp?id=38939 .

World Trade Organization. (2005). The Uruguay Round / GATS Fact and Fiction.

Retrieved June 13, 2009, from  http://www.wto.org .

"Policy issues attract a substantial attention from both economists and policymakers in the recent years" (Obsteldt). ith such attention being focused on the policy issues, it makes more than a little sense, to focus the attention there as well in order to have a higher likelihood of success than without the same attention. In order to focus attention on those policy issues it must be understood what those policy issues entail.

Those issues can include such items as exchange rates, currency crises and other financial events taking place in either country. The MIT study stated other components should also be addressed. "These include theory and evidence of exchange rate-based stabilizations....sovereign debt management and reform of the international financial system" (Obsteldt). Since there is currently no major problems between the two countries, both countries participate in the orld Monetary Fund as active members, and neither country is mismanage their debt management,…

Works Cited

Bloomfield AI, (1994), Essays in the History of International Trade Theory, Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing

 http://emlab.berkeley.edu/users/visfac/e280a_sp02/syllabus280a.pdf ., Accessed July 11, 2006

James AM, (1994), Books - Reviews; Essays in the History of International Trade Theory (Book), European Journal of the History of Economic Thought, Vol 1 Issue 3, pg 606

Obstfeld M, Rogoff K, Foundations of International Macroeconomics, The MIT Press

S. inflation in check, even during economic boom times.

Cultural Values

The debate about increasing protectionism in the U.S. boils down to a clash of cultural values. In the natural course of international trade, there will be those who suffer and those who benefit. International markets are amoral. Trade is conducted between nations with the intent of raising the standard of living for both, but this is on aggregate, not universally. As a result, jobs losses in some sectors, particularly those where the U.S. does not have comparative advantage, are inevitable. To enact protectionist measures to stem those job losses will have three negative impacts.

The first is retaliatory trade measures. Tariffs and other protectionist measures tend to go hand in hand. If a country protects its industries, nations that trade with that country will do the same. This is the classic Smoot-Hawley scenario. To protect American jobs during the…

Works Cited:

No author. (2009). Top ten countries with which the U.S. trades. Census.gov. Retrieved December 6, 2009 from  http://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html 

No author. (2007). David Ricardo and comparative advantage. NetMBA.com. Retrieved December 6, 2009 from  http://www.netmba.com/econ/micro/comparative-advantage/ 

US Department of State. (no date). Protectionism in the interwar period. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved December 6, 2009 from  http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/id/17606.htm 

Evenett, S. (2009). The G20's assault on world trade. VOX. Retrieved December 6, 2009 from  http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/4008

International Trade: Trends in International Trade and the Economy

In recent years many developments are occurring within the world of international trade. These developments are vital to ones understanding of world economy and trade. As technology continues to advance the rate at which corporations can communicate across distant localities, more and more organizations are finding new ways to not only communicate but also trade products and services.

This paper will focus on recent trends and patterns in trade and their effects on the economy. The paper will also examine the potential benefits international trade has to offer participating nations compared with any negative effects free trade may have on the economy or citizens of a particularly nation. One of the more recent developments in international trade is recognition by economists of the importance of understanding industrial organizations from a theoretical perspective (Grimwade, 2000). Hence this paper will also attempt to…

References:

Grimwade, N. International Trade: New Patterns of Trade, Production & Investment.

London: Routledge, 2000.

Kitson, M. And Michie, J. (1995). Trade and growth: A historical perspective. Chapter 1. In

J. Mitchie and J. Grieve Smith (eds.), Managing the global economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

The Uruguay round would designate that the TO, through its primary role as a mediator, negotiator, and monitor of international trade policies and disputes, serves by design as a gatekeeper of international trade, offering the structural conditions and assembled authority to exact a legitimate level of authority over its member nations.

A good example of how the TO has strengthened the international governing community's ability to provide oversights for its member nations comes from the 1994 rounds of negotiation in Uruguay which essentially defined and forged the TO from the shadows of the GATT. In a consideration, for instance, of the newly afforded power to engage in the process of dispute settlement, we can see that the TO would have an expansive impact on the power of those who had already acted under the propositions of the GATT. The declaration produced by this round of talks would proceed by stating…

Works Cited:

AdBrands. (2008). Wal-Mart Stores (U.S.). AdBrands.net.

Beierle, T. (2002). . From Uruguay to Doha: Agricultural Trade Negotiations at the World Trade Organization University of Connecticut: Discussion Papers.

Collins, J.C. (2007). Supply Chain. Accounting Software Research. Online at  http://www.asaresearch.com/ecommerce/supplychain.htm .

Doha WTO Ministerial. (2006). Ministerial Declaration. The World Trade Organization.

185). Components for these products may be manufactured and put together in branches in various countries throughout the world. Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Hong Kong were involved in the earliest types of production sharing, which included assembling electronic components manufactured in other countries. Production sharing, one World Bank study determined, currently contributes to approximately 30% of manufacturers' total global trade. Foreign affiliates' international exports approach over 7% of global GDP, approximately $2 trillion.

Conclusion

The World Trade Organization (WTO), which came into being in 1995, the only worldwide international organization that deals with rules of trade between countries, maintains their goal to be to assist producers and manufacturers of services; goods; exporters; importers in carry out business. ("What..., 2006, para. 1) "One of the youngest of the international organizations, the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second…

References

Andrews, R., Biggs M., & Seidel, et al. M. (Eds.). (1996). The Columbia World of Quotations.

New York: Columbia University Press. Retrieved on June 7, 2006 at  http://www.bartleby.com/66/50/1950.html& ;

 http://www.bartleby.com/66/45/39445.html .

Barrera, A. (2004). "Who Benefits from Outsourcing?" Retrieved on June 7, 2006 at http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=3115.

International Trade: Discussion of International etailing

GAP Inc.'s International Growth Strategy

GAP Inc. is one of the world's leading retailers in children, women, men's clothing and care products under the Intermix, Athleta, Piperlime, Old Navy, Banana epublic, and GAP brands. It currently operates over 3,000 stores scattered across 90 countries. GAP Inc. has increased its international presence through three key strategies -- brand extensions, acquisition of smaller companies, and building of physical stores/increasing the number of franchise-operated stores in promising markets.

In 2013, GAP Inc. boosted its presence in North America, particularly Mexico and Canada, through its $130 million acquisition of New-York-based firm, Intermix, a retailer in women's accessories, clothing and apparel (Gap Inc., 2013). With this acquisition, GAP Inc. added 32 boutiques scattered across the U.S., Canada, and Mexico, together with an e-commerce site for luxury brands and an additional brand to its portfolio. This followed an earlier acquisition…

References

AGOA. (2008). Trade Agreements. AGOA.info. Retrieved 7 January 2015 from  http://agoa.info/bilaterals/agreements.html 

GAP Inc. (2013). Gap Inc. Acquires Intermix. GAP Inc. Retrieved 7 January 2015 from  http://www.gapinc.com/content/gapinc/html/media/pressrelease/2012/med_pr_Gap_Inc_Acquires_Intermix.html 

Vault Career Intelligence. (2015). The GAP Inc. Vault Career Intelligence. Retrieved 7 January 2015 from  http://www.vault.com/company-profiles/retail/the-gap,-inc/company-overview.aspx 

WTO. (2001). Trade Policy Reviews: First Press Release, Secretariat and Government Summaries. The World Trade Organization (WTO). Retrieved 7 January 2015 from  http://www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp176_e.htm

"Dell recently established customer and technical support centers in India, China, Morocco, Panama, and Slovakia and has set up design centers in Taiwan and China. Furthermore, it not only has manufacturing facilities in Texas and Tennessee, but also in Brazil, Ireland, Malaysia, and China" (Pruitt, 2012).

Eeven though Dell has come under fire along with other companies by critics who say that offshoring is robbing U.S. citizens of jobs, the company's new chief executive officer has said that Dell will carry on to engage in the practice. The company's current chief operating officer has said that the issue of offshoring in regards to Dell has been overblown. Dell has said that it will persist to employ people overseas, where it sees market growth. The company derived almost forty percent of its revenue from international sales for its fiscal year 2004. In addition, it says that its potential growth is dependent…

Works Cited

Chestnut, D. 2012. Outsourcing & Offshoring in the 21st Century. Web. 6 March 2012.

Gibbs, M. 2004. Offshoring for the Right Reasons. Web. 6 March 2012.

Grossman, G.M. 2006. Trading Tasks: A Simple Theory of Offshoring. Web. 6 March 2012.

King, D. 2009. Offshore outsourcing: practical and ethical arguments for and against, from a small business perspective. Web. 6 March 2012.

" (U.S. Secuities and Exchange Commission Annual Repot No. 1-2217)

Economical and Political Influences:

Economical and political conditions in the intenational maket place include: "civil unest, poduct boycotts, govenmental changes and estiction on the ability to tansfe capital acoss bodes." It is vey possible that the cuent instability in economic and political conditions in the Middle East, Noth Koea, Iaq o elsewhee as well as continued teoism could advesely impact the Company's financial esults in business."

Othe factos include: "Changes in the nonalcoholic beveages business envionment which is inclusive of changes in consumes pefeences due to health o nutition aspects, competition pessues in poduct and picing competitive poduct. Othe changes such as changes in foeign cuency fluctuation and inteest ates as well as othe capital maket conditions, weathe conditions advesely effecting the Company by a eduction in demand, vaiations in effectiveness of advetising, maketing and pomotions. Fluctuations on cost and…

references due to health or nutrition aspects, competition pressures in product and pricing competitive product. Other changes such as changes in foreign currency fluctuation and interest rates as well as other capital market conditions, weather conditions adversely effecting the Company by a reduction in demand, variations in effectiveness of advertising, marketing and promotions. Fluctuations on cost and availability of raw materials as well as variables in energy costs and transportation costs as well as other necessary services along with the variables in maintaining supplier arrangements and relationships. Natural disasters will be possible threats due to power disruptions and labor strikes. Other variables in business are: "Our ability to effectively align ourselves with our bottling system as we focus on increasing the investment in our brands; seeking efficiencies throughout the supply chain; delivering more value for our customers; and better meeting the needs of our consumers. Changes in laws and regulations, including changes in accounting standards, taxation requirements

Including tax rate changes, new tax laws and revised tax law interpretations), laws concerning food and beverages, competition laws, employment laws and environmental laws in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. Our ability to penetrate developing and emerging markets, which also depends on economic and political conditions, and how well we are able to acquire or form strategic business alliances with local bottlers and make necessary infrastructure enhancements to production facilities, distribution networks, sales equipment and technology. Moreover, the supply of products in developing markets must match the customers' demand for those products, and due to product price and cultural differences, there can be no assurance of product acceptance in any particular market. • the uncertainties of litigation, as well as other risks and uncertainties detailed from time to time in our Company's Securities and Exchange Commission filings. The foregoing list of important factors is not exclusive.

Third Quarter Statement (2004) Coca-Cola FEMSA a DE CV Earnings Conference [Online] Highbeam Research.

South American Business Information 4.8.2004 Comtex news.

Latin America Operating Segment" the Coca-Cola Company 2003 [Online} available at  http://www2.coca-cola.com/investors/annualandotherreports/2003/opseg_latin.shtml

S. markets are listed as being:

Import Licensing

Services arriers

Also is concern in the presence of the government in the telecommunications market sector. U.S. exporters need to know that shipping of foods and agricultural products must be done to meet Italian requirements whether sealed and bonded or not. Italy has also banned the commercialization of four corn varieties approved by the EU. The biotech corn ban may be in violation of EU regulations. The United States and the European Union are the two regions with the largest amounts of imports in Textile and Clothing as well as in terms of their GDP and power of purchase. There are also investment barriers in place making it a lengthy process and investors are prohibited from the airlines and aircraft manufacturing markets. Government procurement is also a problem as it is fragmented in Italy and there are problems with Conclusion:

There are…

Bibliography

Italy: Economy [Online] located at  http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/it/Italy_economy_summary.htm 

The World Textile and Clothing Trade: Globalization vs. Regionlization [Online] at  http://64.233.161.104/search?q=cache:RhDXwbnGQ6KJ:blake.montclair.edu/ 'cibconf/co

2001 Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices; Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs U.S. Department of State, February 2002

Italy in the World Economy ICE Report 2003-2004

International Trade Transaction used by MNEs in Global Business

International Trade Transaction

In the Global business environment, a typical trade transaction is either initiated by a seller who wishes to export his goods to the potential buyers in the international markets or by a buyer who is in a need for some specific goods that are not available in his country or it is more feasible for him to purchase them from international sellers. An international trade transaction is quite similar to a general local trade transaction with certain additional steps and precautions. These steps and precautionary measures make the international trade transaction far more complex than a local transaction (Hinkelman & Ebrary 140).

Participants in an International Trade Transaction:

Generally, there are four major participants in an international trade transaction; the seller (beneficiary or exporter of goods), buyer (importer of goods), issuing bank, and advising bank. Every international trade…

Works Cited

Bertrams, Roeland. Bank guarantees in international trade: the law and practice of independent (first demand) guarantees and standby letters of credit in civil law and common law jurisdictions, 3rd Edition. Paris: ICC Publ. [u.a.], 2004. Print.

Carr, Indira. International Trade Law, 3rd Edition. U.S.: Routledge-Cavendish, 2005. Print

Hinkelman, Edward & Ebrary, Inc. Importers manual USA: the single source reference encyclopedia for importing to the United States, 4th Edition. San Rafael, CA: World Trade Press, 2004. Print.

Hinkelman, Edward & Shippey, Karla. Dictionary of international trade: handbook of the global trade community includes 19 key appendices, 6th Edition. Novato, California: World Trade Press, 2004. Print

Reflection Paper – International Trade

There has been a lot of talk lately about NAFTA being put at risk – either the US wanting to pull out of the deal or to significantly re-negotiate its terms. Industries that either benefit from NAFTA or feel that they do not benefit are lining up to express their positions – the latest being the auto industry, which has generally benefited significantly from NAFTA's country of origin rules
(Shepardson, 2018).

This discussion makes one reflect on the objectives of trade policy in general. The entire point of trade policy is to expand the economy by leveraging comparative advantages. While there are high profile instances where Mexico has comparative advantage, and has therefore won some trade away from the United States, the US has the most number of products in which it has a comparative advantage, with Mexico the least (Mzumara, Chingarande & Karambakuwa, 2012).…

International Trade. There are two references used for this paper.

The United States currently maintains a moderate trade relationship with China. It is important to look at potential positive and negative effects of increased trade, and what the current state of uncertain long-term relations with the Chinese government could have on United States firms and the United States economy.

Inflation in China

China exports have had a major impact on keeping the price of goods down throughout the world for the past decade. However, as noted on the "opening day of China's biggest trade fair, the common refrain was that prices of everything from rice to steel were rising sharply, and that prices for exports to the United States, Europe and other markets would have to follow (Bradsher, 2004)."

The increase in steel prices is already having a negative effect on some United States businesses as evidenced when "an exporter…

References

Bradsher, Keith and Chris Buckley. 16 April, 2004. "Inflation looks to be next export from China Economy's growth lifts prices for goods from rice to steel." International Herald

Tribune.

Haggard, Stephan. 01 January, 2004. "The balance of power, globalization, and democracy:

international relations theory in Northeast Asia." Journal of East Asian Studies.

regional international institutions, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, United Nations, World Trade Organization, a financial institution. Select countries apply traditional international trade theories, absolute advantage, comparative advantage, factor endowment, enhance participation international trade.

International Trade Participation

The interaction between countries is a complex process that is strongly influenced by economic, political, and cultural factors. The need for this interaction is based on the resources that can be provided with smaller efforts by some countries to countries that need them. The need for resources has determined countries to involve in military, economic, and biological wars, or to involve in influence relationships where several countries support a larger community that can polarize greater power in the attempt to counteract the influence of other powerful countries. This is the case of the European Union that was developed in order to join the efforts of European countries so that they could balance the power…

Reference list:

1. Comparative Advantage (2014). Investopedia. Retrieved March 6, 2014 from  http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/comparativeadvantage.asp .

2. Regional Trade Agreements (2011). OECD. Retrieved March 6, 2014 from  http://www.oecd.org/document/62/0,3746,en_2649_36442957_31839102_1_1_1_1,00.html .

3. Role of the World Trade Organization (2012). ICT. Retrieved March 6, 2014 from http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/section.1651.html.

In the real world, most markets are far from fully competitive, labor-productivity within a country varies over time and full employment is just a dream in most capitalist economies. (Suranovic 1997)

Given the list of such 'unrealistic' assumptions made in the model, it is easy for us to dismiss the results of comparative advantage altogether or to accept it with a large dose of skepticism. But would such dismissal be justified? It is prudent to remember that almost all economic theories operate under a large number of 'unrealistic' assumptions that do not apply to the much more complex real world. In fact, we deliberately simplify the variables in economics in order to be able to construct models and to carry out analysis. Such simplification does not make all economic analysis redundant. It should also be remembered that comparative advantage and international trade would work to the benefit of all individuals…

References

David Ricardo and Comparative Advantage." (2004). Net MBA.com. Internet Center for Management and Business Administration. Retrieved on November 17, 2004 at  http://www.netmba.com/econ/micro/comparative-advantage/ 

Suranovic, Steven. (1997) "The Theory of Comparative Advantage - Overview." International Trade Theory and Policy. Retrieved on November 17, 2004 at  http://internationalecon.com/v1.0/ch40/40c000.html 

Colonel Robert Torrens (1780-1864) was a British army officer and owner of the Globe newspaper

David Ricardo (1772-1823): British economist and businessman who was a great proponent of 'free trade.' which both are able to produce the Polish-American mathematician who helped to develop the theory of hydrogen bomb

international trade the theories of absolute and comparative advantage are important. The concept of absolute advantage is seen in the trade theories of Adam Smith, originally published in 1776, where it was argued that countries should produce the goods that they can create with the lowest total costs (Smith, 1994). A country has an absolute advantage if they are able to produce a good at the lowest overall cost compared to other nations. In this model nations should export goods they produce at the lowest cost and import those goods that have the highest overall cost to produce (the absolute disadvantage) (Smith, 1994). In this way nations use their resources to optimize production. The concept of absolute advantage is a good starting point to assess who trade takes place in the international environment, but it is also too simplistic. Trade is more complex, with many countries producing goods which do…

International Trade

Ever since Adam Smith demonstrated in The Wealth of Nations (1776) that individuals would be better off if they specialize, instead of trying to be economically self-sufficient, countries across the world have tried to apply the same principle to international trade. It is argued that all countries would be better off if they exchange the products and services that they are relatively good at producing for those things that other countries are relatively better at producing. David icardo (1772-1823), British economist and businessman, through his theory of Comparative Advantage went on to "prove" that it can be beneficial for two countries to trade, even if one of them is able to produce each item more cheaply than the other.

The colonialist powers, particularly Britain, had realized the benefits of international trade after its industrial revolution although it is highly debatable whether such trade was beneficial for the colonies…

References

Dollar, D. And Kraay, A. (2001). "Trade, Growth, and Poverty." Development Research Group: The World Bank. [Available online] Accessed on November 05, 2004 from http://econ.worldbank.org/files/2207_wps2615.pdf

Moore, Richard K. (1999). "Achieving a Livable, Peaceful World." Part I - Corporate rule and global ruin. Introduction. [Available online] Accessed on November 05, 2004 from http://cyberjournal.org/cj/rkm/alpw/p1.intro.html

Nordstrom, H. And Vaughan, S. (1999) "Trade and Environment." Special Study: World Trade Organization. [Available online] Accessed on November 05, 2004 from  http://www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/envir_e/environment.pdf

'The Rural Poverty Trap." (2004). Oxfam Briefing Paper # 59. [Available online] Accessed on November 05, 2004 from http://www.maketradefair.com/en/assets/bp59_The_Rural_Poverty_Trap.pdf

negotiation, signing the contract and the actual operations of import that follow. Below is a rough plan of the report:

Negotiation

Commercial letters. Offer Demand.

Characteristics of Thai culture. Negotiation in an intercultural context

Signing the contract

Example of the contract

Import operations

Transport and Freight

Insurance

Payment. Letter of Credit

Customs and Custom Duties

Negotiation

The first thing that the importer will be concerned with is identifying the Thai market and possible partners. This kind of information is usually delivered by mixed (bilateral) chambers of trade. As of my knowledge, a bilateral Canadian- Thai chamber of trade does not exist as such, so that information on producers and exporters of tins from Thailand will most likely be gathered either from the International Chamber of Trade in Paris or from local sources.

Once the Thai exporters have been identified, the Canadian importer can proceed to send each of them an…

MEAs and the TO

"the Relationship between the Dispute-Settlement Mechanisms of MEAs and those of the TO."

As awareness of the importance of the environment has become more widespread, nations have entered into agreements which are intended to protect and maintain the world's environment. These Multilateral Environmental Agreements, or MEAs, are international agreements in which a number of nations agree to certain environmental protections. Examples include agreements like the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of haling, or the 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). These MEA's sometimes involve international trade, and thus overlaps occurs between the MEA's and the organization designed to enforce international trade agreements, the TO. hile many MEA's have their own dispute resolution mechanisms, or the means by which member nations resolve disagreements over the MEA, there sometimes also exists an overlap between the dispute resolution mechanisms of the individual MEA and the…

Works Cited

Brack, Duncan, and Kevin Gray. (2003). Multilateral Environmental Agreements and the WTO. The Royal Institute of International Affairs: Sustainable Development Programme. Retrieved from  http://www.worldtradelaw.net/articles/graymeawto.pdf 

Gonzalez-Calatayud, Alexandra, and Gabrielle Marceau. (2002). The Relationship between the Dispute-Settlement Mechanisms of MEAS and those of the WTO. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law,11 (3), 275-86.

Trade Theory

Intra-Industry International Trade

Standard trade theory and its deviations

The classical theory of international trade can be traced back to the founding father of capitalism Adam Smith: Smith's 1776 Wealth of Nations theorized that free trade would be beneficial to all nations. Smith stated that much like merchants, nations should specialize in the particular goods and services which they could produce most efficiently and trade with other nations who could produce alternate goods and services equally efficiently. Thus free trade resulted in advantages for both trading parties. Smith's theory was later fleshed out by David icardo in his Principles of Economics. iccardo stated that free trade could optimize efficiency for every country on a global level by reducing the inefficiencies generated by the excess resources involved in producing the goods and services the nation was not suited to produce (Sen 2010: 2).

This common wisdom remained relatively consistent…

References

Agglomeration economies. (2013). Economics Help. Retrieved from:

 http://www.economicshelp.org/blog/glossary/agglomeration-economies/ 

Carlton & Perloff. (2010). Strategic trade. Modern Industrial Organization (4th ed). Pearson.

Retrieved from: http://wps.aw.com/aw_carltonper_modernio_4/21/5566/1425036.cw/content/index.html

Intenational Tade Between Bahain and Saudi Aabia

This is a pape on Tade between Bahain and Saudi Aabia, focusing on how it affects thei intenational tade elations with special attention to OPEC, GCC and the Qata dispute. It uses 22 souces in MLA fomat.

Both Saudi Aabia and Bahain ae membes of the Gulf Coopeation Council along with Qata, UAE, Kuwait and Oman. Unde the GCC Ageement, pefeential taiffs apply among the membe states. Since independence in 1971, Bahain has essentially pusued a libeal tade and investment policy, and has integated its economy closely with those of othe counties in the egion, though the Unified Economic Ageement of the Gulf Coopeation Council (GCC).

Tade and economic gowth in Bahain is stongly affected by vaiations in intenational enegy pices. Real GDP gowth, as a esult, was slowe duing the 1990s compaed with the pevious decade, aveaging aound 3.6% annually since 1994.…

references

1. http://cf.heritage.org/index/country.cfm?ID=10

2. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE: BAHRAIN ECONOMIC POLICY AND TRADE PRACTICES. FEBRUARY 1994.

3.  http://www.worldbank.org/search.htm 

4.  http://www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp139_e.htm

intra-industry international trade within the standard international trade classification SITC6, which represents manufactured foods classified chiefly by material. The scope of this paper is limited to processed foods, and includes analytical frameworks from the gravity model, and classic approaches to product differentiation, product commoditization, pricing, and market structure.

eferences to market structures in the literature typically oversimplify the dynamics influencing the development of market types -- perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly -- and this tendency is exacerbated when the focus is on intra-industry trade. Further, the distinctions become considerably more obfuscated when companies that are in the same trade do business in both domestic and international markets. A global manufacturing strategy is the goal of most multinational companies, and rationalizing manufacturing strategies is an objective for nations, as well (Lee, 1984). For instance, assume that a country has the industrial infrastructure to produce canned beverages, but there are…

References

Anderson, J.E. (2011). The gravity model. Annual Review of Economics, 3. Boston College.

Arribas, I., Perez, F., and Tortosa-Ausina, E. (2009). Measuring globalization of international trade: Theory and evidence. World Development, 37(1), 127-145. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.03.009

Baier, S.I., and Bergstrand, J.H., (2009). Bonus vetus OLS: A simple method for approximating international trade-cost effects using the gravity equation. Journal of International Economics. Retrieved  http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022199608001062 

Berstrand, J.H. (1985). The gravity equation in international trade: Some micro-economics foundations and empirical evidence. Review of Economics and Statistics, 67(3), 474-481. Doi: 10.2307.1925976

Intra-Industry International Trade: Benefits and Costs

Trade is brought about by specialization. People specialize in those goods and services that they can produce effectively, and since they cannot survive on only these, exchange their surplus production for other items that they need, but do not produce. There are mainly two types of trade in this regard; international and domestic. The domestic form of trade refers to the exchange of trade items (services and goods) within a country's borders. International trade, on the other hand, can be defined as "the exchange of goods and services among residents of different countries" (Chacholiades, 2006). International trade can take either of two forms; intra-industry or inter-industry forms of trade. Inter-industry trade is trade between industries, whereas intra-industry trade takes place within industries. Intra-industry trade, therefore, refers to the importation and exportation of same-industry items of trade (Gandolfo, 1998).

Background

International trade has been on…

References

Boyes, W.J. & Melvin, M. (2007). Microeconomics (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Chacholiades, M. (2006). The Pure Theory of International Trade. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

FAO. (2000). International Trade: Some Basic Theories and Concepts (Module 2). The Food and Agricultural Organization. Retrieved from  http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x7352e/x7352e02.htm 

Gandolfo, G. (1998). International Trade Theory and Policy. Rome: Springer.

Economics of International Trade China

Exploring the Economics of International Trade: China

"Chinese international trade has experienced rapid expansion together with its dramatic economic growth which has made the country to target the world as its market," and its expansion has only continued to show powerful growth within the international economic marketplace (Sun & Heshmati, 2010, p 1). After China was reopened to trading with the West in 1978, the country has really took off in becoming one of the world's biggest producers and exporters of a plethora of different goods. China has grown tremendously as nations like the United States have become their biggest trading partners. In response, China has helped refuel this growth with the manipulation of their currency and their heavy investment in the U.S. dollar, which ensures them a more competitive position for their exports.

For generations, China had closed itself off to trading and interacting…

References

American Manufacturing. (2012). China and currency manipulation. Issues. Web. Retrieved September 4, 2012 from  http://americanmanufacturing.org/category/issues/china/china-and-currency-manipulation 

Barboza, David. (2012). Business and economy in China. New York Times. Web. Retrieved September 4, 2012 from  http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/news/international/countriesandterritories/china/business_and_economy/index.html 

Congress Quarterly. (1999). The consumer culture. CQ Researcher, 9(44), 1001-1016.

Manzay, Terrance. (2010). China export industry dominates worldwide. Article Snatch. Web. Reprieved September 4, 2012 from http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/China-Export-Industry-Dominates-Worldwide/3853472#.UEZqYKNIuHY

New Governance

Application to International Trade

Evaluation of New Governance

Application of New Governance to International Trade for Free Market

In today's robust world, scholars as well as the think tanks and tools of democracy and beaurcracy have been using a term "governance" or good governance rather frequently. Where governance in needed in every aspect of corporate management and public administration, it is important to understand how the very concept of governance has evolved over time. Old theory of governance has been replaced by its contemporary version which can be seen as a pre-requisite for the free trade regime especially for exporters. Where the new governance theory has a considerable impact on international trade; its effectiveness in public and private sector cannot be ignored.

Background of New Governance

Over past two decades, public and private organizations have followed a path of evolution. 'ayner's aiders' and the '3Es' of economy, efficiency…

References

Brown, A.G. & Stern, R.M. 2011. 'Free trade agreements and governance of the global trading'. University of Michigan.

Cleveland, Harland. 1972. The future executive: a guide for tomorrow's managers. New York: Harper & Row.

Heinrich, Carolyn J. And Laurence E. Lynn Jr., eds. 2000. Governance and performance: new perspectives. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Lynn, Laurence E. Jr., Carolyn Henrich, and Carolyn J. Hill. 2001. Improving governance: a new logic for empirical research. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.