Nursing theories are classified into there broad categories. These theories are grand theories, middle-range theories and situation specific theories. Grand nursing theories are very broad in scope and present general propositions and concepts in the nursing discipline. The theories at this level give both a reflection and provide insights that are useful in the nursing practice but they are not designed to be used as empirical testing tools. This gives a limit to the grand theories when it comes to giving directions, explanations and predictions of nursing in specific situations. The grand theories have the intention of being pertinent to all instances in the field of nursing. One such Grand theory as will be used in the context of this paper is the interpersonal theory whose main theorist or proponent behind it is Hildegard E. Peplau.
Second are the Mid-range theories which have a…...
Interpersonal EL
In the preface to eflect and elate, McCornack (2010) claims to offer a "fresh perspective on interpersonal communication," (viii). Admittedly when I read this, I balked. Certainly every textbook claims to be "fresh," and besides, people have been communicating with each other since the time of Neanderthal grunting. What could I possibly learn about communication from a textbook? After keeping an open mind and giving the book a chance, though, my initial cynicism waned. I began to appreciate what McCornack was trying to achieve with eflect and elate, which was to fill in the gaps that many other textbooks on communication leave empty. The informal and personal tone of the textbook helped to engage me, and the "self-help"-style exercises did as the author suggested and encouraged genuine self-awareness. Before reading eflect and elate, I would not have thought it possible to write a textbook that was at once designed…...
Interpersonal and 'Gendered' Communication in the Workplace Setting
The movie, "Adam's Rib," effectively illustrates differences in interaction and communication between males and females. The conflict in the movie, which stems from the seemingly biased and sexist view of the society against Amanda onner's client illustrates how females are generally viewed more complex and difficult to interact with than males. Moreover, the film illustrates audio-visually the dynamics of communication among males and females, particularly in the courtroom setting. The conflict in the movie is not a fictional work of art. Indeed, conflict between males and females in the workplace setting is prevalent, particularly in a supposedly neutral community such as academic institutions. Despite the objective image illustrated by educational institutions, male-female dichotomies are abounding in the workplace setting, whether it is among student-instructor or instructor-instructor relationships.
One particular example is the conflict experienced by a female and a male academic instructor, who belong…...
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Bibliography
Ash, B. (1996). Tallahassee Democrat. Salt Lake Tribune.
Hartley, P. (1999). Interpersonal Communication. New York: Routledge.
Honeycutt, J. (2000). Cognition, Communication, and Interpersonal Relationships. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
An extremely important aspect to take into account in terms of the impact of IM on interpersonal relationships is the age-group of the user. As mentioned briefly above, the younger generation is more at home with this technology and therefore their interpersonal relationships are less adversely affected than older users, who have become used to a more offline mode of communication. In other words, the younger users will tend to have already adapted their relationships to the prevalent mode of communication and to the conventions of instant messaging. Added to this are other variables, such as cultural and social norms that promote or support these new mean of communion. Smith (2006) summarizes this point concisely: "...theory suggests that the apparent change of one's communication skills in any context depends on the society that the individual was raised or educated in through his or her child and young adult years..." (Smith…...
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References
Biocca, F., Harms, C., Burgoon, J. (2003). Toward a MoreRobust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 12(5), 456-480.
Bonka S. Quinn a., Kraut R., Kiesler S. And Shklovski I. Teenage
Neither Paul nor Frank ever recognized that this was the principal source of their mutual rivalry, resentment, and antagonism. In fact, to hear either of them discuss their relationship, one would think that the main issue between them is that Frank is meticulously neat and fastidiously clean whereas Paul is notoriously sloppy.
While those characterizations are completely accurate, they are not the source of conflict within their interpersonal relationship. Their respective differences in that regard need not necessarily cause interpersonal conflict; in their case, they do because their respective preferences and comfort zones became the battlefield for their underlying mutual resentment created by the way that their father pitted them against one another in lashing out against them. Just as their father retaliated against each of them indirectly and in emotional ways without ever actually expressing his anger over their relationship with (or perceived "favoritism") toward her, so did Paul…...
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References
Aronson, E., Wilson, T., and Akert, R. (2008). Social Psychology. New York:
Longman.
Blair, G. (2007). Groups that Work. Washington, DC: IEEE Press.
Branden, N. (2008). The Psychology of Self-Esteem. New York: Bantam.
relationship of a salesperson with his customers. The authors have tried to formulate what factors into this relationship. The main focus is the right type of attitude and interaction between the sales person and the customer, which helps to build a long-term relationship between the two.
'Do communicator characteristics such as similarity and expertise, which have typified the short-term transaction perspective of previous sales research, contribute to sustaining an enduring relationship? How important are relational behaviors such as cooperative intentions, contact intensity, and mutual disclosure in building and maintaining long-term relations?' (Crosby, Evans, & Cowles, 1990)
However, the whole of the paper is based on how the customer looks at this relationship. A model has been made which helps to make it easier to understand the intricacies of a services salesman.
'The model is tested in the context of the agent policy holder relationship involving life insurance. By selecting relationship quality as…...
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References
Crosby, L.A., Evans, K.R., & Cowles, D. (1990). Relationship Quality in Services Selling: An Interpersonal Influence Perspective. Journal of Marketing, 68-81.
Graham, J.R. (1997). The Subtleties of Selling Services. ABA Banking Journal .
Kasper, H., Helsdingen, P.V., & Vries Jr., W.D. (1999). Services Marketing Management: An international Perspective. New York: Wiley.
Interpersonal Relationship
Most people have had relationships that began with promise but ended badly. This is certainly the case with myself, and in my case, I can think of one popular song that always reminds me of the optimistic beginning and disastrous end of a certain relationship. This song is "Billie Jean," a well-known and bestselling single by the late Michael Jackson from his 1983 album Thriller -- which still ranks among the best-selling albums of all time. Many people will remember the slow and ominous chord progression of the song's opening, or the memorable video which introduced America to the "moonwalk," Jackson's signature dance move. What is most interesting to me is the way in which the song follows Knapp's classic ten stages of relational development. This is apparent from the song's opening, where the singer and a young woman meet as strangers in a social situation, in the midst…...
Interpersonal Conflict in Film
Interpersonal Conflict
An expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals. (Wilmot and Hocker, 2001)
Interpersonal conflict arises when there is a difference of perception between the interdependent parties. For a conflict to arise the two sides must communicate to each other about the existence of the problem and make an effort towards resolving the issue. Hence, communication plays not only an important but the very basic role during interpersonal conflicts, as without communication there can be no solution.
There are a few problems that are observed to arise in interpersonal conflict situations (Satir, 1998). The first problem that is encountered during such situation is that both parties will ignore the issue. This is very harmful in the way that avoiding confronting the issues at hand can lead up to greater problems in the future for…...
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References
Satir, V. (1998). The New Peoplemaking, Mountain View, CA: Science and Behavior Books.
Interpersonal Conflict in Film
American Beauty (Spacey, Bening and Birch) is a 1999 Film with many interpersonal conflicts that are never resolved. Basically a comedy and drama about Lester Burnham's mid-life crisis but also showing the personal crisis of every other major character, the movie shows a father-daughter conflict between Lester and Jane Burnham that could have been resolved. Communication, time and their common characteristics are three factors that could have resolved Lester's and Jane's interpersonal conflict, if Lester had lived longer.
Everybody in Lester Burnham's life, including Lester and his daughter, Jane, think that he is a "loser." The conflict between them is shown early in the movie, at dinner. Lester, Carolyn and Jane Burnham are having their family dinner at home, Lester asks about Jane's school day and she eventually says sarcastically, "It was spectacular." Then, when Lester discusses his job problem and Jane does not seem interested, he asks,…...
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Works Cited
American Beauty. Dir. Sam Mendes. Perf. Kevin Spacey, et al. 1999. DVD.
Interpersonal conflict is a daily part of human existence," ("Resolving Interpersonal Conflicts," n.d.). The hard part is learning how to resolve interpersonal conflicts, because they are inevitable. One of the reasons television shows are popular is that they mirror the genuine interpersonal conflicts that people have in their daily lives. This can be seen on the television show Modern Family, which depicts several interpersonal conflicts. One conflict that is developed early in the show is between Mitch and his father Jay. Mitch is gay, and although his father pretends to be fine with it and accepting of his son, his homophobia comes to the surface during the wedding planning. When Mitch mentions some problem he is having with deciding on the decor of the wedding, Jay gets impatient and says, "Why do you guys have to do this, anyway?" His outburst signals the deeper-rooted antagonism Jay had been harboring all…...
Imbalances were most evident in three relational areas: decision-making, emotional involvement, and equity. A higher percentage of both men and women stated that men usually made more of the decisions, were less emotionally involved, and usually experienced "the better deal." Lastly, male dominance -- but not equality of power between genders -- was found to be linked with greater romantic relationship longevity. It seemed that the higher the relative degree given by the respondents to the male (rather than the female partner of the dyad), the lower the consequential rate of relationship dissolution (Felmlee, 1994).
An imbalance of power may promote the actual solidity of a relationship, but this has been much less often researched than other conclusions. The previous findings that inequalities in power are linked to unhappiness, psychological distress, and disagreement mean that power imbalances will raise the likelihood that a relationship would fail; however, no distinctions were…...
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References
Allensworth, N. (1998). Social penetration: a description, research, and evalutation.
Interpersonal Efficacy -- Using Empathetic Listening
Interpersonal Effectiveness
Empathetic listening is a form of listening that takes into account more than just the words spoken. Empathetic listening involves a more holistic approach to listening and communication in general. Empathetic listening is sometimes also called active listening. It is a type of listening where the meaning of a communication lies in the verbal and non-verbal cues. Empathetic listening is a technique of listening that requires that the listener follow the words of the speaker and understand the intent behind the words, as well as the aspects involved during the delivery of the words. To empathetically listen without much practice is pretty strenuous and requires substantial concentration. Empathetic listening requires self-control on behalf of the listener because very often while people are speaking, the people who are listening have thoughts that they want to express that are directly related to statements made by the…...
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References:
Bookbinder, PhD, L.J., & Johnson, J. (2006) Empathy, Listening Skills & Relationships. Available from: www.touch-another-heart.com. 2012 August 20.
Interpersonal Attraction
Klohen, Eva C. & Shanghong Lao. (2003) "Interpersonal Attraction and Personality." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 85. No 4, 709-722.
Although the 'rules' of interpersonal attraction, or the mysterious process and reasons that we are attracted to certain individuals and not to others, are often obfuscated by romantic language, the authors of this article attempt to clarify the data that does exist as to whether opposites do indeed attract, or if we seek someone like ourselves, someone like our ideal self, and if security of reciprocal attachment is more important than other factors in attachment.
One of the most interesting studies cited early on by the authors, and critical in shaping the dynamics of their own study, is a personality evaluation of different attraction patterns, as performed by Bartholomew and Horowitz. This study attempted to break down different attachment styles and patterns into four different categories, based on the…...
Interpersonal Persuasion
How has the media age influenced personal selling? Please provide examples to illustrate your discussion. Have electronic media made it more difficult for salespersons to persuade audience members?
The media age has transformed the nature of personal selling. Consumers have access to a wealth of information about the products and services available to them: from broad Google searches to browsing through customer reviews on specific vendor websites or on Consumer eports (Chapter 14). Social media also enhances the ability of the consumer to acquire information about products, as friends share information about their experiences with a product, service, or brand. A more educated consumer challenges the personal sales representatives to be able to answer questions and be completely honest with the answers.
New media has also altered the actual practice of personal selling. Sales representatives have at their disposal a wealth of possibilities for reaching consumers: from emails to Facebook pages.…...
).
Although not all of Davis' relational maintenance strategies are communication based, many of them are primarily work-it-out and have-it-out but also reintegration ceremonies. Davis did not empirically test his observations.
Braiker and Kelley (1979) were interested in understanding the role that conflict plays in relationship development. Employing a social exchange approach to relational maintenance, Braiker and Kelley conceptually defined maintenance as communication behaviors engaged in by members of the couple to reduce costs and maximize rewards in the relationship. Maintenance behavior was operationally defined using items primarily measuring communication with one's partner about the relationship (also included one item measuring self-disclosure and one item measuring willingness to change behavior). Thus, Braiker and Kelley also focus on metacommunication as a relational maintenance strategy.
Braiker and Kelley (1979) concluded that maintenance strategies change meaning over time, with maintenance behavior serving to increase interdependence and love in the earlier stages of development and to resolve…...
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References
Ayres, J. (1983). Strategies to maintain relationships: Their identification and perceived usage. Communication Quarterly, 3-1, 62-67.
Baxter, L.A., & Dindia, K. (1990). Marital partners' perceptions of marital maintenance and repair strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 187-208.
Braiker, H.B., & Kelley, H.H. (1979). Conflict in the development of close relationships. In R.L. Burgess & T.L. Huston (Eds.), Social exchange in developing relutionships (pp. 135-1-68). N ew York: Academic Press.
Canary, D.J., & Stafford, L. (1992). Relational maintenance strategies and equity in marriage. Communication Monographs, 59, 243-267.
Professional communication, encompassing both content and presentation, plays a pivotal role in effective knowledge dissemination, fostering meaningful interactions, and establishing credibility and trust among diverse audiences.
## Elaborated Thesis Statement:
1. Content:
- Thoughtful Construction: Professional communication demands the crafting of well-structured, coherent, and informative content. - Accuracy and Credibility: Ensuring accuracy, currency, and reliability of information enhances the credibility and trustworthiness of the communicator. - Audience-Centric Approach: Tailoring content to the specific interests, knowledge level, and needs of the target audience maximizes engagement and comprehension. - Clarity and Conciseness: Utilizing clear, concise, and jargon-free language ensures that the intended....
Thesis Statement: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective therapeutic approach for facilitating group development and enhancing group dynamics, enabling individuals to modify maladaptive behaviors, transform dysfunctional thought patterns, and cultivate healthier interpersonal relationships within the group context.
Introduction: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has gained widespread recognition as a powerful psychotherapeutic intervention for addressing a diverse range of psychological concerns. Its effectiveness in individual therapy has been extensively documented, and recent research has highlighted its applicability and efficacy in group settings. This thesis delves into the intricate relationship between CBT and group development, exploring how CBT principles and techniques can be harnessed to foster....
1. The Neurobiological Basis of Schizophrenia: Exploring the Complexities of Brain Abnormalities
- Investigate the structural and functional brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia, including alterations in neurotransmitter systems, connectivity, and neural circuitry. - Discuss the role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping these brain abnormalities and their contribution to the development of schizophrenia. - Explore the potential links between neuroinflammation, immune dysfunction, and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
2. Hallucinations and Delusions: Unraveling the Subjective Experiences in Schizophrenia
- Analyze the phenomenology of hallucinations and delusions, examining their characteristic features, content, and impact on the individual's subjective reality. - Explore the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these psychotic....
Explore the complex brain mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of PTSD, including changes in neurotransmitters, neural pathways, and brain structures. Discuss the role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping individual vulnerability to PTSD. Analyze the implications of neurobiological findings for the diagnosis and treatment of PTSD.
Topic 2: The Impact of Trauma on Memory
Examine the ways in which trauma alters memory processes, including fragmentation, blocking, and intrusion. Discuss the role of cognitive distortions and biases in shaping trauma memories. Explore the potential benefits and limitations of memory-focused therapies for PTSD, such as....
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