Judaism Essays Examples

Judaism and Christianity Judaism Is

Today, Christianity is the belief of more than a billion people in the world, who believe in the teachings and in the life of Jesus Christ. Therefore, to a Christian, 'Jesus of Nazareth was and is the Messiah or Christ promised by God in the prophecies of the Old Testament', and he, through his life, then his death, and finally his resurrection, 'freed those who believe in Him from their sinful state and made them recipients of God's saving Grace'. (Christian General Information)

There are many people, even today, who eagerly await the Second Coming of Christ, with which they feel that the entire plans for Salvation of man made by God, would be finally completed. The Christian faith believes in the word of the Christian Bible, or the Holy Scripture, which describes Jesus Christ as being the Lord and also the Savior of man. The basic tenets of the Scriptures, as interpreted by the Fathers of the Church, and also by the first four ecumenical councils, are generally accepted by the major traditions of the Christian faith, that is, the Lutheran, Reformed Calvinist, Anglican, and sectarian branches of Christianity. Herein, it is stated that the first human beings happened…… [Read More]

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Judaism the Founding Elements of

Another major practice first set forth by Abraham is that of the practice of circumcision done on all baby boys of Jewish faith. Abraham had initially started the practice on Isaac. It was done primarily to distinguish the Jewish people and represent a mark of the Jewish faith. This tradition has continued on into the modern era, and is still regularly practiced by those of the Jewish faith. As the generations progressed, so did the influence of the patriarchs of this chosen bloodline. Abraham's son Isaac is another major founding figure of Judaism. He continued his father's loyalty after he was chosen above his older half brother Ishmael to be the true heir of Abraham. Isaac was the son who was almost sacrificed to God, and so when God saved him in the nick of time it shows God's love for Isaac. This love is later continued through Isaac's success. Isaac is instrumental as his role as the father of Jacob, later Israel. He continues the chosen bloodline further towards its progression as an independent and flourishing state and religious tradition. Jacob is the last link in this chapter of Jewish history. After wrestling with a stranger, he renamed himself…… [Read More]

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Judaism and Buddihsm Dow Defined

It is also known as the will and finally the consciousness or vijnana which is the sense of awareness of a sensory or mental object. The human being is thus seen as a cluster of ever changing physical and mental processes with no underlying self. The five aggregates depend on becoming as they dependant on one another. Life is therefore a suffering in itself and one does not merely suffer in itself.

Salvation (reconciliation of humanity with ultimate reality)

In Buddhism, salvation is believed to be through human acts. Salvation means that one has reached Nirvana which is defined as a transcendental, blissful, spiritual state of nothingness and therefore one becomes a Buddha. One attains nirvana through following the Novel Eightfold path which involves accepting the Four Nobel Truths which are the existence of suffering, the cause of suffering, the end of suffering and the end of pain. This is also referred to as the Right Understanding. The Right Resolve means renouncing the pleasures of the body and changing one's lifestyle in order to avoid harming living creature as well as having kind thoughts for everyone. One needs to avoid gossip, lies or slandering of others which is referred to…… [Read More]

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Judaism Most People Would Be

Jews are not a community of proselytizers; they do not seek converts to Judaism. In fact, rabbis traditionally discourage conversions. Jews believe in one God and do not attempt to humanize Him as Christians do, but their tradition has been to leave others to their own beliefs. Jews almost never excommunicate one of their members, nor have they ever in their history been on a crusade to root out heretics (Prothero, 2010, p. 251). The mark that Jews have made in the modern world is as a result of their achievements. It is not for anyone else to say how fervently an individual embraces his religious beliefs, but it certainly seems to the outsider that Jews are guided more by their commitment to community, including the family, than by any other teachings of their faith. Shapiro (2013) argues that American Orthodox Jews have, in some ways, embraced Orthodoxy even more tightly as a way to protect their families against what they see as increasing vulgarity in our culture. Orthodox Jews are also distressed by declining birth rates, increasing divorce rates, militant feminism, and the legalization of homosexual marriage. Unlike some Christian religions, however, the Jews do not protest publicly or…… [Read More]

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Judaism a Philosophy Religion as

According to Goldschmidt & Davidson (2009), the conflict between Muslims and Jews could have been intensified by the quarrel that took place between Muhammad and the Jews of Medina. In fact Goldschmidt & Davidson (2009) indicate that there never used to be war between Jews and Muslims even though the Zionist are indicated to have believed that the Jews while under Muslim rule were treated like second-class citizens. Christian anti-Semitism as well held prejudice against Jews. The Diaspora cast Jews in socio-religious seclusion and persecution in a manner that set extremely terrible standards in regard to religious toleration. The worst cases of Jewish persecution by Muslims were in the Medieval times. For instance Bat Ye'or and Stillman were involved in forceful conversion of Jews to Islam by offering them either conversion to Islam or death (Snow,2010,p.8).Christians on the other hand have participated in the socio-religious seclusion as well as persecution of Jews by practicing anti-Semitism as well persecuting them across centuries (Sloyan,2001) . The rivalry between Jews and Muslims was however ignited by the creation of Israel (Goldschmidt & Davidson, 2009). Ibrahim (2009) argued that indeed Jews and Christianity are also violent as Islam. Jews of Albania were persecuted by…… [Read More]

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Judaism in American Judaism Nathan Glazer Examines

Judaism

In American Judaism, Nathan Glazer examines the unique way Jewish culture has evolved in the United States. I wanted to interview a member of the local Hillel about how she felt about her Jewish heritage, identity, and community. In particular, I was interested in interviewing someone who had been to Israel because it would provide me with insight into the ways Judaism has evolved differently in the United States vs. Israel.

My interview subject describes herself as Jewish and says that she has always been proud of being Jewish and has had no direct experiences of anti-Semitism because she was born and raised in a predominantly Jewish neighborhood. All her close friends from high school were Jewish, and her identity was socially constructed in this way. When she came to college, she was concerned about anti-Semitism, but claims that the presence of the Hillel on campus has helped her to integrate into the campus community and retain her strong Jewish identity. When asked what exactly it meant to be Jewish, she told me that it was difficult to answer because she was born Jewish and felt that it was like being a part of any other ethnic community. This…… [Read More]

Judaism Entails the Worship of

According to the Koran, Jews (and Christians) are considered to be "People of the book," or to have a similar heritage. (Goldschmidt, 2006, p. 35) As a result of this belief, many Muslim kingdoms and empires maintained a certain amount of respect for the Jews. However, Jews were still forced to pay a special tax in order to practice their religion without any official persecution. (Goldschmidt, 2006, p. 67) Later, during the Ottoman Empire, Jews were still treated as official second class citizens, or "re'ayas." Goldschmidt, 2006, p. 131) While there may not have been outright persecution of the Jews under Muslim domination, Jews were still not afforded the same rights as Muslims.

While the Muslims treated the Jews with a certain amount of respect, the European Christians did not. Throughout European history Jews were forced to live separated from European society, denied basic rights, outright persecuted, and often the subject of physical violence; with the wholesale slaughter of Jews a common occurrence. From the Crusades to the Spanish Inquisition, anti-Semitism permeated European Christian culture, ultimately culminating with the German attempt to commit genocide against European Jewry. (Moss) The Germans, under the leadership of the Nazis, engaged in the "final…… [Read More]

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Judaism Christianity and Islam Are

The Christian notion of Trinity is that God is made up of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. The Jewish think that such a division can't be possible, because God is a unique as a creative force. God is the creator of all that we like and all that we don't. There is no evil force with an ability to create equal to God's.

About good and evil all three religions have in common the fact that they believe that there is an opposing force in the religions that is the enemy of god and will be defeated in the end. At the end times God will judge the people and decide whether they shall live in happiness in heaven or burn in hell. In general, Jewish thinkers have focused on the ways to lead a good life on Earth and improve this world, leaving concerns about death and beyond until the appropriate time.

Judaism has stressed the natural fact of death and its role in giving life meaning. There are a few rare descriptions of life after death. Traditionalists gave the name Gehenna to the place where souls were punished. Many Jewish thinkers noted…… [Read More]

Judaism Is a Religion of Ethical Monotheism

Judaism is a religion of ethical monotheism, centered on the belief in an all-powerful and all-knowing God who created the universe and revealed his plan in the Tanakh (Bible), starting with the Torah (Pentateuch or first five books that are still attributed to Moses). In addition to the Written Torah, the Oral Torah of the rabbis, compiled in the first to sixth centuries AD, is also a vital part of the legal and ethical tradition of Judaism. Both the Jerusalem and the Babylonian Talmud date from this period, although the latter is now "dominant…in Jewish theology and law" (Fisher, p. 245). Jewish history is based on repeated stories of exile, persecution and extermination, with the worst being the genocide of six million Jews by the Nazis, which led to the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, almost 1,900 years after the Romans destroyed the last one. Almost all of this persecution was inflicted by Christians, whose traditions of anti-Semitism and accusations that the Jews were collectively responsible for the murder of Jesus Christ dated back to the first century. This is ironic since almost all the founders of Christianity were Jews, and the two religions share a common…… [Read More]

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Judaism Is One of the

This has particularly been the case since the attacks on 9/11. Nevertheless, like Judaism, it is one of the most popular monotheistic religions in the world. The equivalent of the Jewish God in Islam is Allah, who is also incorporeal and eternal. Communication with God or Allah occurs mutually between God and people. God communicates through revelation and scripture, while human beings communicate with God through worship and prayer. While there are many common elements, there are also fundamental differences. These are often responsible for bitter feuds between the adherents of these two religions. The Jews for example do not believe in the validity of the revelations to Mohammed, while Muslims cannot reconcile with the Jewish idea of adhering without change to the ancient texts. Furthermore adherents from both these religions believe that theirs is the only true faith, and that all who do not believe as they do are doomed for eternity.

Religion is one of the most intense and important elements of human life. It is clear that Judaism can provide its adherents with many positive experiences. It is however also tragic that believers in organized religions such as Islam or Judaism often tend to be intolerant of…… [Read More]

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Judaism Islam and Christianity Judaism Was the

Judaism, Islam, And Christianity

Judaism was the world's first monotheistic religion dating back several millennia. The origins of Judaism arise from a variety of Middle Eastern cultures and, unlike Christianity and Islam, Judaism actually developed into an actual nation with an established monarchy whose capital city was in Jerusalem where the religion's centralized temple was also located.

The Jewish nation suffered a serious blow when the Romans destroyed their Temple in Jerusalem and destroyed the nation of Israel. The destruction of the temple and the fall of the Israeli government resulted in the Jewish nation spreading throughout the world. At approximately the same time, a new religion identified as Christianity developed. Allegedly based on the teachings of a young Jewish man named Jesus Christ, Christianity grew dramatically from humble beginnings in Israel into the world's largest religion. It eventually fragmented into multiple branches such as Eastern Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox, Protestant and Catholicism. Estimates of the Christian population in today's world are approximately 2 billion members. Judaism, meanwhile, has about 15 million adherents.

Both Judaism and Christianity developed by relying upon the local practices and beliefs of earlier religions that were popular in the areas where Judaism and Christianity…… [Read More]

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Judaism in Kafka

Judaism in Kafka

The highly allegorical language Kafka uses in his literary work is leading the reader into looking for clues as to their interpretation in Kafka's real world. Looking into the history of the Jews of Prague, one will find traces of their ancient struggles with themselves as well as with the rest of the world in Kafkian stories and characters like Odradek, in "The Cares of A Family Man," the half kitten half lamb pet, "a legacy from my father" in the short story "A Crossbreed," the Arabs in the story "Jackals and Arabs," or "the man from the country" who prays for admittance to the law in the story "Before the Law." There are however, limitations when it comes to incorporating in one allegory or character the single meaning of the idea of the German-Jewish situation in Prague at the dawn of the twentieth century.

There is no doubt that the inner conflict of the Jew who left his home in the countryside and came to live in the city, for example, will be recognized in the latter shorter story. The almost miraculous way the Jews resisted to millennia of attempted destruction of their identity and culture,…… [Read More]

Judaism and Christianity Are Two Important Religions

Judaism and Christianity are two important religions of the world, which share a common abrahamic origin. Christianity has its roots from Judaism and hence there are many common percepts between the two religions. However, there are some striking differences between them in their appreciation of the attributes of godhead, sin, suffering, atonement, etc. A comparison between the two religions would highlight the commonalities and the differences that exist between them. Let us consider two related aspects namely 'Sin and Evil' and discuss as to how the two religions interpret them.

Treatment of Evil

One important difference between Judaism and Christianity is that Judaism does not consider the existence of an evil force. The purely monotheistic stand of Judaism does not consider any opposing force to god. This leaves Judaism wanting when it comes to explaining the underlying cause for evil in this world. However Judaism does offer an explanation for this problem, albeit in a much subtler way. Though Christianity is also a monotheistic religion it does accept Satan as the personification of all evil and the opposing force of god in the world. All the evil deeds in the world are accepted to be the result of the manipulations…… [Read More]

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Judaism the Jewish Religion Is One of

Judaism

The Jewish religion is one of the oldest faiths that still exist in the modern world. Those who practice the religion have celebrated more than five thousand years according to their calendar. This group has a history of prejudice and persecution that extends even into the modern historical moment. In a time when political correctness and fear of offense are of primary concern to a large percentage of the population, crimes against Jewish people and attitudes of prejudice against them still prevail in many countries of the world, particularly in the Middle East where adversarial nations have vowed to wipe Judaism and the Jewish nation state Israel off the world map.

The origins of Judaism can be traced back to approximately 2000 BCE with the writings of Abraham who is considered the father of the Jewish religion. According to the Jewish texts, the modern Jewish person is descended from ancient people of what is now Israel. Before this, the land was known as Canaan (Dever 99). All persons of Jewish heredity can supposedly trace their lineage back to the original tribes of this region, providing both voracity and historicity to the religion.

The thesis or purpose of the religion…… [Read More]

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Judaism Is Not Just a

Unfortunately, it is apparent that there is a serious ambiguity in the concept "structure of belief."

Along with that, when examining my religion, it was discovered that there was a Friday night service where they observed the Torah and the Old Testament. During this service, it is pointed out that the fruits of the earth are given by God. "For me, an important part of Judaism is acknowledging that the fruits of the earth are gifts from God. Hence, Judaism prescribes the recitation of blessings as a way to elevate the physical into the realm of the spiritual. Blessings are recited before and after eating, before enjoying aromas such as spices, upon seeing pleasing sights such as rainbows, etc. On Friday evening, as Jews welcome in their Sabbath (Shabbat in Hebrew), blessings are recited over candles, wine, bread, children and more" (Katz). I see Judaism is a religion that people come together as one to worship God.

For my family and I, the high holiday of Rosh HaShanah is where people are judged by God. Furthermore, it is a celebration of Jewish new year even though people are being judged for their actions from the previous year which determines their…… [Read More]

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Judaism and Islam Have Been

The Jews do not consider Mohammad (May Peace Be upon Him) to be the Prophet of God. However, the Muslims consider Moses (May Peace Be upon Him) as a Prophet only and not as a Savior. This is because they consider Mohammad (May Peace Be upon Him) to be their Liberator and Savior from the wrath of God (Unknown: Taken at (http://www.*****/dbase/af1/nyv170.shtml).

The Jews consider themselves to be the "Chosen People of the Lord." They believe that they are not answerable to anyone but their Lord of the heavens. However, the Muslims do not consider the Jews to be the "Chosen People of the Lord" as they (the Muslims) consider them to be confused and lost. Furthermore, Judaism considers its followers to belong to a race and thus do not accepts converts from other religions. Whereas, Islam considers its followers to be united behind a religion based on and ideology and gladly accepts converts form other religions (Unknown: Taken from, (http://www.*****/dbase/af1/nyv170.shtml).

Judaists think that their religion is the ultimate truth, which will eventually unfold itself upon the entire human race. However, Islam preaches it followers to find the truth, both internally and externally. Furthermore, the Muslims believe that it is…… [Read More]

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Judaism's Origin God Scriptures Worldview

Man's solution for this belief was that the Torah specifies laws that need to be followed by the Children of Israel. Although other religions have been characterized by temples where priests worship their gods through sacrifice, the Children of Israel had their own temples, priests, and made sacrifices but the difference was that Judaism offered alternatives such as elevating everyday life to the level of a temple and thus worshiping God through everyday actions.

In Judaism, Olam Ha Ba is the afterlife. However, the Torah has no reference to the afterlife and the Jewish philosophy does not discuss the afterlife in much. Some religious philosophers believe that the Torah is silent about an afterlife to ensure that Judaism is not a cause of death such as the obsessed Egyptian religion was an early contributor to Judaism. Judaism does have a multi-staged morning practice called Shiv'ah which is observed for one week, shloshim which is observed for one month and for individuals that lost a parent there is avelut yud bet chodesh which is observed for one year. Judaism does believe in a next world. The belief in an afterlife is not as much a leap of faith like in Christianity.…… [Read More]

Judaism Rituals Relationship With God Torah

Sabbath Greetings

The traditional Sabbath greetings are Shabbat Shalom (Hebrew), or Gut Shabbos (Yiddish).

A family time

Shabbat is very much a time when families come together in the presence of God in their own home.

Singles, or others with no family around may form a group to celebrate Shabbat together.

Sabbath Customs

In order to avoid work and to ensure that the Sabbath is special, all chores like shopping, cleaning, and cooking for the Sabbath must be finished before sunset on Friday.

People dress up for Shabbat and go to considerable trouble to ensure that everything is really nice to obey the commandment to make the Sabbath a delight.

Sabbath candles are lit and there are Sabbath blessings, prayers, songs and readings.

It's traditional for parents to bless their children on Shabbat.

The blessing for daughters asks that they become like the four matriarchs, Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel and Leah, while sons are blessed to grow up like Ephraim and Menasheh, two brothers who lived in harmony.

Some of the family will have been to synagogue before the Sabbath meal, and it's likely that the whole family will go on Saturday.

Holy days

The Calendar

The Jewish calendar is a…… [Read More]

Judaism by Ben Kinglsey Narrated

The term "orthodox" was also put into the vernacular, to distinguish these Jews from those that had been reformed. The essence of Judaism is also discussed, with one scholar explaining how humans are made in God's image via the fact that no one compels humans to act morally or to do good, it is completely up to them and that God is exactly the same way.

The film discusses the Jewish family and home, major components of Jewish life and how children are considered precious and to respect their parents. Interestingly enough, in Judaic law, if a wife does not give her husband children in 10 years, he is free to pursue procreation with another woman. The latter parts of the film discuss aspects of the religion like celebrating the Sabbath, and certain holy days like Yum Kippur, Rosh Hashanah and other occasions where Jews pray and talk to God, asking for atonement and reflecting on the year. The film also details the highlights of Bar Mitzvahs and burial customs in the Jewish faith. For example, orthodox Jews oppose cremation and values such as the preservation of human life are absolutely important. Finally the film concludes with discussion of the…… [Read More]

Judaism Early Jewish Thought --

In the centuries just before and after the turn of the common era, the Jewish people pored over their sacred texts with a single-minded intensity, seeking in them not only a history of their ancestors and the glories of days gone by bur a corpus of divine instructions, a guide to proper conduct." (Kugel & Greer, 13)

The earliest form of discussion of such regulations is now known as the Midrash based on a Hebrew word meaning 'interpretation' or 'exegesis'.

In its evolution, Midrash minimized the authority of the wording of the text as communication, normal language. It placed the focus on the spiritual authority reader and the personal struggle of the reading interpreter to reach, with the reader's own mind, how to apply the text in an acceptable moral fashion, hence the importance of the sage to provide such guidance. The Talmud is an edited and compiled version of Mishna, or the writings of the learned rabbis on everything from how to observe the Sabbath to legal disputes. The term 'Gemara', another word for the Talmud, means addition, or an additional reading aid to the original Torah and collection of the Mishna. The Gemara or Talmud is thus an…… [Read More]

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Judaism Misconceptions About Various Religions Have Been

Judaism

Misconceptions about various religions have been present for a long period of time. Some of the religions that have been the subject to common misconceptions include Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. In this text, I address some of the misconceptions I had with Judaism and how they were altered via my encounter. Further, I amongst other things also discuss steps that can be adopted to minimize misconceptions individuals harbor in regard to other religions.

Judaism: A Concise Overview

According to Geldart (2002), "Judaism is the name of the religion that Jewish people follow." An analysis of Judaism is critical for purposes of identifying what those who subscribe to this religion value, the beliefs they profess as well as their practices. According to Faelli (2006), "Judaism is a religion that began about 4000 years ago in the Middle East." Although Judaism is widely referred to as the Jews' religion, it is important to note that the same is not practiced by all Jews. Indeed, many people find it hard to draw a line between Jews as an ethnic grouping and Judaism as a religion. With that in mind, it could be difficult for some to separate the religious opinion of…… [Read More]

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Judaism Is a Major World Religion Honored

Judaism is a major world religion, honored and practiced by at least ten million people around the world, probably more ("Jewish Population"). The vast majority of Jews live in the United States and Israel, but there is also a sizeable Jewish population in Europe too ("Jewish Population"). Judaism is also one of the oldest religions still practiced in the world today, and its historical origins date back to 1800 BCE ("Judaism," BBC). Thus, the religion is 3,500 years old and continues to thrive. Judaism is a monotheistic religion, meaning that its followers believe in and worship only one God as opposed to many different Gods as they do in religions like Hinduism.

The Old Testament and its History of Judaism: The Old Testament is called the Torah by the Jews, but is also referred to simply as the Hebrew Bible. Two other major world religions use the Old Testament in their religions: Christianity and Islam. However, the Old Testament is the primary text of the Jewish faith: for Christians it became the New Testament and for Muslims the sacred text is the Qu'ran. The Old Testament offers a history of the Jewish people that is disputed by many archaeologists but…… [Read More]

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Judaism Christianity and Islam Judaism Hebrew History

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

Judaism

Hebrew history, as told by the Hebrews, begins in Mesopotamia, in the cities of Ur in the south and Haran in the north. With Abraham, the story of the Hebrews begins, and it is clearly stated that Hebrew origins lay outside Canaan. The command to leave his ancestral home and journey to Canaan was accompanied by a promise (Gen. 12:2) The exact location of the nation-to-be is not specified but was, of course, known to those hearing or reading the account, Abraham journeyed to Canaan, Egypt, the Negeb, Hebron, Gezer, Beer-sheba and back to Hebron where he and his wife Sarah died.

The journey itself was more than a pilgrimage, for it represented the starting point of a continuing adventure in nationhood. Nor are the travelers without vicissitudes, but throughout famine, earthquake, fire and war, god protected them.

The close relationship between the Hebrews and the people of the desert and steppes was acknowledged in the story of Ishmael, the nomadic first son of Abraham; but it is through Isaac, the second son about whom so very little is recorded, that the Hebrews trace their own family line. Both Isaac and his son Jacob retained…… [Read More]

Judaism and Christianity

functions of monotheism in two religions, Judaism and Christianity. Only Judaism has been considered a truly monotheistic faith because Christianity at times has been said to offer some confusion in this regard and that it actually strays from the true definition of monotheistic. Judaism is considered to be the world's first monotheistic faith. One can take away from this that their way of thinking influenced more or less the origins of Christianity. Because Judaism was first, this work addresses Judaism's origin, God, scriptures, worldview, problems and solutions for man and then attempts to address their view of the afterlife and what it takes for mortals to attain it. Judaism has philosophical combinations of agreements and disagreements that can either encourage or prevent a person from following the religion as a whole.

This is as good a place to start as any -- Judaism as a religion is one that is either fully accepted or the outsider is totally against. There is not much middle ground when it comes to the Jewish faith. This may be because of certain causes: the first issue is that the Torah has, what can be interpreted as many inconsistent texts, that have been said to…… [Read More]

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Judaism Religion

Jews will face after death? How do Jewish ideas about the afterlife affect their attitudes toward death itself? This is a relatively more complicated question to answer than how the attitudes held by Christians about the afterlife affect their views toward death because in the case of Judaism there is no small amount of ambiguity.

Jewish beliefs about death cannot be understood independent of Jewish theology as a whole, and so it may be helpful to begin here with a definition of what we mean by religion as a whole. Religion is both an intensely personal area of life as well as one that is practiced publicly.

The result of this second attribute is that people tend to think that they know what religion means and how it functions because they frequently see people performing religious rites. But as a consequence of its former attribute, we do not actually know as much about people's most fundamental religious beliefs as we think we do.

Religion can be defined in its most general sense to be a way of life that is based on an individual's understanding of his or her relation to the universe or to God or to a collection…… [Read More]

Judaism Even Though the Presence

(Catholic Home Study Service: Sundays and Holy Days) Hence when a changeover was made from Sabbath to Sunday as the weekly day of worship, the traditional Holy Days began to be neglected, and Christmas and Easter evolved to be the significant festivals of the Christian community. (Christian Holy Days)

The Modern Christian church now orders its members to attend services on every Sunday and on all other Holy Days. The Church makes the Services mandatory on Holy Days and on every Sunday, since the Christians have prayers and offerings as a community and the Services is the crucial activity which shows the worship of the community. Since this crucial activity shows the worship of the community as a whole, the need to attend services on the Holy Days and on Sundays is looked upon by the Church as a serious obligation. Sidelining this is considered to be a grave sin. However on convincing grounds like illness, infrequent needs of charity and the like may allow people to be exempted from the obligation. (Catholic Home Study Service: Sundays and Holy Days)

Still several people celebrate the Holy Days and attend services only as a matter of practice. They may be surprised…… [Read More]

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Judaism and Early Christianity

Jewish History

The Hebrews do not actually appear in history until about 1224-1211 B.C.E. during the reign of Marniptah, king of Egypt (Ancient pg). Marniptah was the son of Raamses I, 1290-1223 B.CE, who is thought to be the kind of Egypt at the time of the Hebrew exodus (Ancient pg). In an account of Marniptah's military campaign in Asia, 1220 B.C.E., inscribed in granite is listed all the conquered peoples including the Israelites, who are mentioned as "now living in Canaan" (Ancient pg). Before this, the only history is that which was written by the Hebrews themselves who trace their origins to a "single individual, Abraham, who comes originally from Mesopotamia" (Ancient pg). This pre-Egyptian Hebrew history is referred to as the age of the patriarchs, which means father-ruler (Ancient pg). More than a thousand years had passed before this era of history was written down, and although it is impossible to date, most scholars place it somewhere between 1950-1500 B.C.E. (Ancient pg).

The history of the "patriarchs indicates that the special election of the Hebrews, made manifest in the delivery from Egypt, begins the Egyptian sojourn and delivery" (Ancient pg). From this history is learned that Abraham, a…… [Read More]

Concept of God in Judaism and Christianity

Judaism and Christianity both have fairly common as well as totally contrasting religious concepts. In spite of the apparent differences and divisions it has to be understood that both these religions are like different streams of water merging in the ocean of god.

Christianity and Judaism are both religions of abrahamic origin. There are many similarities and differences between the two religions. Since Christianity originated from Judaism, it lends to the thought that both the religions are very closely related. However, in spite of their common origin, they differ considerably in some of the important issues while at the same time exhibit resemblance in many aspects. Even the monotheistic belief, which both these religions stand for, is quantified by entirely different perception of the attributes of godhead. Similarly, in the understanding of the messianic concept there is a significant contradiction giving us a hint of the vastly different nature of the religions. Let us have a brief outlook into the different aspects of godhead as represented by the two religions so that we may get a better appreciation of the inherent similarities and the conflicting doctrines that these two faiths stand for.

The Creation Theory

The theory of creation is…… [Read More]

Similarities and Differences Among the Three Major Religions Judaism Christianity and Islam

Judaism, Christianity, And Islam

Judaism, Christianity and Islam:

Similarities and Differences

I am sure that most of you already have some pretty strong convictions about one or all of the three major world religions I will discuss today -- particularly, given the state of current events, considering Islam. However, if you strip away the political issues surrounding the faith, I am sure that you will be amazed to know just how many similarities Judaism, Christianity, and Islam actually share.

First, it is important to note that all major religions have millions of followers. As such, it is all but inevitable that many will distort the teachings of their respective religions in order to pursue their own personal goals and agendas. For example, many Israeli settlers site their unique position as God's children as justification for violating United Nations and International laws against building illegal settlements on Palestinian Land, many Christians might use their faith to justify "inquisitions," crusades, or even murder (in the case of abortion doctors, for example), and many Muslims might use their faith to justify acts of violence against civilians in many places throughout the world.

The simple truth is, given the massive media coverage of the…… [Read More]

Orthodox Judaism

Orthodox Judaism considers itself the most authentic experience of Judaism dating itself back to the source of Judaism as stated in the Torah and keeping the Torah as it believes it was transmitted form Sinai. Orthodox Judaism is a hybrid of opinions and these will be described in the following essay. To better understand Orthodox Judaism, too, we have chosen the synagogue Congregation Shaare Zion as example and illustration of its form. Comparison too to Conservative, Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism will be elaborated on and mentioned as contrast.

Orthodox Judaism: definition

Orthodox Judaism is synonymous to traditional Judaism. The Torah it believes was handed to Moses from Mt. Sinai and together with that were oral instructions and elaboration that were first transmitted orally via the judges and leaders and later codified in the Mishnah and Talmud.

The Oral Law includes a complex compendium of laws that govern every part of the human life form routine practices to ways to festival laws to laws that govern family life. Orthodox Judaism in fact is highly family-oriented, and many see it as patriarchal although this may be a generalization1 (Armstrong, K "The battle for God: fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam" New York:…… [Read More]

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Religion Christianity Judaism & Islam

Thus, the adoption of Christianity by these and other European nations created new forms of government and new ways of living a just and moral life.

In contrast, those that practice Judaism, as compared to Christians, tend to be socially and economically liberal and strongly support individual liberties with regard to many societal issues. However, Judaism also reflects "Enlightenment beliefs about the value and sanctity of each individual conscience," meaning that semi-Christian beliefs and practices were adopted by many Jews in Europe as a result of the spread of Enlightenment ideals during the middle years of the 18th century (Parratt, 212).

As compared to Christianity, Islam has played practically no role in the development of Western civilization (except perhaps for the many religious wars between Christianized nations and Islamic nations in the past one thousand years or so), yet in today's modern world, Islam has taken a foothold in many European nations and in the United States. Islam "is the third of the major Semitic, monotheistic religions, along with Judaism and Christianity" and those that adhere to Islam are known as Muslims. The word Islam can be defined as "the peace of one who submits wholly to God (i.e., Allah),"…… [Read More]

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Compare and Contrast the Belief Structure of Judaism Christianity and Islam

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

When you first consider different religions, it can seem that they have little in common. Only Christianity believes that Jesus Christ is the son of God. Only Islam believes that Allah is the one true God and that Mohammed was his prophet. Only Judaism believes that the Jewish people were God's chosen race. These are the critical differences and the elements that define each religion. However, if you go beyond these differences, it can be seen that the three religions also have much in common. While they may consider themselves and their God's differently, there are some shared elements. This will now be considered by looking at the three religions and considering both their differences and their similarities.

Judaism is based on three elements. These are God, the Torah, and the people. God refers to the belief that in a personal God and the way that a Jewish person has a personal relationship with God. The Torah is made up of five books of the Jewish Bible and contains what Jewish people consider as God's laws. The people refers to the Jewish belief that the Jewish people are a chosen race, set apart from everyone else…… [Read More]

Egyptian Influence on Judaism and

. This was to lead to the inevitable interaction and cross -- cultural pollination between the cultures. Kline states that; " No wonder that such a large number of Egyptian loan words, phrases and intellectual ideas should be preserved in the Old Testament, along with a large number of idiomatic expressions, and two Egyptian units of measure" (Kline). However, while cultural interaction and the adoption of various phrases and words is not denied by most scholars, what is contested and debated is the extent to which this cultural interaction influenced and impacted the development of the religious foundations of both Judaism and Christianity.

4. How Egypt influenced customs and practices; fact vs. myth

There are numerous examples in the literature that refer to a more extensive cultural intersection and interaction with the Egyptian civilization. One can refer to the view that the name of the Divine Unity in this regard. The Egyptian term NUK PU NUK, "I am the I am," is identical to the meaning of Jehovah or Jahveh in Exodus. (Influence of Egypt on Judaism and Christianity) This correspondence between the two terms is not strange if we accept the view put forward by Gabriel (2002) that early…… [Read More]

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Christianity and Judaism Have Close

In this way, I would show that Christianity is the one true faith.

Conclusion:

Christianity's Old Testament is founded in the Jewish faith. Yet, the major beliefs of this religion, without the acknowledgment that Jesus is the prophesied Messiah, has made it a religion completely separate. There are critical theological differences in the two faiths, including Judaism's belief that man is inherently good. The conversion processes to Judaism, no matter what the sect, is a lengthy process of study as well as physical rites. In addition, Judaism has significant objections to Christianity, as well as the Islamic faiths. For this reason, if I were to share Christianity with a Jewish individual, I would start with the similarities between the two faiths and then show how Christianity is based on the word of God, not the word of man.

References

Epstein, L. (2009). The conversion process. Retrieved July 22, 2009, from http://www.ujc.org/page.aspx?id=27282.

Ergun, M. (2005). When worldviews collide: Christians confronting culture. Nashville, TN: LifeWay Press.

Friedenberg, R. (Sept 1984). Rabbi Isaac Meyer Wise and American Judaism's rhetorical indebtedness to the Reverend Hugh Blair. Religious Communication Today, 7. Retrieved July 23, 2009, from Communication and Mass Media Complete.

Fusch-Kreimer, N. (Winter 2006).…… [Read More]

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Women's Rights in Judaism

Women in Judaism: An Evolving Role in Religion and Society

Many laymen to Judaism look inward into the religion and view Jewish women as oppressed, their lives and choices dictated to them by the men who surround them. From rabbis to husbands to the Bible itself, the belief has generally been that women have been essentially inferior to men since the dawn of the religion centuries ago. However, in taking a contemporary view toward women in Judaism, and in marking the significant strides that the sex has made throughout the centuries, one can immediately see that all it takes to understand the power and respect that Jewish women afford themselves is merely to take a closer look. In viewing the changes and struggles that Jewish women have been through throughout the centuries as well as taking a strictly-religious view in understanding the way Jewish people view God to have made them, the truth regarding Jewish women's value in Jewish religion and culture is one that is revered. A Jewish woman's role is far more encompassing than one might believe, and in viewing her role in Judaism, it is clear that women are a vital part or the Jewish faith, community…… [Read More]

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Chinese Religions and Judaism

Taoism, Confucianism, Judaism

Taoism, Confucianism, and Judaism

There are several major religions in the world and in different parts of the world the religions are quite diverse. In China, two major religions are Taoism and Confucianism, while in the West one of the oldest religions is Judaism. These religions are quite different, with historical, theological, and philosophical differences. But they also have certain aspects in common, such as honesty, integrity, and compassion. These religions espouse doctrines on how a person should to live their life, how they should behave in relationships, and how they should treat other people. This essay will explore these three religious traditions; their histories, differences, and similarities.

Sometime around 550 BCE, in the Chinese kingdom of Lu, there was born a man named Confucius, called "Kung Fu Tzu" in Chinese. After opening a school and serving as a minister for his ruler, Confucius was forced to flee Lu after a conflict with it's ruler and "wandered for 13 years throughout China, giving advice to their rulers." ("Confucianism) His teaching would become the basis of Confucianism and of Chinese culture as a whole.

Confucius taught less about religion than he did about how a person could live…… [Read More]

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Tenets of Judaism the Jewish Faith Formally

Tenets of Judaism

The Jewish faith, formally called Judaism, has several divisions, or main components, and those are Orthodox Judaism, Reform Judaism, Reconstructionist Judaism, Kabballism, and Conservative Judaism. Within each of these components of Judaism, there are various movements which choose to observe and emphasize certain specific aspects of that branch which are particularly appealing to that movement. In the United States, according to The World Almanac 2002 there are 1,500,000 members of the Reform Judaism movement; there are 1,075,000 members of Orthodox Judaism; there are one and a half million Conservative Jews, and approximately 65,000 members of the Jewish Reconstructionist group. World-wide, there are an estimated 13 million Jews of various movements.

Reform Jews consider the Oral Law to have come from man, rather than God, and the Reform movement places a great deal of emphasis upon moral and ethical teachings, rather than the ritualistic observances of other Jews. Conservative Jews -- contrary to their name -- are progressive in the sense that they believe the practice of Judaism may be adjusted to be more relevant to the specific times; that willingness to make adjustments, helps each new generation find relevancy for their lives. Kabbalism is the belief in…… [Read More]

Role of Women in Judaism

Nor could a man repudiate the oath made by any of his female relatives." (Azeem, 1995)

VI. The ROLE of the MOTHER

Part two of the work entitled: "Women in Islam vs. Women in the Judaeo-Christian Tradition: The Myth and the Reality" states that in relation to 'mothers' from the viewpoint of the Old Testament, there are several commandments concerning the necessity for kind and considerate treatment of parents and a condemnation for those who dishonor their parents. In Islam, the mother holds a very special place and as described by the Prophet Muhammad as follows: "A man asked the Prophet: 'Whom should I honor most?' The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your mother!'. 'And who comes next?' asked the man. The Prophet replied: 'Your father'" (Bukhari and Muslim; as cited in Kingston, 1995).

VII. RIGHTS of WOMEN COMPARED

The work entitled: "Understanding the Three Abrahamic Faiths: Judaism, Christianity and Islam" states to the question of how Judaism views women that women in Judaism "whether single or married" is viewed " as an individual in her own right, with…… [Read More]

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Secular Judaism Malkin Yaakov Secular

In striving to be inclusive, Malkin may run the danger of excluding significant minorities of the Jewish community, those who cannot celebrate the text of the Bible as a literary feat, but see it as holy writ and are offended by literary interpretations and reverence for the Torah.

There is a final problem that will likely become even more contentious in the future, that of the question of the policies of the Israeli government in relation to Jewish national identity. One can certainly love America and not support the policies of the current administration, but support for Israel's ruling party is often conjoined with supporting Israel in the popular imagination, because of Israel's threatened identity in the Middle East. Defining Judaism in terms of support for Israel can be a slippery slope as well. Even defining Judaism in terms of social justice and liberal political values can itself be alienating to many Jews who self-identify as conservatives, politically.

Perhaps this book is interesting, not as the final answer to how to define Judaism for all time, but the illustration of the need to ask questions within the Jewish tradition about identity and nationality. Seeing Malkin work through these questions is…… [Read More]

Christianity and Judaism the Diversity Between the

Christianity and Judaism

The diversity between the modern strains of Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform Judaism, as outlined in Michael Molloy's text Experiencing World Religions, may seem so diverse in and of themselves, that a reader may be prompted to exclaim that even Judaism itself is not a perfectly harmonious tradition. How can a scholar begin to compare the two traditions? (Molloy, 2005) But another observer may be apt to protest that because both Judaism and Christianity are monotheistic traditions, and both can lay claim to the same basic Near Eastern scriptures, one can speak of a clear and seamless 'Judeo-Christian' ethical tradition, despite the fact that Judaism spawned Christianity as a sect and a religion -- and Christians were later to persecute Jews. (Got Questions, 2005)

However, although the relationship between the two religions is quite close in geographical, historical, and scriptural origins, today the religious are quite far apart in their approach to dogma. Unlike Christianity's focus on making the soul prepared for the world to come (only natural, given that it began as an eschatological-minded splinter sect of Judaism) "Judaism does not focus much on abstract cosmological concepts," notes the author of the Judaism 101 Website Tracey Rich.…… [Read More]

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Branches of Judaism Is Among

They also believe that the 613 mitzvot found in the Torah bind all Jews in orthodox there is a barrier between women and men in services and also no women rabbis are found among the Orthodox. In their practice they observe Jewish law on issues like keeping kosher and Sabbath.

Reform Jews do not accept the way the Jewish laws are binding; they focus on moral autonomy of an individual to make a decision on which laws have a meaning to them. This is a liberal religion that is in support of social causes that are liberal. In general the reform service is made up of less Hebrew as compared to conservative or orthodox. It is the most lenient when it comes to their practices for example unlike orthodox keeping kosher is not a must. In this movement it is believed that children from a Jewish father and gentile mother are Jews if they are brought up as Jews and such a child is not supposed to convert. This is unlike orthodox and conservative those do not recognize these children as Jews (Zukeran, 2010).

Conservative Judaism accepts that the Jewish laws bind all the Jews and hence they are obliged…… [Read More]

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Buddhism and Judaism Conservative and

Early Judaic religion also has a long extensive history. The ancient beginnings of Judaism come from the sands of the Syro-Arabian desert. Ancient ancestors of the later Hebrew people moved from the Mesopotamian desert towards the coast, moving into what is now known as Jerusalem and Palestine. Abraham was born into a family which still practiced early forms of animism. Through a religious epiphany, he began to worship only one deity, which he named El-Shaddi, meaning "the rock of the mountain," (383). He was encouraged by God to move to better grazing grounds, "The Lord had said to Abram [Abraham], leave your country, your people and your father's household and go to the land I will show you. I will make you a great nation and I will bless you; I will make your name great and you will be a blessing," (Gen. 12:1-2). After proving his loyalty, God rewarded Abraham and all his descendents. Later years saw the Hebrews enslaved by the Egyptian Pharaoh. Moses was then contacted by God and given the Ten Commandments, which were the religious rules that are still followed today by modern Jews and Christians. Moses also led his people out of Egypt to…… [Read More]

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Religion Judaism and Christianity European

Based on the gospels of the New Testament, Jews acted as the murderers of Jesus Christ who in Jewish history is claiming to be the Son of God. Criticizing today's Christian practices such as idolatry which is purely against time old philosophy of the scripture continually arouses negative notion on the true authority of Jesus on his teachings.

Most of the parables of Jesus written in the gospels of the New Testament have survived and prospered in the heart and mind of all Christians. The parable of the Prodigal Son and the parable of the lost sheep are some of the parables that depict the importance given by God towards mankind.

The growth of the early Christian Catholic Church have sporadically developed worldwide since its founding after the death of Jesus Christ with Apostle Peter as the first Pope. The church traces its origin from the 12 Apostles in their spreading of Jesus Gospels. It bases its doctrine in the New Testament and the teaching of Jesus. During the Middle-Ages towards the Age of Enlightenment the Catholic Church have expanded its creed and multiplied its clergy all over the world. During the age of enlightenment a rift within the church…… [Read More]

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History of Judaism From Biblical Origins to the Modern Period

History of Judaism: From biblical origins to the modern period." It discusses Genesis 1-11 and what these texts tell us about the origins of Israelite religion? What do the major episodes in these 11 chapters of the Torah tell us about the differences between classical Mesopotamian paganism and the origins of Israelite thought and religion?

History of Judaism: From biblical origins to the modern period

Genesis is the book of beginnings. That is what the word itself means, and it takes us back into the very dawn of human history. It opens with an awareness of the greatest material fact in all human life; a fact that we are all subconsciously aware of almost every waking moment, that is, that we are living in a universe. Then this galaxy itself is moving at incredible speed through the vastness of space in conjunction with millions of other galaxies like ours. It is precisely at that point that the Bible opens in a majestic recognition that man is part of a universe." In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth" (Gen. 1:1).(Langer, Ruth, Jewish understandings of the religious other., Theological Studies, 06-01-2003, pp 255)

Genesis 1 comes from the source…… [Read More]

Compare and Contract Catholicism and Judaism

Catholicism and Judaism

America is a country of diversity and freedom. It is commonly referred to a land of immigrants. This is a proud facet of American history; however, what are not proudly discussed are the difficulties faced by immigrants. Religion and ethnicity served as the basis for discrimination, as the Irish Catholics and Jewish population found out. These two groups in particular share similar experiences, both discriminated against, both groups wanted to assimilate in their new country, but differ on their approach to these challenges and the severity of the prejudices these groups faced.

Catholicism in the United States has a long history. Catholics were part of the original thirteen colonies, with a based in Maryland, where they could practice with no repercussions (Lippy, p.128). During this era, the majority of Catholics were English; there would be other prominent ethnic Catholic groups such as German and French Catholics. The dominance of Catholicism as the largest single religious group would not happen until the middle of the 19th century with the influx of the "famine Irish." The influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants increased the suspicions of Protestant America. Protestants already distrusted Catholics, "because of the mistaken idea that…… [Read More]

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Etiology Questions Christianity and Judaism

Question 2 -- the Inquisition, also known as the Inquiry on Heretical Perversity began in the 12th century in Europe and was the Catholic Church's response to perceived heresy and disagreement with papal doctrine. Prior to this, the Church suppressed ideas it considered heretical, but did not use torture in a widespread manner. The process lasted several hundred years, and was justified because the Church needed to ensure that the whole of Christendom followed a singular view of doctrine…. "for punishment does not take place primarily and per se for the correction and good of the person punished, but for the public good in order that others may become terrified and weaned away from the evils they would commit"(Thomsett, 2010).

Some could certainly say that for part of the Church's history it was an institution designed to promote social order, uphold the Papacy and monarchies of Europe, and subjugate all other populations that might have a different viewpoint. Certainly, interpretations of the Crucifixion story held that a nation of Jews killed Christ, and how many people were killed in the name of God during the explorations of the New World?

However, there are really two major arguments here: it was…… [Read More]

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Conservative Orthodox and Conservative Judaism

Jewish culture and practice has been heterogeneous since the diaspora, and remains so in the 21st century. In the United States, Jews generally classify themselves as being Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform. This albeit overly simplified tripartite division began in the late 19th to early 20th century, as increasing numbers of Jews immigrated to the United States. The nature of Jewish thought, culture, and worship has changed significantly during the last hundred or so years even among the Orthodox, and there is great diversity and plurality in the world's Jewish communities.

Orthodox Judaism is, as the term suggests, fundamentalist in its approach to Jewish law and scripture. The Torah is believed to be the direct transmission of the word of God, including the oral Torah ("Movements of Judaism," n.d.). As such, the contents of the written and oral Torah are considered immutable. Orthodox Jews follow Jewish law and custom to a degree many other Jews would consider extreme and incompatible with modern life. For example, Orthodox Jews follow the most rigid interpretation of Kosher dietary laws as well as Sabbath observances. Orthodox synagogues and their services are gender-segregated. Although there are some differences among various Orthodox sects and communities, they all…… [Read More]

Rabbinic Judaism Began After the

Instead of adhering to older laws, which may have been based on conditions that no longer apply to members of the modern world, Conservative Jews are urged to develop Jewish law and thought in the same way that they have historically been developed. While Conservative Judaism respects both Orthodox and Reform Judaism, it has theological differences from both of the other variants of Rabbinic Judaism. Conservative Jews believe that Orthodox Jews have hampered the natural and necessary evolution of Jewish law by adhering to traditions and laws that developed in a context outside of the modern world. Furthermore, Conservative Jews believe that Reform Jews have made a major break with the historic definition of Judaism, and therefore have abandoned the method of evolution of Jewish law. While Conservative Jews do not condemn Reform Jews for their interpretations of Jewish law, they do not necessarily feel that Reform Jews' beliefs are valid (Conservative Jews). Furthermore, like Orthodox Jews, Conservative Jews adhere to the traditional definition of Jewish identity, but feel that Jews who intermarry should not be excommunicated.

Reform Judaism is the least traditional of the three forms of Rabbinic Judaism. In contrast to the other two forms of Rabbinic Judaism,…… [Read More]

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Concept of God in Judaism and Christianity

history medical studies have concluded that prayer helps to heal the sick. Many political meetings begin with a prayer and American currency has the words "In God We Trust" imprinted on its face. Around the world God is a powerful deity and one that has historically led entire societies to make decisions based on God's word. While God has been the single deity that leads and guides societies in their decisions both on an individual and collective basis there are many different concepts of what God is and entails. Two large worldwide faiths have many similarities and differences in God and its meaning. The faith of Christianity as well as the faith of Judaism both believe in a single God. The faiths are based in the word of that God and their followers respect and revere the God of their faith. While both faiths believe in a single God there are many differences in the way that God is portrayed and implemented in their worlds. This paper will present a detailed examination of each faith and its ideas about God. The paper will explore the concept of God in a general sense and then compare and contrast the concept of…… [Read More]

Jewish Religion Also Known as Judaism --

Jewish religion also known as Judaism -- is the religion of the Torah, which begins with the "Five Books of Moses and encompasses the Old Testament" (Neusner, 1992, 8). Judaism honors its beginnings as part of the creation of the whole world, Neusner explains. Jews believe that God created the world "…and for ten generations, from Adam to Noah, despaired of creation." Following those ten generations, from Noah to Abraham, God was waiting for humans to finally "…acknowledge the sovereignty of one God," who was authentically the unseen power that created heaven and earth (Neusner, 9).

Most historians explain that Judaism is a "monotheistic faith" (there is but one God) and Jews in turn often find this God "…beyond [humans'] ability to comprehend" and nevertheless Jews believe God is present in everyone's life every day (Pelala, 2013). Moreover Jews believe that each person was created "b'tzelem Elohim" (meaning "in the image of God") and because of this belief, there is the companion belief that every person is "equally important and has an infinite potential to do good in the world" (Pelala, p. 1).

Of vital importance to Jews is the Torah, the most important book in Judaism. The Torah has…… [Read More]

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