1000 results for “Legislative Process”.
legislation from the point of conception to actual bill language, to legislative assignment and review, consideration by Assembly and/or Senate, and becoming law is a multi-faceted process that consists of several specific steps. Given the complicated nature of this process, it sometimes frustrates stakeholders in light of time consumed, probable constant revisions of the language, and issues that may arise in different legislative committees and special interest groups. Consequently, the process in the development of legislation has been described using various terms including laborious task and mysterious routine. Actually, individuals who engage in the development of legislation state that it is usually a very difficult and time consuming process.
Legislative Process:
The legislative process in California is the process with which laws are developed and enacted by the California State Legislature, which is made of two houses i.e. The Assembly and the Senate ("A Guide for Accessing California Legislative Information,"…
Works Cited:
California. California Department of Finance. Legislative Process. Deputy Director - Legislation, 17 June 2011. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. .
California. California State Senate. Legislative Process. California State Senate, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. .
California. The Legislative Counsel. A Guide for Accessing California Legislative Information on the Internet. The Legislative Counsel State of California, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. .
Legislative Process in the Upper House of Parliament
As Bahrain searches for viable approaches to diversifying its oil-based economy, the relatively small nation, like many of its larger counterparts, is also faced with a number of engineering and logistical challenges in its parliamentary legislative process. To determine how the legislative process is being administered in Bahrain, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to evaluate the challenges facing the legislative process in the Bahraini Upper House of Parliament known as the Consultative Council from an engineering management, a logistics of information and a knowledge management perspective. Based on this review and evaluation, a series of salient recommendations are provided, followed by a summary of the research and important findings in the conclusion.
eview and Analysis
Engineering Management Perspective
When applied to Bahrain's upper house or Shura Council (Consultative), the engineering management approach can help discern what steps have…
References
Archer, T.M., Dill, D. & Weber, E.M. (1999, November). Parliamentary procedure. Ohio State
University Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://ohioline.osu.edu/4h-fact/0011.html .
Bahrain. (2014). World factbook. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ba.html .
Belcsak, H. (2011, September/October). Bahrain. Business Credit, 113(8), 32-35.
Legislative Process
Federal mandates are orders from a central government that require compliance by state and local governments and individuals. Many times, mandates are signed into law "without the federal funds to support their execution" (Zaretsky 5). Additionally, mandates can be divided into different categories and require compliance by different agencies, companies, or individuals.
One fairly recent mandate stems from the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), which was signed into law on March 30, 2010. Under the PPACA, an individual mandate requires people to purchase an insurance policy or face fines if they are not otherwise covered by an employer-sponsored insurance program or other public insurance program.
Under the PPACA, it has been mandated that new insurance plans cover certain preventive services without charging a deductible, co-pay, or requiring co-insurance. Furthermore, the "contraceptive mandate," requires that health insurance providers include contraception in their health insurance plans and policies.…
Criminal Justice DQ
The legislative process is effective in the administration of justice. Conservative lobby groups define proper legislation processes as inclusive governance that promotes inclusiveness of people in decision-making and policy formulation. Constant consultation with the citizenry allows the leaders to articulate interests of citizens. The legislation promotes controlled development and prudent allocation of resources among the diverse elements of the society and consecutive implementation of the laws and regulations (Volden & Wiseman, 2014). Major works are carried out by the government among other stakeholders in the improvement of the application and understanding of the legislation. Besides, it focuses on justifying the amendments and repeals on previous Acts that would make the citizenry more satisfied.
The premise underlying the ruling of the Court is the iteration as well as constant reiteration for the proposition of First Amendment regulatory distinctions through the identity of the speaker. It also includes subsequent…
U.S. Legislative Process
For many people around world, the United States Congress stands as the most admirable example of democracy at work. In this political arena, solons supposedly share ideas, discuss their constituencies' needs and engage each other in debate. Through this process, the legislative body is supposed to produce just and fair laws that further the country's democratic ideals.
In reality, however, political insiders know that the legislative process is not quite so idyllic. Solons have to consider more than the interests of the people that they represent. Congressional representatives have to consider the interests of their various political parties. The solons are also subject to pressure from various lobbyists, interest groups, business representatives and campaign donors.
In some cases, there are representatives who succumb to temptation and put their own financial interests ahead of their obligation to their citizens.
The result is a legislative process that is not…
Meanwhile Congress was reluctant to challenge Bush (members feared being termed "unpatriotic" since Bush argued that the safety of Americans depended on the secret surveillance done by NSA) immediately, but in the past few months Congress (the House Intelligence and Judiciary Committees) has demanded - and in part received - access to internal documents on the wiretapping program. "That access could ultimately help persuade skeptical lawmakers in the House, which so far has rejected the immunity idea, to sign on to the hite House's Plan" (Lichtblau 2008) according to the New York Times.
Indeed the Senate in January 2008 gave immunity for the phone companies that helped the NSA tap phones secretly, which means Verizon, at&T, et al., cannot be sued for assisting the Bush Administration with its warrantless wiretapping program (there are over 40 lawsuits pending over the phone companies' roles in the wiretapping). So here is a case…
Works Cited
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). "Safe and Free: Restore our Constitutional Rights."
Retrieved February 7, 2008, at http://www.aclu.org .
Cornell University Law School. "United States Constitution: Article I." Retrieved February 7, 2008 at http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.articlei.html .
Cutler, Leonard. "Human Rights Guarantees, Constitutional Law, and the Military Commissions
Legislative Oversight of egulatory Agencies
The Constitution of the United States gives congress the power to appropriate funds, regulate interstate commerce, and supervise and impeach for high crimes. It is these Constitutional duties that have led to Congress's power to oversee the executive branch and its regulatory agencies. A regulatory agency is any federal agency created by the congress or executive branch to administer the law. Examples of regulatory agencies include the Internal evenue Service, the Federal Board of Education, and the Environmental Protection Agency. These agencies operate under the law and hold states accountable to Federal standards, but are in turn held accountable by the Congress.
The purpose of legislative oversight is to ensure that legislative agencies are following their Federal mandates and producing the required results. This practice also ensures that the agencies have the necessary resources to complete their assigned tasks. For example, the Internal evenue Service…
Resources
Kaiser, Federick; Oleszek, Walter; Tatelman, Todd. Congressional Oversight Manual, June 10, 2011.
Lipton, Bradley. 2010 Accountability, deference, and the Skidmore doctrine Yale Law Journal (June, 1), http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Accountability , deference, and the Skidmore doctrine.-a0231092161 (accessed February 26, 2012)
Policy Process Part I
Policies are constantly being reviewed and considered to assist in enhancing the federal, state, and local health care systems. Each of the reviewed and considered policies has the potential to affect every individual on a daily basis, so careful consideration must be exercised when policies are proposed. The careful consideration requires an understanding of the process through which an idea or topic ultimately becomes a policy and legislation. An example of a topic in the health care industry that may be used to form a policy is health workforce shortages. This topic can become a policy because the United States health sector is currently experiencing an increase in workforce shortages in federal, state, and local levels. The current laws do not have adequate measures or procedures that would deal with this issue effectively. Therefore, policy makers should develop and implement legislation that specifically focuses on health…
References:
Abood, S. (2007). Influencing Health Care in the Legislative Arena. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 12(1). Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/553404_4
Buchan, J. & Aiken, L. (2010). Solving Nursing Shortages: A Common Priority. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(24), 3262-3268.
Gebbie, K.M. (1994, June). Formulating Public Health Policy: The Case of AIDS. American
Journal of Public Health, 84(6), 888-889.
The length of time allowed for debate on a bill depends on the importance of the proposed measure and the debate time is usually divided equally between the proponents and the opponents of a measure. After the general debate, a 'second reading' of the bill is carried out during which members of the House (or the Senate, if the bill has originated in the Senate) are allowed to propose amendments in the bill ("Enactment of a Law"; Johnson 27-28).
Voting: hen the amendment process is completed, the bill is put up to the house for voting. Normally a simple majority vote is required for the passage of a bill. However, the House rules require a three-fifths vote to pass a bill, joint resolution, amendment, or conference report that contains a specified type of federal tax increase. In most cases, the voice vote is considered adequate for the voting process but…
Works Cited
Committees." United States Senate. 2007. http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/committees/d_three_sections_with_teasers/committees_home.htm
Committee Offices." U.S. House of Representatives. 2007. http://www.house.gov/house/CommitteeWWW.shtml
Enactment of a Law." United States Senate. 2007. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/common/briefing/Enactment_law.htm
Johnson, Charles, W. "How our Laws are Made." Document No. 108-93: U.S. Government Printing Office. June 20, 2003. http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/howourlawsaremade.pdf
Governing Race: Politics, Process and the Politics of Race by Nina M. Moore. Specifically, it will contain a detailed book report on the book. "Governing Race" is an important and viable book for any Black Studies student, especially if they are interested in why race relations came to a head in the 1960s. "Governing Race" gives a unique viewpoint on the "politics of race," and is valuable reading for this alone. However, there is much more for the reader to discover as they move through the pages of this book.
The author's thesis is quite clear from the very beginning of this book. She asserts, "race presents a challenge too difficult for American governing institutions to meet" (Moore xiv) in the ntroduction of the book, and further asserts, "true socioeconomic and political race reform will remain a laudable, but elusive, goal of government policymakers" (Moore xv). Therefore, her book concentrates…
In conclusion, Moore's book is a compelling and sometimes distressing look at politics and race in America today. While the successes in race relations are certainly to be celebrated, it is clear from reading this book that Americans still have a long way to go in truly understanding and reforming the relationship between the races. Some of this book is difficult reading, because it seems more should have been done to equalize things politically and fundamentally. Reading this book gives a greater understanding of why things are the way they are, whether Americans agree or not.
References
Moore, Nina M. Governing Race: Policy, Process, and the Politics of Race. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2000.
gov). egardless of the administration, the President must ultimately bow to the will of the Senate on treaties; President Wilson failed in his attempt at the passage of the League of Nations, just as President Obama is having difficulty in passage of trade bills with Columbia, South Korea, and Panama.
The Senate's powers also include further checks on the Executive Branch, namely the authority of impeachment by trial, two of which have been conducted on sitting Presidents: Jackson and Clinton. In addition the Senate has investigative powers on "malfeasance in the Executive Branch and elsewhere in American society" (United States Senate.gov).
Apart from the specific powers reserved for the Senate, perhaps its greatest role is as the ultimate arbiter of policy and government action. Because of the unique rules of the Senate, many proposed legislative bills end up languishing in committees or are never brought to a vote. The Senate's…
References
Economist.com. The Non-Deliberative Body. May 19, 2011. Retrieved May 19, 2011
from http://www.economist.com/blogs/lexington/2011/05/tackling_deficit
Kramer, Lisa. "World's Greatest Deliberative Body. The League of Ordinary Gentlemen.
August 11, 2010. Retrieved May 19, 2011 from http://ordinary-gentlemen.com/blog/2010/08/11/worlds-greatest-deliberative-body/
American Journal of International Law (2009). President issues an executive order banning torture and CIA prisons. The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 103, No. 2. Pp 331-334.
The article mentions that in line with President Obama's order to put an end to Guantanamo Bay detentions, there was an issue of executive orders. As empowered by the constitution, the orders reversed practices and policies from the Bush administration and the relationships with detention and interrogation of the terror suspects. The authors add that the order revoked Executive Order 13,440 that limited Common Article 3 application on Geneva Conventions. The order banned torture and humiliation and degrading treatment for persons under U.S. custody, control of detained persons from in armed conflicts, and limit U.S. interrogation techniques from the ones authorized through the Army Field Manual. Further, the order directed Central Intelligence Agency to end all detention facilities under its operations while…
References
Beckmann, M.N., McGann, A.J., (2008). Navigating the Legislative Divide Polarization, Presidents, and Policymaking in the United States. Journal of Theoretical Politics 20(2): 201 -- 220.
Bridge, D., (2014). Presidential Power Denied: A New Model Of Veto Overrides Using Political. Congress & the Presidency; Vol 41, 2; ProQuest Central pg. 149.
Canes-Wrone, B. (2001). President's Legislative Influence from Public Appeals. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 45, No. 2. pp. 313-329.
Cummins, J., (2010). State of the Union Addresses and the President's Legislative Success. Congress & the Presidency; 37, 2; ProQuest Central pg. 176.
nurse in one of the local hospitals in Louisiana, I have noticed that many children are hospitalized with various health issues like ear infections, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, rhinitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, and sore throats. These medical issues have become common among students in the region without a clear understanding of the major contributing factors. In attempts to identify the main factors resulting in the illnesses, I have conducted state-wide analysis of the problem. The analysis has indicated that most of these children are exposed to secondhand smoke, which has enhanced the rates of these diseases. Children in this state are increasingly exposed to secondhand cigarette smoke in various environments. It is reported that over 294,000 children below 18 years and 91,000 children below 5 years regularly share breathing space with smokers in their own homes throughout Louisiana.
The scope of this issue contributes to the need to establish measures that will…
References
"Arizona." (n.d.). Protect Local Control: Ensuring Community Rights to Pass Smokefree
Ordinances. Retrieved September 30, 2014, from http://www.protectlocalcontrol.org/state.php?sid=3
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, April 25). 25 States and DC are Smoke-Free.
Retrieved from Office of the Associate Director for Communication website: http://www.cdc.gov/features/Smoke-FreeLaws/
Self-Executing Rules (Deem and Pass)
The self-executing rule, also known as 'deem and pass' has recently been criticized by Newt Gingrich and Joe Scarborough. The self-executing rule is a method of procedure that the U.S. House of Representatives use to approve legislation. This rule is in the form of a simple resolution and serves to specify which bills are under consideration by the House. When the House votes to approve a rule that in inclusive of a self-executing provision, the House at the same time agrees to dispose of a matter that is separate as the self-executing rule specifies. This allows modifications or amendments to bills to be passed simultaneously to the bill underlying the modification or amendment. While this procedure does serve to streamline the process of legislation, and is reported to have been used on 85 different occasions in the five years between 2005 and 2010 (Oleszek, 2005,…
Bibliography
Conason, Joe (2010) The Impeccable Bipartisan Pedigree of 'Deem and Pass'. Salon 17 Mar 2010. Retrieved from: http://www.salon.com/2010/03/17/ornstein/
Kasperowicz, Pete (2012) House votes to 'deem' Ryan Budget as Being Passed By Congress. The Hill's Floor Action Blog. 17 Apr 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2010_03/022879.php
Newhauser, Daniel (2012) House GOP Uses Once-Reviled Tactic for Budget Measure. Roll Call. 18 Apr 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.rollcall.com/issues/57_123/House-GOP-Uses-Once-Reviled-Tactic-for-Budget-Measure-213880-1.html
Oleszek, Walter J. (2006) Self-Executing Rules Reported by the House Rules Committee. Congressional Research Service.
Healthcare Legislative Bill
The expanded and improved Medicare for all Acts
The Expanded and mproved Medicare for All Act was introduced to the House of Representatives in 2009 and seeks to lobby for the implementation of a common single-payer health care system throughout the United States o0f America. The bill if enacted would require that all medical care costs be paid for automatically by the government instead of private insurances for the same. The move will significantly alter the role of private insurance companies as merely offering supplemental coverage especially when the kind of medical care sought is not all that essential (McCormick, 2009).
With the Expanded and mproved Medicare for All Bill, the country's national system will be paid for through taxes and the monies that will replace the regular insurance premiums. Proponents of the bill argue that by eliminating the need for private insurance companies in the national…
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science, (2010), Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations
The American Journal of Medical Practices, (2011), The Impact of single-payer Medicare
Program, New York
The first amendment to the Constitution in the ill of Rights states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." This provision has been the justification for entirely removing prayer from schools and the mention of God from public places. This may not have been the intention of the Framers. They were concerned that the government could not establish an official state religion, as had been done in many countries in Europe. They did not intend to eliminate religion from public life.
The problem with judicial activism is that it becomes very hard to stop once it begins. As stated, while most would agree that a right to privacy is desirable, what about other rights or privileges with which the majority would not agree. The Constitution was designed with a process to amend it as conditions change. The Framers anticipated that…
Bibliography
Constitution of the United States. September 17, 1787.
Bill of Rights of the United States. 1791.
Burns, James MacGregor and J.W. Pelton. Government by the People. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Burns, James MacGregor and J.W. Pelton. Government by the People. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1972, p. 44.
The incentives of engaging a meaningful and thorough campaign is thus reduced. The chances of influencing the results of elections are significantly reduced leading to the decrease in the level of voter turnout. The political campaigns are therefore less likely to devote resources towards the encouragement of voter turnout. The reduction in the level of competition leads to the candidate placing more efforts in the process of securing his or her party nomination for the given district as opposed to gaining of the approval of the electorate. In a state that has been gerrymandered, the contesting candidate is almost assured of an express win if nominated. An example in California is during the 2004 elections when the Californias 3rd congressional district was declared vacant subsequent to the running for the higher office by the Republican Congressman Doug Ose. The remaining three stronger republican congressional candidates then campaigned vigorously against each…
Post redistricting electoral processes can, in most cases, bring forth some new incumbents who will still enjoy the same level of undue advantage as the former incumbents and so redistricting will not entirely eradicate the negative effects of incumbency. Redistricting also raises the information costs since a lot of resources are spent to broadcast the new changes, moreover, it interferes with turn out as more voters are most likely to abstain from House elections having cast the presidential ballot.
Conclusion
There is a need for the state of California to adopt the 2011 redistricting framework in order to allow the electorate and the candidates to enjoy their democratic right of equal representation. Proper legislation must therefore be passed and implemented in order to reduce electoral vices like gerrymandering
It is that complex (American Institutes for esearch, 2006, pages V2-3).
Only recently (2008), the U.S. Department of Education has proposed mandates under Title 3 of the Elementary Secondary Education Act/NCLB, which concerns English learners, that California is requesting relief from. Bottom line of these mandates is that they will cost significant sums of money and time to implement and further complicate the most sophisticated EL program in the country (ACSA, 2008).
esults
In a 381-page report prepared for the California Board of Education in 2004, American Institutes for esearch reached the following conclusions regarding the affectivity and success of the EL program in the state of California as mandated by Proposition 227:
Meeting the Needs of California ELs. "While we see evidence of improved academic success with ELs in California, substantial gaps in achievement remain" (American Institutes for esearch, 2006, p. VII-1). The study indicated strongly that the special…
Reference List
ACSA. (2008). ACSA decries proposed el nclb changes. Retrieved September 12, 2009, from Association of California school administrators (acsa): http://www.acsa.org/FunctionalMenuCategories/AboutACSA/CommitteesGroups/NCLBTaskForce/NCLBchanges.aspx
American Institutes for Research. (2006, January 24). Effects of the implementation of proposition 227 on the education of English learners, K-12. Retrieved September 13, 2009, from eric.ed.gov: http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/1b/cf/11.pdf
Central Valley Educational Leadership Institute. (2009, April 27). Pre-K-12 scope of work. Retrieved September 14, 2009, from San Jaoquin Valley partnership: http://www.sjvpartnership.org/uploaded_files/WG_doc/SupplementalDocs4_27_09Meeting.pdf
Edsource. (2008, March). English learner designation/redesignation process. Retrieved September 12, 2009, from edsource.org: http://www.edsource.org/data_ELvitalstats_redesignation.html
Concerning employment practices in general, the order not only strictly prohibited discrimination in hiring, but it also entered into the lexicon the now commonplace idea of Equal Opportunity Employment and established the premise of Affirmative Action. In doing so, this order would also explicit the prohibition of discriminatory treatment of employees once hired, seeming to build a legal case for those who would argue that a compensation system demonstrates elements of individual discrimination.
6. Explain the sorts of errors that can arise in the performance appraisal process.
The quality of an organization's project will only be as good as the performances which are dedicated to its completion. Thus, it is central that proper oversight and leadership acknowledge individual and group performance markers in order to properly interpret the ongoing effectiveness of meeting a project's goals.
A crucial and preemptive approach to ensuring that project contributors are meeting expectations is to…
Works Cited
Chingos, P.T. (2002). Paying for Performance. John Wiley and Sons.
Harris, M. & Raviv, a. (1979). Optimal Incentive Contracts With Imperfect Information. Journal of Economic Theory, 20(2), 231-259.
Henderson, J. (2005). Compensation Management in a Knowledge-Based World. Prentice Hall.
Herbig, P. & Genestre, a. (1997). International Motivational Differences. Texas a&M International University: Department of Management and Marketing.
Budgetary Process
President Obama's budget for the country has enjoyed significant attention through the years of Mr. Obama's presidency, as has those before him. All future presidents will be under the same scrutiny when working with taxpayer money. When creating the nationwide budget, however, the role of Governors also play a significant part in the entire budgetary process. Indeed, the balance of the nationwide budget relies to a great degree upon the ability of governors to created balanced budgets for their individual territories. It should also be kept in mind, however, that while Governors play a significant role in the budget process, a large amount of these responsibilities involve management duties and decision-making relating to the reaction of others to the initial budget proposal.
The first step in the budget process is then also the first responsibility of the Governor, which is to submit a bill to the House of…
References
Commonwealth of Massachusetts (2012). Summary of the steps in the budget process. Retrieved from: http://www.mass.gov/anf/budget-taxes-and-procurement/state-budget/budget-process/summary-of-the-steps-in-the-budget-process.html
Office of Financial Management. (2011, Aug.) Washington State Budget Process. Retrieved from: http://www.ofm.wa.gov/reports/budgetprocess.pdf
Public Law 90-65, dated August 19, 1967, authorized the Secretary to include extra capacity in the Tehama-Colusa Canal to enable it to provide future water service to areas that could be authorized as an extension of the CVP." (Chapter III, 1) The expectation accorded here would be the share of construction costs amongst those who would ultimately use the water source, meaning that this would become a publicly shared cost repaid through traditional avenues of taxation.
Such common costs allow for a greater flexibility of internal decision making, with an expansion into wider arenas. The shared responsibility of repayment allows for some expenditure in other areas of development as well as the expansion of investment into nature reclamation projects. In a similar regard though, decision-making is actually removed in some capacities from the jurisdiction of CVP's accounting department, with the legislative demands of State and local authorities imposing certain use…
Tesco UK food department
a.) Legislative risks: The decision to provide healthier food by labeling the ingredients on the packages to include the calories, sugar, fat, sodium, and saturated fat content needs to also comply with the U.K. food and labeling law. According to the Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of eading, "In most cases, ingredients have to be listed in weight descending order determined as at the time of their use in the preparation of the food. This is commonly referred to as the 'mixing bowl stage'. The following exemptions are however permitted" (A Guide to UK egulations, 2011)
Water and volatile products used as ingredients have to be listed in order of their weight in the finished product. The weight of water is calculated by subtracting from the weight of the finished product the total weight of the other ingredients used.
If an ingredient is…
References
CSPI Reports International (1998) Functional Foods: Public Health Boon or 21st Century Quackery? http://www.cspinet.org/reports/functional_foods/uk_regltry.html
Feindt, P.H. & Flynn, A. 2009, Policy stretching and institutional layering: British food policy between security, safety, quality, health and climate change, Palgrave Macmillan.
Food Labels: A Guide to the UK Regulations. Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading. http://www.reading.ac.uk/foodlaw/label/index2.htm
Lacey, R. 1992, Scares and the British Food System: Problems and Policies in Relation to Food-Related Health Issues, Emerald Group Publishing, Limited.
Executive-Legislative relations in Post-Communist Europe
There are two main methods for appointing the executive, the one used in parliamentary systems, the other one in presidential systems. According to the parliamentary method the people first elects the legislature, which, in turn, appoints the executive. In a pure parliamentary system the executive, furthermore, can remain in office only as long as it enjoys the support, or confidence, of a majority in the legislature. This requirement is often referred to as the parliamentary principle. According to the presidential method separate popular elections are held for appointing a president and, thereby, the rest of the executive. In a presidential country, there are thus two main types of popular elections, those for electing the executive and those for electing the legislature.
As for methods for appointing the members of the legislature there are, again, essentially two types of methods. First there are the majoritarian methods…
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) McCauley, M., Directory of Russian MPs (1992)
2) Jamestown Foundation Monitor www.jamestown.org
3) www.moscowtimes.ru ( Moscow Times)
4) www.insideworld.com ( Reuters)
The protester then has an opportunity to file written comments on the report.
Utilizing Debriefings to Prevent id Protests
Officially, Post-Award debriefings are meant to provide transparency to the unsuccessful candidates. Although the prescribed requirements of the briefings are very rigid and formal, agencies should resist the temptation to meet the bare minimum required by the formalities. Agencies should pay special attention to Requirement 1, the "evaluation of the significant weak or deficient factors in the offeror's proposal" because the evaluation is open-ended, unlike Requirements 2-3, which contain definite numerical standards, and Requirement 4, which only requires a simple summary. Open-ended evaluations can vary greatly in quality and also increase the opportunities for the agency to make a mistake.
If it is a particularly confusing or shallow evaluation, an unsuccessful offeror might take issue with the soundness of the agency's decision and later move to Protest the id by claiming…
Bibliography
Federal Acquisition Regulation Source Selection Statute 15.3 https://www.acquisition.gov/far/html/Subpart%2015_3.html
Acquisition Community Connection https://acc.dau.mil/CommunityBrowser.aspx?id=18888
ACQ Center (2003) Source Selection: Common Myths and Misconceptions NIH AMC Symposium Nov. 9, 2004 oamp.od.nih.gov/.../AMCSymposium.
Maser, S.M., Subbotin, V., & Thompson, F. (2010) The GAO's Bid-Protest Mechanism: Effectiveness and Fairness in Defense Acquisition? Working Paper Atkins School of Management Willamette University. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1616424
Newspapers frequently feature stories democratic principles processes contribute democratic governance impact a wide variety issues ranging distribution flu vaccines legal venue terrorist trials. Public policies formulated address issues result influence application democratic principles processes.
Public policy issue: Healthcare reform
The issue of healthcare
Healthcare is an extremely complex, bureaucratic public policy issue. However, it is also very emotional for many Americans given healthcare encompasses the 'hot button' issues of physical health and spending large amounts of money. The recent debate over the Affordable Care Act is only one of many national 'conversations' about healthcare that has resulted in partisan divisions even within families.
Democratic principle 1: Autonomy
Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the ACA is the individual mandate, which states that all Americans must have health insurance or pay a penalty unless this will cause them undue hardship. Many conservatives bridle at the fact that they are being 'compelled'…
References
Belvedere, M. (2013). Truth about Obamacare? Mandate wasn't needed. CNBC. Retrieved:
http://www.cnbc.com/id/101301394
Nelson, S. (2013). Colin Powell endorses single-payer health care. U.S. News and World Report.
Retrieved: http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/12/10/colin-powell-endorses-single-payer-health-care
Managing All Stakeholders in the Context of a Merger Process
Review of the Relevant Literature
Types of Mergers
Identifying All Stakeholders in a Given usiness
Strategic Market Factors Driving Merger Activity
Selection Process for Merger Candidates
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
The Challenge of Managing All Stakeholders in the Context of a Merger Process
Mergers and acquisitions became central features of organizational life in the last part of the 20th century, particularly as organizations seek to establish and maintain competitiveness in an increasingly globalized economy (Nevaer & Deck, 1996). Mergers are generally described as being the formal joining or combining of two corporations or business (Prichett, 1987), although both the framework and the method of merger vary greatly. The reasons for mergers are different based on what a company is trying to accomplish. The acquiring firm may seek to eliminate a competitor; to increase its efficiency; to diversify its products, services,…
Bibliography
Ansoff, H. Igor. 1987. The Emerging Paradigm of Strategic Behavior. Strategic Management Journal, 8, 501-515.
Barney, Jay B. 1986. Strategic factor markets: expectations, luck, and business strategy. Management Science, 32, 10, 1231- 41.
Beinhocker, E.D. & Kaplan, S. 2002. Tired of Strategic Planning? Many Companies Get Little Value from Their Annual Strategic-Planning Process. It Should Be Redesigned to Support Real-Time Strategy Making and to Encourage 'Creative Accidents.' The McKinsey Quarterly, 49.
Black's Law Dictionary. 1990. St. Paul: West Publishing Co.
Australian Corporate Directors
The four step process of understanding business law is very helpful in arriving at some important conclusions about the case of Coco Ltd. And its recent accident. The four step process suggests provides a manner in which this problem can be properly understood and the correct actions may be implemented to prevent further problems. This part of the essay will advise the directors of Coco Ltd. Of their current problems.
Identify the Legal Issue
Before delving into the legal issues of this case it is important to understand the behaviour of Mr. Hugo, a director here at Coco Ltd.. Hugo, in a recent purchase from his in laws' Brett and Sandra cocoa plantation a disastrous terrorist event took place. During the transportation of nearly boat load of cocoa, the ship was attacked and sunk by terrorist pirates disguised as American Navy Forces. The ship was sunk with…
References
Australian Securities and Investment Commission (2008). Information Sheet 42, Insolvency: a guide for directors. Australian Securities and Investment Commission December 2008. Retrieved from http://www.asic.gov.au/asic/pdflib.nsf/LookupByFileName/Insolvency_guide_for_direct ors.pdf/$file/Insolvency_guide_for_directors.pdf
The Commonwealth of Australia. Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Series/C2004A00818
The Council on Australian Governments (2012). Personal Liability for Corporate Fault: Guidelines for applying COAG principles. CAG 23 July 2012. Retrieved from http://www.coag.gov.au/node/434
Lucy, J. (2006). Directors' Responsibilities: The reality vs. The myths. American Institute of Company Directors, 17 Aug 2006. Retrieved from http://www.asic.gov.au/asic/pdflib.nsf/LookupByFileName/Directors_responsibilities_A ugust2006.pdf/$file/Directors_responsibilities_August2006.pdf
Health Policy and Law Formation:
The process of legislation is characterized with some similarities and differences depending on the specific lawmaking body and the manner through which policymakers are elected and their respective functions and work. Generally, this legislative process includes drafting the bill, introduction of the bill to the respective house, discussions regarding it, any amendments, voting, and enactment into law or vetoed. In addition to undergoing this process, the formation of a public policy or law experiences various challenges depending on the specific state and municipality where the policy is formed.
In relation to public health policy, such laws originate from various sources before proceeding to policy development, which follows several stages. Some of these major stages in policy development include problem identification, setting of agenda, formation of the policy, implementation of the policy, policy evaluation, and policy termination or change. On an issue of health promotion or…
References:
Evans, C.H. & Degutis, L.C. (2003, December). What it Takes for Congress to Act. American
Journal of Health Promotion, 18(2), 177-181.
Megerian, C. & Renshaw, J. (2011, June 24). N.J. Assembly Passes Landmark Employee Benefits
Overhaul. Retrieved June 19, 2014, from http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2011/06/assembly_passes_landmark_emplo.html
Nurse Staffing Levels Through a Legislative Process
Despite arguments from critics who argue that mandated nurse staff levels will adversely affect the skill mix of nurses, the experiences of states that have implemented this solution clearly indicate that this alternative represents a timely approach to a nationwide issue. To determine the facts, this paper reviews the literature to identify the respective pros and cons of mandating nurse staffing through a legislative process, followed by a discussion concerning whether public reporting would be effective in achieving safe levels of staffing. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings concerning the pros and cons of mandating nurse staffing levels through a legislative process are presented in the conclusion.
eview and Discussion
Today, the low nurse-to-patient staffing levels in many states has been found to be threatening the quality of health care services and adversely affecting job satisfaction and morale levels of…
References
Furillo, J. & Mcewen, D. (2012, October 3). State-mandated nurse staffing levels lead to lower patient mortality and higher nurse satisfaction. National Nurses United. Retrieved from http://www.nationalnursesunited.org/news/entry/state-mandated-nurse-staffing-levels-lead-to-lower-patient-mortality-and-hi/ .
Glazer, G. & Alexandre, C. (2009, January). Legislative: The nursing shortage: A public health issue for all. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 14(1), 37.
Six weeks later the Czech Republic became the 27th and final nation to sign the Treaty. On December 2, 2009 the Lisbon Treaty went into full effect one month prior to the date originally projected.
Ratification Procedure
The driving force behind the drafting and ratification of the Lisbon Treaty was German Chancellor Merkel. When she assumed her six-month presidency of the European Union in January of 2007 she was determined to effect a change in how the Union was operated. At the European Council meeting in June of 2007 she was able to convince other EU leaders to join her in amending the treaties under which the Union operated. A prior attempt at organizing the Union under a constitution had failed and so it was believed that proceeding under the treaty procedure would be more acceptable to the other member states. The constitution concept had been rejected several other times…
Bibliography
Books
Bale, T., the End of the nation-state?. In European Politics: A Comparative Introduction, 2nd edit., Houndmills: Palgrave MacMillan (2008).
Cini, M. & Borragan, N.P, European Union Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press (2010)
Dedman, M., the Origins & Development of the European Union 1945-2008: A History of European Integration, London, Routledge Publishing (2009)
As Stowman and Donohue (2005) note: "Child neglect is the most prevalent type of child maltreatment, yet only a few standardized methods exist to assist in the assessment of this widespread problem. Existing measures of child neglect are limited by the nature of child neglect itself, in addition to issues of social desirability responding, and items that may infer blame and parental responsibility" (p. 491). There is nothing, of course, wrong in holding parents and other caregivers responsible for their actions and any harm that they do to children. However, this focus on guilt should not be the primary one. The primary one should be a focus on how best to keep children safe. The children at hand should always be at the center of the process. That is not currently the case (Conrad, Ellis, & Ellett, 2006, p. 38).
Although it is not the central point of this paper,…
References
Brems, C. et al. (2008). Exploring differences in caseloads of rural and urban healthcare providers in Alaska and New Mexico. Public health 30(4): 37-62.
Cheung, K. (1997). Developing the interview protocol for video-recorded child sexual abuse investigations. Child abuse and neglect 21(3): 273-284.
Conrad, D., Ellis, J., & Ellett, a. (2006). Compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among Colorado child protection workers.
Administration in social work, 30(4): 37-62.
U.K. Government: Social Policy Theory & Practice
The objective of this study is to answer all four questions stated as follows: (1) What is the social administrative tradition? (2) What is meant by liberal welfarism? (3) Explain the parliamentary policy- making process? In addition (4) Detail the New Right critique of the welfare state?
Social Administrative Tradition
Grover Starling, administration scholar is reported to have described six characteristics of government's public administrative responsibility: (1) responsiveness; (2) flexibility; (3) competence; (4) due process; (5) accountability; and (6) honestly. (Shiguang, nd) Traditional government responsibility is noted to be that of maintaining public order. (Shiguang, nd) The World Bank identifies four primary administrative traditions as being those of: (1) Anglo Saxon (minimal state); (2) Continental European: Germanic (organicist); (3) Continental European: French (Napoleonic); and (4) Scandanavian: (mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Germanic). The most fundamental difference is reported to be "between the Anglo-Saxon and…
Qualification and Selection
In every case, both New Jersey's and exas' courts strive to achieve one thing: justice. o achieve justice, our courts must be independent, open and impartial. o selection and qualification process must therefore be very strenuous in order to elect the best candidates. Both New Jersey and exas are no exception to this occurrence. In many instances the qualification process and selection process are very similar. In other aspects however, they diverge greatly. his document is designed to provide a brief overview of both the New Jersey and exas qualification and selection processes.
Methods and Selection of New Jersey Judges
Supreme Court Justices, Superior Court Judges and ax Court Judges
he New Jersey Constitution determines how people become Supreme Court justices or Superior Court or ax Court judges. Under this process, the Governor nominates a person to be a justice or a judge. he Governor submits the…
There are two interesting features of judicial selection in New Jersey. The first is the practice of senatorial courtesy. Like U.S. senators, New Jersey's senators have veto-like powers over judicial appointees from their home districts. As a professional courtesy, other senators will not proceed with confirmation of a judicial candidate unless the senators from the home district have signed off. Texas does not have this senatorial courtesy. Instead, senators will often proceed with the confirmation with the blessing of the home district senator. Until 1994, senators had been able to hold up judicial reappointments as well, but a widely criticized incident led the senate to change the rules of reappointments so that they are now considered by the senate judiciary committee without receiving the approval of the home senator (Supreme Court of New Jersey, 2013).
New Jersey's courts also have a tradition of political balance. Governors, regardless of their party affiliation, have generally followed a policy of replacing outgoing judges with someone of the same party or philosophy. On the Supreme Court, the traditional balance is three Democrats and three Republicans, with the chief justice belonging to the party of the appointing governor. This balance provides a bipartisan approach to both legislation and though processes. This balance approach, limits the possibility of having large party initiatives pushed through the legislative process without first having adequate oversight. The balanced approached is primarily useful during periods of political turmoil or upheaval. During these instances, there is a tendency for both legislation and citizenry to disproportionally blame one party relative to the other. Therefore, elected officials during these periods reflect not the skill and ability to enact proper legislation, but instead the general distaste for the other party. As such, a balanced approached helps to mitigate many of the irrational emotions in the market. Judicial nominating commissions are not used to screen judicial candidates in New Jersey.
One of the stated goals of New Jersey's judicial performance program is to enhance the process for reappointing judges. Attorneys evaluate judges before whom they have participated in actual cases, and appellate judges evaluate trial court judges when their rulings are appealed. Results of the evaluation are shared with the evaluated judge, the assignment judge, the Supreme Court, the governor, the senate judiciary committee, and the judicial evaluation commission. This process allows judges to view their strengths and opportunities relative to other peer judges. It also provides a means in which judges can view, share, and discuss divergent beliefs and opinions to foster a better law system overall. The Supreme Court appoints the members of the judicial performance committee and designates the committee chair. At least six members must be superior court judges who represent each of the divisions of the court, at least three members must be attorneys, and at least two members must be representatives of the general public. Committee members serve three-year terms and may
Policy Process: Evaluation, Analysis and evision
The National Nursing Shortage eform and Patient Advocacy Act was designed to address the public health workforce shortage that is seen, especially where nurses are concerned. It is no secret that nurses are leaving the profession in record numbers, and as they do that it is becoming more and more difficult to replace them with others who want to do the same type of work (Buerhaus & etchin, 2013; Iglehart, 2013). Because of all the nurses retiring, and so many of them experiencing burnout, the gap between the number of needed nurses and those who are available continues to widen (Negron & Cohen, 2013). The issue here is how that Act becomes a policy, so it can provide more help to a public health workforce that is struggling. In order for the Act to become a policy, it must first be evaluated. The Act…
References
Buerhaus, P.I., & Retchin, S.M. (2013). The dormant National Health Care Workforce Commission needs congressional funding to fulfill its promise. Health Affairs, 32(11), 2021-2024.
Iglehart, J.K. (2013). Expanding the role of advanced nurse practitioners - risks and rewards. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(20), 1935-1941.
Negron, B., & Cohen, E. (2013). Back to the future: A standardized approach to delivering effective nursing care. Nurse Leader, 11(2), 52-56.
S.739 (2014). Congress.gov. Retrieved from https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/739
U.S. Congress is composed of two chambers, the House of Representatives (with 435 members representing fifty states) and the Senate (with 100 members, with two members elected from each State).
The Republican and Democrat parties select their candidates for the two chambers of the Congress in primary elections, "election in which registered voters in a jurisdiction select a political party's candidate for a later election (nominating primary)"
After winning a primary election, the candidate from the respective party runs in the Congress election, which are held, for both chambers, in November.
For the 2005-2007 legislation (the 109th Congress), the Republican Party dominates both chambers. As such, the Republican Party currently holds 55 seats in the Senate, with the Democrats having won 44 seats and one independent seat (James Jeffords). In the House of Representatives, the proportion between the Republican Party and the Democrat Party is 53% to 46%, with the…
Bibliography
1. Majority and Minority Leaders. On the Internet at http://clerk.house.gov/histHigh/Congressional_History/leaders.html
2. Vincent, Carol Hardy. Committee Types and Roles. March 1998. On the Internet at http://www.house.gov/rules/98-241.htm
3. About the Senate Committee System. On the Internet at http://www.senate.gov/general/common/generic/about_committees.htm
4. Groseclose, Tim and King, David. Committee Theories and Committee Institutions. John F. Kennedy School of Government. Harvard University. November 1997. On the Internet at http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/prg/king/committ.htm#2
But in 1973, the American Psychological Association announced that they would be removing homosexuality from the list of recognized mental illnesses, as growing numbers of researchers and doctors realized that it represented fairly normal sexual behavior (Head par. 17).
A quick bit of simple arithmetic can tell you that it still took thirty years after the medical community determined that homosexuality was not dangerous or especially abnormal for the law to catch up. And in many instances, there still aren't laws protecting gays. All that the Supreme Court ruling did was ban laws that banned homosexual behavior; they cannot make laws to protect gay rights.
This has been the major issue plaguing the civil rights of homosexuals. Until the legislative branch of the government becomes involved in mandating that certain rights are protected, nothing that the judicial branch does will ever really be secure. This was shown most recently in…
Works Cited
Cornell. "Civil Rights: An Overview." Cornell University Law School Website. Accessed 15 April 2009. http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/civil_rights
Head, Tom. "The American Gay Rights Movement: A Short History." Accessed 15 April 2009. http://civilliberty.about.com/od/gendersexuality/tp/History-Gay-Rights-Movement.htm
Stanford. "Civil Rights." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Accessed 15 April 2009. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/civil-rights/#SexOri
Bill Becomes a Law
Federal laws do not start off as laws, obviously. First, they begin their life as bills introduced by a member of Congress, either in the House of Representatives or in the Congress. The "author" of the bill is said to the be sponsor and there can be a number of sponsors and co-sponsors for a bill.
Once a bill is introduced into the House or Senate, it is assigned a number and passed to a committee, whose job it is to oversee all such bills generated in regards to specific issues. It can happen that one bill will be passed to several committees if it happens that the proposed piece of legislation touches on several issues. The bill can also go to a subcommittee.
This step is followed by the decision by the committee chairman to "mark up" the bill -- which means adding amendments to…
Works Cited
"How Our Laws are Made." Congress.gov. Web. 3 October 2015.
"The Legislative Process." United States House of Representatives. Web. 3 October
2015.
"Steps in Making a Bill a Law: The Federal Legislative Process." NAEYC. Web. 3
External Influences on Health Care
Healthcare today is changing dramatically. The entire structure of healthcare here in the United States completely changed on January 1, 2014. With the completion of the Patient Protection and Affordable Healthcare Act, the old way of healthcare went through a drastic evolution. This was called for by both the people and the government, as previous methods of distributing healthcare were just becoming infeasible. As such, it is clear that there are a wide number of political, legislative, and economic factors that have influenced this dramatic change and will continue to make evolutions in the health care field.
There are definitely political forces at play in regards to the recent healthcare changes, as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was a highly controversial law that was deeply opposed by the majority of the epublican Party. Members of Congress who opposed the law so much claimed…
References
ABC News. (2013). Government shutdown 2013: After defeat, tea party promises attacks on healthcare. Health. Web. http://www.wjla.com/articles/2013/10/government-shutdown-2013-after-defeat-tea-party-promises-attacks-on-health-care-95560.html
Henry J. Kaiser Foundation. (2013). Key facts about the uninsured population. Uninsured. Web. http://kff.org/uninsured/fact-sheet/key-facts-about-the-uninsured-population/
Melnik, Jessica & Marquez, Chrysanne. (2012), The legislative Process: And its relation to health policy. Slideshare Healthcare. Web. http://www.slideshare.net/melnik02/legislation-and-health-care-policy
Obama Care Facts. (2012). Cost of Obama Care. Obama Care Facts: Dispelling the Myths. Web. http://obamacarefacts.com/costof-obamacare.php
MPA
The role of the non-profit organization has transformed in many ways as society and the values inherent within that society also change and transform. The ability to create an organization with purpose and a sense of a greater duty is what makes the non-profit sector of exchange such a unique and important facet within the constructs of our society. The purpose of this essay is to address a situation where a recommendation is needed to determine the best route of approach for raising funds for a hypothetical nonprofit agency.
The background of this case deals with selecting between two options of fundraising method to improve and increase community services. This general situation is encountered by most nonprofit organizations and provides a solid background for discussing the ideas and principles inherent within the public sector. The first option imposes a user fee for individuals who currently request assistance. The second…
References
Association of Fundraising Professionals (nd). Donor Bill of Rights. Viewed 29 Sep 2014. Retrieved from http://www.afpnet.org/Ethics/EnforcementDetail.cfm?ItemNumber=3359
Bennet, J. (2012). The New Price of American Politics. The Atlantic, Oct 2012. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/10/the/309086/
Frumkin, P., & Kim, M.T. (2001). Strategic positioning and the financing of nonprofit organizations: Is efficiency rewarded in the contributions marketplace?. Public Administration Review, 61(3), 266-275.
Funkhouser, M. (2014). The Failure and the Promise of Public Participation. Governing, 6 Jan 2014. Retrieved from http://www.governing.com/gov-institute/funkhouser/col-failure-promise-public-participation-government.html
Letter to the Legislative epresentative
Whom It May Concern
This letter is in connection with a bill previously proposed to you -- the Equity of Care Act. Its purpose is satisfying the health requirements of racial and ethnic minorities in regard to quality care access and delivery by reinforcing healthcare-related safety nets. Thus, dealing with this issue is of utmost significance. For pushing the Act to make it a law, it must follow the path described below:
The Path a Bill Takes to Become Federal and State Law
Introducing the Bill and eferral to a Committee
Legislation can be introduced by any Congressional member (NAEYC, 2015). Every introduced bill is allotted a number: S. is used to denote Senate bills, while H.. indicates House bills. Subsequently, the bill goes for reference to one or more committees that have jurisdiction over the legislation's key issue. Sometimes, it is referred first to…
References
Boundless. (2015, July 21). Interest Groups, Lobbyists, and PACs. Retrieved from Boundless Political Science: https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/congress-11/how-congres
(2009, August 10). Breaking News, Daily News and Videos - CNN.com. Disruptions drown out debate at health care meetings - CNN.com. Retrieved December 10, 2015, from http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/08/10/health.care.questions/
Chapter 5
Models Of Public Policy-Making. (2002). Retrieved from California State University Long Beach Graduate Center for Public Policy and Administration: http://web.csulb.edu/~msaintg/ppa590/models.htm
Nurse Advocacy
After sixteen years of working as a nurse, I realized more fully the impact my profession and the people in it have on public health, public safety, social norms related to health, and public policy. This MSN program has effectively prepared me for the next stage of my career as a nurse advocate who actively participates in public policy development and public health initiatives. I have been strongly influenced by issues related to nurse advocacy throughout the course of my career. This program has highlighted areas in which nursing practice can be applied to helping members of my community empower themselves with knowledge, with the resources available to them to improve their health choices, and improve quality of life for all members of my community.
When I started the program, I was a nurse. I was an experienced nurse who was confident with my role in the hospital,…
Three Strikes Law on the African-American Community
Three Strikes legislation, which imposes sentencing enhancement on repeat offenders, often culminating with mandatory life sentences for third-time offenders, has gained popularity throughout the United States. The legislation began in California, where two highly publicized murders committed by convicted felons prompted an outcry against allowing recidivists to return to the community. California did see a decrease in crime rates following its institution of the Three Strikes policy, though there is considerable debate about whether the Three Strikes laws were responsible for that decline. Many other states adopted the legislation, so that about half of all states now have three strikes legislation. While these laws may not necessarily have the desired deterrence effect on crime, the general consensus appears to be that they are not harmful to society; therefore, even if they cannot be proven to be helpful, they should remain in place. However,…
References
Brown, B. & Jolivette, G. (2005). A primer: Three strikes- the impact after more than a decade.
Retrieved February 13, 2012 from Legislative Analyst's Office website: http://www.lao.ca.gov/2005/3_strikes/3_strikes_102005.htm
Goodno, N.H. (2007). Career criminal targeted: The verdict is in, California's Three Strikes law proves effective. Golden Gate U.L. Rev., 37(2), 461-485.
Jones, B. (1999). Why the Three Strikes law is working in California. Stanford Law & Policy
" (Scott, p. 43).
At the same time, the Wilderness Act ensures that the lands be available for multiple uses, so long as the uses stay within the previously discussed parameters of conservation. Therefore, wilderness areas are often used for tourism and recreation. For example, outdoor recreation is allowed but it cannot involve motorized or mechanical vehicles and other equipment. In other words, the focus of the wilderness areas is to provide a haven of quiet and a return to our roots. According to Scott,
Wilderness is the haven of quiet beyond the end of the road, the wild sanctuary we meet on its own terms by leaving the machinery of twenty-first-century life behind. The wild popularity of wilderness recreation shows how hungry Americans are for just such sanctuaries." (Scott, p. 132).
The Wilderness Act's enactment has had a monumental effect on American society. Not only did it benefit society…
Bibliography
Gorte, Ross W. Wilderness Laws: Permitted and Prohibited Uses. Congressional Research Service. Washington: Library of Congress, 2005.
Harvey, Mark. Wilderness Forever: Howard Zahniser and the Path to the Wilderness Act. Seattle: Washington University Press, 2005.
Scott, Doug. The Enduring Wilderness: Protecting Our Natural Heritage through the Wilderness Act. Golden: Fulcrum Publishing, 2004.
The Wilderness Act. 16 United States Code 1131-1136. (1964).
TX Government
Texas Government
Like the federal government, the State of Texas passes legislation and creates laws that are specific to that state. That does not make the state immune to the laws federally required, but it does ensure that citizens there are aware of the beliefs, desires, and goals of the state within the confines of legal issues. As such, many of the bills that are created and passed into law in Texas are based on party lines. Democrats and Republications often have differing opinions on very serious issues such as the right to life, gun control, and immigration. ith this in mind, the bills they try to pass are generally very different from one another based on those beliefs. It can easily be seen that people who follow their party lines carefully and seriously will create and attempt to pass bills that are based on the beliefs and…
Works Cited
Baysinger, Steve. Texas Fights Back: Rep. John Otto (R-Dayton) Files Texas House Bill 553, "The Second Amendment Preservation Act." Tenth Amendment Center. 2013. Web. http://texas.tenthamendmentcenter.com/2013/01/texas-fights-back-rep-john-otto-r-dayton-files-hb-553-the-second-amendment-protection-act/
Culp-Ressler, Tara. Texas Lawmaker Introduces Bill to Block Abortion Restrictions Until the Death Penalty is Abolished. Think Progress. 2013. Web. http://thinkprogress.org/health/2013/07/16/2312051/texas-democrats-death-penalty-abortion/
Fletcher, Allen. Rep. Allen Fletcher Re-Files Bill Prohibiting Sex-Selective Abortions. Press Releases. 2013. Web. http://www.house.state.tx.us/news/member/press-releases/?id=4616&session=83&district=130&bill_code=2830
Howerton, Jason. Texas Democrat Proposes Legislation That Would Remove Sheriffs Who Refuse to Enforce Gun Control Laws From Office. The Blaze. 2013. Web. http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/03/27/texas-democrat-proposes-legislation-that-would-remove-sheriffs-who-refuse-to-enforce-gun-control-laws-from-office/
And his group of followers were denied permits to hold peaceful marches through the towns of some southern states. The basis for the withholding of those permits was entirely "lawful" because the decision to do so fell within the guidelines of the city officials. The laws themselves were neutral. However, the decision as to how to apply those laws (and from whom their benefit was withheld) was made on the basis of race, making them violations of procedural due process. As Reverend King explained in his 1964 Letter from a Birmingham Jail, written after his arrest for demonstrating without a permit:
"Sometimes a law is just on its face and unjust in its application. For instance, I
have been arrested on a charge of parading without a permit. Now, there is nothing wrong in having an ordinance which requires a permit for a parade.
But such an ordinance becomes unjust…
Goldfield, D., Abbot, C., Argersinger, J., and Argersinger, P. (2005). Twentieth-Century
America: A Social and Political History. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-
Prentice Hall.
Omnibus bill is one that contains several separate but related items. This is in contrast with a regular bill that typically will only address a single issue. The reason for the attempt to pass an omnibus bill is to pass a package of reforms on a particular issue, such as a spending omnibus bill. An omnibus bill can help to speed up the legislative process by avoiding multiple votes on fairly minor issues. If the issue is major, there might be other reasons for the pace of an omnibus bill, such as the need to enter into war.
Omnibus bills are not used to circumvent the normal Congressional processes, but they do accelerate the process. Members of Congress are not forced to consider each issue individually, as is normally the case. For example, with the gun control proposals of the past week, there were several different bills on the table,…
Works Cited:
Marty, R. (2013). Kansas House Committee passes massive anti-choice omnibus bill. RH Reality Check. Retrieved April 19, 2013 from http://rhrealitycheck.org/article/2013/03/07/kansas-house-committee-passes-massive-anti-choice-omnibus-bill/
Rohrer, G. (2013). Omnibus insurance bill clears House, but concerns remain over nonrenewal notices. The Florida Current. Retrieved April 19, 2013 from http://www.thefloridacurrent.com/article.cfm?id=32485367
European Parliament, Democratic Legitimacy and the EU
Introduction
Background
The EU has three legislative aspects—the supranational aspect (the Commission), the intergovernmental aspect (the European Council and the Council of the EU), and the parliamentary aspects (the EP). Yet, only one of these bodies is directly elected in a democratic fashion (the EP), which means that the overwhelming majority of the EU’s legislative totality is specifically non-democratic in character. In other words, the only way the people of Europe can directly and democratically influence the shaping of EU policy is through the EP. This is undoubtedly why, as Ronald Holzhacker points out, “scholars, politicians and the public have bemoaned a lack of democratic legitimacy in the European Union (EU) for decades.”[footnoteRef:2] [2: Ronald Holzhacker, "Democratic legitimacy and the European Union." European Integration 29, no. 3 (2007), 257.]
The Central Question
The question this essay aims to answer is: To what extent does the…
" The bill then goes on a calendar, so it can be debated, discussed, or amended. The bill then goes to the floor of the house where it is read, discussed, and voted on. If it passes by a two-thirds margin, it goes on to the Senate, where it goes through the same process. If it makes it this far, it is "enrolled," signed by the Speaker of the House and the Vice-President, and then it goes to the president for signature ("Ben's Guide"). Both legislative branches seem to have similar means of passing bills, Canada's follows about the same procedure in a different order.
In Canada, Canadians elect a Parliament, and the most the members can sit on Parliament is five years. The Parliament is made up of the House of Commons and the Senate. The leaders of the two bodies are the Speaker of the House and the…
References
Andres, Gary J. "Left, Right Left; Liberals, Lobbyists and Laws in Lock Step." The Washington Times 2 Feb. 2006: A19.
Editors. "Ben's Guide to Government." Ben'sGuide.gpo.gov. 2007. 21 Sept. 2007. http://bensguide.gpo.gov/9-12/index.html
Editors. "Canadians and Their Government." CanadianHeritage.gc.ca. 2007. 21 Sept. 2007. http://www.canadianheritage.gc.ca/special/gouv-gov/section2/infobox2_e.cfm
Editors. "Office of the Registrar of Lobbyists." ORL-BDL.gc.ca. 2007. 21 Sept. 2007. http://www.orl-bdl.gc.ca/epic/site/lobbyist-lobbyiste.nsf/en/h_nx00162e.html
During this Diaspora, the African Slave Trade transferred 9-12 million people from one continent to another with major repercussions on cultural and political traditions in the New World. There have been a number of modern Diasporas based on the post-Cold War world in which huge populations of refugees migrated from conflict, especially from developing countries (Southeast Asia, China, Afghanistan, Iran, Latin America, South American, Rwanda, etc.).
Part 1.2.1 - Civil Law is a legal system inspired by Ancient Roman law. In Civil law, laws are written into a codified collection that is a group of ideas and systems that work in tandem to help organize societies without the need for judicial interpretation. Overall, civil law is in place to formulate general principles and to distinguish substantive rules from procedural rules, and is based on the tenet that legislation is the primary source of law.
Conceptually, civil law is a group…
Tribe refers to what Ronald Dworkin says later in the book. Dworkin holds that everyone is an originalist now but that they are not seeking what the lawmakers expected but what they meant to say in their law, suggesting perhaps that they may not be writing laws as clearly as could be or that the vagaries of language often make it difficult to do so without some form of originalist mind set. Tribe points out that what both originalists and textual critics are doing is to try to determine what is intended over what is expected, meaning that a law could be written to say one thing but would have unintended consequences just the same. here Tribe differs is in the fact that he does not believe it is possible to discover which provisions are which by a close reading of the text or by legislative history. Tribe also does…
Works Cited
Brennan, William. "Construing the Constitution." 19 University of California-Davis Law Review 2 (1985).
Rehnquist, William H. The Supreme Court. New York: Vintage, 2001.
Scalia, Antonin. A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1997.
e can see that minority status has far less to do with population size, and instead seems very much to be inclined by race, ethnicity and political power instead. This label of minority status is in many ways used as a tag by which certain groups are detained from political unity or effectiveness.
To a large degree, this is a condition which relates to the nature of the Hispanic demographic, which in spite of its cultural diversity, is typically perceived by the larger American public as a single unified entity. This is both untrue and reflects the ethnocentric qualities of the white American political body that have tended to relegate the Hispanic population to representation that is not proportional to its true presence here. Indeed, "although Mexican-Americans continue to be the largest group within the Latino population, increasing immigration from other Latin American means they are perhaps the most culturally…
Works Cited:
Agencia EFE. (2009). Hispanics ask Obama for More Key Government Posts. Hispanic Business. Ret. Feb. 13, 2010 at http://www.hispanicbusiness.com/politics/2009/4/30/hispanics_ask_obama_for_more_key.htm
Auerbach, a.J. & Oreopoulos, P. (1999). Analyzing the Fiscal Impact of U.S. Immigration. The American Economic Review, 89(2).
Bernstein, R. (2008). U.S. Hispanic population surpasses 45 million now 15% of total. U.S. Census Bureau News.
Borjas, G. (1995). The Economic Benefits from Immigration. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(2).
American Federalism
POL 319 State & Local Governments
Brian Kimminau
emocracy in America has evolved from the concept of federalism allowing citizens at all levels to develop their own governance system. Since the founding of the United States in 1776 different governmental structures both on the state and local level developed. My paper takes a closer look at three different faces of state and local government in the United States of today: irect emocracy Government, Police Jury Government and Mayor-Council Government. While California and Louisiana are showcase examples for the irect emocracy and Policy Jury Government system, New York City stands exemplary for a strong Mayor Council governmental system. The goal of the paper is to point out the distinctive features of the three models, their historic background, and various impacts for citizens in the three geographic surroundings.
Case Study # 1 -- Examination of irect emocracy in California
What…
Does the legislature or the governor have more power in Louisiana based on your analysis? The governor has more power than the legislature because the legislature can completely overpower the governor. There is not one bill he can stop if they chose this veto and there is not an expense he can block for the same reason. The legislature can organize the executive branch anyway it chooses subject to the constitutional imperative of the presence of certain constitutional officers. Furthermore it can get rid of any regulatory authority in it, and propose any constitutional amendment it likes regardless of the governor's opinion on the matter
(Sadow, J.D. (23 May 2011, p.2).
How is the provision of funds to local and state efforts affected or optimized by Louisiana's French-based system? The state of Louisiana faces a severe decline in revenues through fiscal year 2012 which, if no corrective action is taken, will leave a significant funding gap in the state government expenditures and will create serious sustainability issues in financing of state obligations. It is essential that the state act now to reduce the cost of state government, through all means available, including efficiencies, economies, greater effectiveness, and other means to streamline government in order to overcome the projected severe revenue reductions occurring through 2012 . Louisiana also created the Commission on Streamlining Government (CSG) to examine each agency's constitutional and legal duties to gain efficiency and lower costs by reducing the size of state government. This commission is charged with making real reforms to reduce the size of government by finding and getting rid of a ballooning bureaucracy and duplicative services and low-performing programs both on the state and local government level (Streamlining Louisiana: Driving Government Reform in an Era of Fiscal Crisis (29 January 2010, p. 2). Proposers of the reform i.a. request the issuance of annual public reports online of all state grants by funding source, agency, parish and
ecause the Republic was weak, it was open to failure, and open to a takeover by a powerful group such as Hitler's Nazis. asically, the failure of the Republic allowed Hitler to take control of the government, which ultimately led to World War II, the persecution of the Jews, the Holocaust, and millions of deaths. Thus, the fall of the Weimar Republic was extremely significant to world history, and it was because it was created as a weak Republic that it could fall so quickly and have so many weaknesses that Hitler and his party capitalized on. This shows a very diachronic relationship between the Army, the legislative branches, and the Chancellor, because they could not work together harmoniously, and so, they created friction that led to the failure of the Republic. A more synchronic relationship may have created more strength in the Republic, and led to a much different…
Bibliography
Author not Available. (2005). The French National Assembly. Retrieved from the French National Assembly Web site: www.assemblee-nationale.fr/english/8al.asp22 July 2005.
Mahler, Gregory S. (2003). Comparative Politics: An Institutional and Cross-National Approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Rempel, Gerhard. (2000). The Weimar Republic I: Economic and Political Problems. Retrieved from the Western New England College Web site: http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/23weimar_collapse.html22 July 2005.
Omnibus Bills
Normal Bill Passing Process
In the United States, several processes need to take place before a bill is passed into law. First, a member of House of Senate or House of epresentatives needs to introduce a bill. After the introduction of the bill, the bill will be referred to a committee for further hearing and the committee will carefully study the bill. If the bill is very important, the committee may hold a public hearing on the bill and decide to pass the bill or reject it and no action will be taking on it. If the committee accepts the bill, the committee will read the bill in the open session of the House of epresentative where the bill is passed to the ules Committee. However, the ules of Committee can either place the bill on the second reading for a debate or take no action on the…
Reference
Battaglini, M. And S. Coate (2007). The legislative policy-making Ine-ciencies: The dynamic analysis. American Economic Review 97(1), 118 -- 149.
Goertz, J.M.M.(2012). The Omnibus or Not: The Single-Issue Bills or Package Bills in a Legislative Bargaining Game. University of Guelph, Department of Economics.
Morelli, M. (2007). Demand commitment and legislative bargaining: A response. The American Political Science Review. 101(4), 851.
Oleszek, W.J. (2007). Congressional Procedures and thee Policy Process. CQ
Health Policy
Introduction
This paper will outline some of the high-level issues in the American health care system. At this level, the discussion centers around issues such as the political environment, the influence of key stakeholders and power structures. By analyzing the health care system through these lenses, the observer is able to better understand why (or why not) good ideas are implemented (or not). There are five central questions that will be addressed in this discussion, starting with the impact of socioeconomic and sociopolitical factors on US health care policy.
Socioeconomic / sociopolitical factors
One of the most critical issues in the US health care system is the socioeconomic disparity in health outcomes. This is typically driven by access to care. Lantz, House & Lepkowski (1998) found that mortality risk was a function of income, with the lowest-income groups in their study having the highest mortality risk. While there…
Presidential and Congressional Powers
In the simplest of terms, the differences in powers between Congress and the President is that Congress makes laws and the President enforces them. But, that description does a great injustice to the complexities of the roles of each. Congress is granted "all legislative powers" by Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. Those powers include the making of laws, coining money, declaring war, regulating interstate and foreign commerce, and maintaining the military. The powers of the President (Executive Branch) are outlined in Article II of the Constitution. They include the power of appointment and removal, the creation of executive orders, limited legislative powers, veto power, pardoning power, power to make treaties, and military powers separate from those of Congress. Both sets of powers, in conjunction with the Judicial Branch, form a balance of powers within the Federal Government. It is the purpose of this paper…
Referenced
Hamilton, J. & Madison, J. "The Federalist Papers" 52-67, 70-77. Online. Internet. Avail http://www.shadeslanding.com/firearms/federalist.Info Acc: Dec 13, 2002.
Neustadt, Richard. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents. Seattle: Free Press, 1991.
However, the scope and the activity of the European Court differentiate it from any other mechanism of applying the justice inside the European Union. There is the issue of the activity of the Court. This mechanism was designed to enable both the European Union and the member states to have a viable and legitimate environment to discuss and resolve their differences. More precisely, the European Court of Justice has a mandate to apply and insure the respect of the Communitarian law. In this sense, it is clear that the simple existence of a special system of law that regulates the relations inside the EU is an element of supra nationality. The European law comprises the particular treaties of the EU as well as the case law of the European Court of Justice. However, the activity of the Court is essential for pointing out its role inside the Union. It is…
Bibliography
Ash, Thomas. "The EU's Future: The Federalism/Intergovernmentalism Debate." Big Issues Ground. 2005. 14 April 2008. http://www.bigissueground.com/politics/ash-eufuture.shtml
Marchal, Andre. L'integration territoriale. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1965.
Merry, Henry J. "The European Coal and Steel Community. Operations of the High Authority." The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1955, pp. 166-185
The European Commission. Profile. 2008. 14 April 2008 http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/personal/profile/index_en.htm
For some the issue then arises when the pluripotent cells are removed from the blastocyst, as this very act negates the ability for the cell group to develop into a human being. "Note that the process of changing from totipotent to pluripotent to multipotent cells is not reversible -- that is, pluripotent stem cells do not produce totipotent stem cells, and multipotent stem cells do not produce pluripotent stem cells."
Borror, O'Rourke and Skirboll 54) Additionally, the proponents of stem cell work cite the pluripotent as incapable of producing a human being therefore not a destruction of life, hence leading to the Bush decision to ban the creation of new lines of stem cells, as it would require the destruction of further human totipotent cells.
Multipotent. The pluripotent stem cells undergo further specialization into multipotent stem cells, which are committed to giving rise to cells that have a particular function.…
Reforms in France and Germany
Divided Government and Constitutional Reform
hen it comes to government, there are many forces within the framework, which influence political change for a nation and its people. hen it comes to the governments of Germany and France each are structured and managed differently, however, the same force of divided government has resulted in profound constitutional reforms for both countries. This paper will discuss the forces that expand the potential opportunities for change to result and influence the legislative process. This issue of divided government is present in both governments and its effect on legislation has both short-term and long-term ramifications. How each country is willing to accept divided government as a part of the political machine is where each country forms its own identity and path for the future decision-making environments. It is the country's ability to embrace divided government or its ability to reject…
Work Cited
Buckman, Kirk. "Divided Government and Constitutional Reform in France and Germany."
French Politics 2 (2004): 25-60.
Power of the President
The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America," (Article II, Section1). The United States Constitution outlines the various powers, duties, and rights of the President mainly in Article Two, after treating the various roles of congress. The President functions simultaneously as the Chief and Head of State, as the Commander in Chief of the United States Army, as Chief Legislator and Diplomat, as the manager of the economy and the state of the union, and as the head of his political party. Some of these roles are not specifically mentioned in the Constitution. An examination of the Constitution reveals that the Chief Executive of the United States is endowed with much power. He alone has the power to pardon high treason or to make treaties with foreign nations, for instance. However, because of the intricate system of checks and…
Government
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As Stowman and Donohue (2005) note: "Child neglect is the most prevalent type of child maltreatment, yet only a few standardized methods exist to assist in the assessment of…
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Bill Becomes a Law Federal laws do not start off as laws, obviously. First, they begin their life as bills introduced by a member of Congress, either in the…
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External Influences on Health Care Healthcare today is changing dramatically. The entire structure of healthcare here in the United States completely changed on January 1, 2014. With the completion…
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Letter to the Legislative epresentative Whom It May Concern This letter is in connection with a bill previously proposed to you -- the Equity of Care Act. Its purpose…
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TX Government Texas Government Like the federal government, the State of Texas passes legislation and creates laws that are specific to that state. That does not make the state…
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Omnibus bill is one that contains several separate but related items. This is in contrast with a regular bill that typically will only address a single issue. The reason…
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European Parliament, Democratic Legitimacy and the EU Introduction Background The EU has three legislative aspects—the supranational aspect (the Commission), the intergovernmental aspect (the European Council and the Council of…
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" The bill then goes on a calendar, so it can be debated, discussed, or amended. The bill then goes to the floor of the house where it is…
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During this Diaspora, the African Slave Trade transferred 9-12 million people from one continent to another with major repercussions on cultural and political traditions in the New World. There…
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Tribe refers to what Ronald Dworkin says later in the book. Dworkin holds that everyone is an originalist now but that they are not seeking what the lawmakers expected…
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e can see that minority status has far less to do with population size, and instead seems very much to be inclined by race, ethnicity and political power instead.…
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American Federalism POL 319 State & Local Governments Brian Kimminau emocracy in America has evolved from the concept of federalism allowing citizens at all levels to develop their own…
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ecause the Republic was weak, it was open to failure, and open to a takeover by a powerful group such as Hitler's Nazis. asically, the failure of the Republic…
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Omnibus Bills Normal Bill Passing Process In the United States, several processes need to take place before a bill is passed into law. First, a member of House of…
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Health Policy Introduction This paper will outline some of the high-level issues in the American health care system. At this level, the discussion centers around issues such as the…
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Presidential and Congressional Powers In the simplest of terms, the differences in powers between Congress and the President is that Congress makes laws and the President enforces them. But,…
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However, the scope and the activity of the European Court differentiate it from any other mechanism of applying the justice inside the European Union. There is the issue of…
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For some the issue then arises when the pluripotent cells are removed from the blastocyst, as this very act negates the ability for the cell group to develop into…
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Reforms in France and Germany Divided Government and Constitutional Reform hen it comes to government, there are many forces within the framework, which influence political change for a nation…
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Power of the President The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America," (Article II, Section1). The United States Constitution outlines the various…
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