Background

In June, 2014, the world's #2 maker of medical devices, Medtronic, agreed to buy Covidien, a smaller company in the same industry.  The deal was valued at $42.9 billion, and it was a cash and stock deal.  The deal was done at a 29% premium over Covidien's June 13, 2014 closing price. The deal was described by Medtronic's CEO as a "strategic and operational alignment" and there were immediate benefits to be accrued by moving the company out of the country, to Covidien's headquarters in Dublin (Cortez & Welch, 2014).  The company disputes the tax argument, noting that it did not believe its 18% tax rate would change much with the move (Kelly & Roumeliotis, 2014).  Mostly, the value of the deal was the expected $850 million in annual savings that was expected to accrue from synergies in back office operations, supply chain, distribution and manufacturing (Cortez & Welch,…

References
Cha, M., Copp, J. & Pellumbi, G. (2014).  Value creation in medical device M&A. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved April 26, 2015 from http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/client_service/Pharma%20and%20Medical%20Products/PMP%20NEW/PDFs/Value_creation_in_medical_device_M_and_A.ashx
Cortez, M. & Welch. D. (2014). Medtronic to buy device maker Covidien for $42.9 billion .  Bloomberg. Retrieved April 26, 2015 from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-16/medtronic-to-buy-device-maker-covidien-for-42-9-billion
Covidien 2013 Annual Report.  
Coyle, D. (2014).  Medtronic becomes Ireland's biggest business.  The Irish Times. Retrieved April 26, 2015 from http://www.irishtimes.com/business/health-pharma/medtronic-becomes-ireland-s-largest-business-1.2081212
Kelly, S. & Roumeliotis, G. (2014).  Medtronic to buy Covidien for $42.9 billion, rebase in Ireland.  Reuters. Retrieved April 26, 2015 from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/16/us-covidien-medtronic-inc-idUSKBN0ER03420140616
MDDI (2014). Top 40 medical device companies.  Medical Device and Diagnostic Industries. Retrieved April 26, 2015 from http://www.mddionline.com/article/top-40-medical-device-companies
Medtronic 2013 Annual Report.
Rocha, E. & Ho,S. (2014). Investors cheer Burger King- Tim Horton's combo deal. Reuters. Retrieved April 26, 2015 from http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/08/25/us-burger-kg-wld-tim-hortons-mergers-idUSKBN0GP00R20140825

The facts that you have provided indicate extremely troubling circumstances that could seriously jeopardize the welfare of your organization. It is well-settled law that entities contracting for the services of subsidiaries are legally responsible for legal and ethical improprieties committed by those subsidiaries irrespective of whether or not the contracting organization had any specific involvement in or knowledge of those actions. Accordingly, we would strongly advise that you take immediate action to rectify the situations described in the manner outlined in our recommendations below.

ecommendations

To avoid the potentially serious criminal, civil, and financial consequences arising under MWHC's respondeat superior responsibility to prevent fraud and abuse in connection with its association with subsidiaries, it is hereby recommended that MWHC immediately:

1. Instruct the subsidiary to cease and desist from offering its contracted home health agency employees compensation of any kind in connection with client durable medical equipment (DME) orders from…

References

Reid, T. (2009). The Healing of America: A Global Quest for Better, Cheaper, and Fairer Health Care. New York: Penguin Group.

USDHHS. (2004). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services-Office of Inspector

General-Statement of Organization, Functions -- and Delegations of Authority.

Federal Register. Vol. 69, No. 127; July 2, 2004. Retrieved November 14, 2010,

These examples highlight that technology is always a tool, a way of enhancing human judgment -- we must not mistake it as a replacement for good nursing practice.

After all, the use of a computer is no substitute for a medical education. Anyone who works in a hospital can see this -- the increased accessibility of information through the Internet also means that patients often come in, convinced that they are suffering from a serious illness, allergy, or condition, based more upon a diagnosis Googled on WebMD, rather than upon the fact that they saw a doctor! If a computer alone was required to diagnose, everyone would have a degree!

Don't get me wrong -- I use technology every day in my life, and thank my lucky stars, and my patient's lucky stars, that it is so ubiquitous. When health care providers wish to communicate, the use of cell phones…

Medical ID Theft and Securing EPHI

Medical Identity Theft

Medical information can be stolen by 1) the bad guys getting sick and using a victim's information to obtain services, 2) friends or relatives use another friend's or relative's information to obtain treatment, 3) when professionals, such as physicians, fabricate services that did not exist, 4) organized crime, and 5) innocent or not so innocent opportunists (Lafferty, 2007). ad guys that get sick can take a victim's insurance information to obtain services for treatment. Professionals can fabricate false claims to cover medical errors. Opportunists have access to patient data and the ability to steal, use, or sell that information.

Effective security requires clear direction from upper management (Whitman). Assigning security responsibilities and access controls with audit controls to organizational elements and individuals helps to place accountability on individuals. They must formulate or elaborate security policies and procedures based on the organizational…

Bibliography

HIPAA Security Series. (n.d.). Retrieved from HHS.gov:  http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/administrative/securityrule/techsafeguards.pdf 

Hoffman, S. & . (2007). SECURING THE HIPAA SECURITY RULE. Journal of Internet Law, 10(8), 1-16.

Lafferty, L. (2007). Medical Identity Theft: The Future Threat of Health Care Fraud is Now. Journal of Healthcare Compliance, 9(1), 11-20.

Whitman, M. & . (n.d.). Case B: Accessing and Mitigating the Risks to a Hypothetical Computer System, pages B1-B24 .

PESTEL Analysis of the Medical Devices Industry in Australia

Political

The medical devices industry in Australia has become the focus of political leaders in recent months. For instance, the Australian Senate launched an investigation into regulation of the medical device regulation in response to growing concerns about Poly Implant Prostheses breast implants. According to Murphy (2012), "The inquiry, which is being conducted by the Senate's Community Affairs Committee, follows a senate committee inquiry into Australia's medical device regulation that was completed late last year and that generated 18 recommendations on how to improve the regulations" (p. 1). Increased regulatory oversight, though, is complicated by the very nature of the medical devices industry. According to Breton and Stinson, "The medical device world is a shapeless blob" (2010, p. 27). This point is also made by Egan (2001) who emphasizes that while there have been a number of major pieces of legislation…

References

Breton, T. & Stinson, C. (2010, January/February). 'The Medical Devices Industry.' Searcher, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 26-27.

Egan, M.P. (2001). Constructing a European Market: Standards, Regulation, and Governance.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

'Joint Industry Statement.' (2007). European Coordination Committee of the Radiological,

Schneck Medical Center: The Baldrige Award

Schneck Medical Center: Overview

The Schneck Medical Center according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology -- NIST (2011) "is a 93-bed nonprofit hospital providing primary and specialized services to the residents of Jackson County, Ind., and surrounding communities." The facility as NIST (2011) further points out, offers a variety of primary care services including but not limited to cancer care, noninvasive cardiac care, and joint replacement.

Established in 1911, the facility was amongst four organizations selected by the President and the Commerce Secretary in 2011 to be awarded the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award. This particular award in the words of NIST (2011) is "the nation's highest Presidential honor for performance excellence through innovation, improvement and visionary leadership." It is important to note that apart from the Baldrige Award, Schneck Medical Center has been a recipient of several other awards including the Outstanding…

References

Greene, A.H. (2012). HIPAA Compliance for Clinician Texting. Retrieved May 28, 2013, from:  http://library.ahima.org/xpedio/groups/public/documents/ahima/bok1_049460.hcsp?dDocName=bok1_049460 

Hester, D.M. & Schonfeld, T., (Eds.). (2012). Guidance for Healthcare Ethics Committees. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hernandez, S.R. & O'Connor, S.J. (2009). Strategic Human Resources Management in Health Services Organizations (3rd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning.

Lyer, P.W., Levin, B.J. & Shea, M.A. (2006). Medical Legal Aspects of Medical Records. Tucson, AZ: Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company.

Med Device

Endius' Way Forward

The medical device industry is driven largely by innovation, with new products comprising a substantial portion of sales and profits in the sector. This does not mean that good ideas are instantly saleable or marketable, however, and although the minimally invasive surgical tool developed by the two physicians that started the company Endius shows a great deal of promise, it takes someone with the leadership capabilities, the strategic knowledge, and the connections of Thomas Davidson to really drive this company and its product(s) forward. Davidson has joined the company, but must decide whether to pursue commercial product development as an in-house endeavor or if utilizing the services of Project Genesis, a consultancy firm, would be better. There will be in-house and outsourced personnel, components, and costs regardless of which avenues is selected, and Davidson will likely have to loan the company the necessary funds to…

Market Model Changes

The medtech, or medical technology, industry is a large and intensely competitive industry that produces highly innovative medical devices for hospitals and other healthcare facilities in the effort to save lives and improve health for patients (Research, 2012). It is spread across different segments including, cardiology, oncology, neuro, orthopedic, and aesthetic devices. It relies largely on aging baby boomers, high unmet medical needs, and increased incidence of lifestyle diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.

The industry is being challenged by pricing concerns, hospital admissions and procedural volume, uncertainty concerning healthcare reform, Medicare reimbursement issues as agencies are looking for cost reduction measures, and regulatory overhang. There is a rise in patients deferring treatment in elective procedures. "One factor aligning economic and clinical forces: in the U.S., the number of medical practices owned by hospitals grew from 25% in 2005 to 50% in 2008" (practice, 2011).…

Bibliography

Blog, I. (2012, Mar 12). MedTech Industry Stock Outlook. Retrieved from Financial Content: http://markets.financialcontent.com/stocks/news/read/20832505/MedTech-Industry-Stock-Outlook

practice, B.G. (2011, Feb 9). Creating a new commercial model for the changing medtech market. Retrieved from Bain & Company:  http://www.bain.com/publicatgions/articles/creating-a-commercial-model-for-changing-medtech-market.aspx 

Research, Z.E. (2012, June 15). MedTech Industry Stock Outlook-June 2012-Zacks Analyst Interviews. Retrieved from Nasdaq:  http://community.nasdaq.com/News/2012-06/medtech-industry-stock-outlook-june-2012-zachs-analysts-interviews.aspx ?

SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Unique product with tangible benefits
Unknown technology
Solves a real world problem
Ease of use?
There are a couple of strengths that will drive the adoption of this product. The first is that it is unique – there are no competitors in Canada at the moment. There is one competitor in the UK at present. The competitive threat can be managed by licensing the technology from that company, with a non-compete clause, or by developing similar but superior technology of our own. Patents can protect any unique attributes of our product.
The second strength is that this product solves a real world problem. Many innovative ideas fail at the application stage so it is important that the product solves a problem better than existing products. In this case, there is no product that can allow a cast to be set on the fly. Using this as…

Devices for the Future

Device Description

Brain controlled prosthetics that have been designed so well that they are almost natural, are the focus of this paper. These limbs enabled humans to figure out how to move them in similar ways as they would coordinate their own arm movements, and consequently get the prosthetics arms to actual functionality (Collinger, B. Wodlinger, Wang, Tyler-Kabara, & Weber, 2013). The research method constituted decoding and recording of motor cortical signals so as to present the participants in the research with the ability to coordinate approximately 10 DOFs with the prosthetic systems of the arm.

The Development Process

Micro-electrode arrays for capturing brain signals on record and establishing complex algorithms to decode natural processes and transforming them into commands for motors in prosthetic systems of the arm are set in process. Single element neural signals have been captured in human clinical patients by implanting a…

References

Collinger, J., B. Wodlinger, J. D., Wang, W., Tyler-Kabara, E., & Weber, D. (2013). High-performance neuroprosthetic control by an individual with tetraplegia. Lancet, 381(9866), 557-564.

Collinger, J., Kryger, M., Barbara, R., Betler, T., Bowsher, K., & Brown, E. (2014). Collaborative approach in the development of high-performance brain -- computer interfaces for a neuroprosthetic arm: translation from animal models to human control. Clin Transl Sci, 7, 52-59.

O'Donnell, F. (2012). Medical surveillance monthly report. Silver Spring, MD: Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center.

Robbin, A. M., Casebeer, W. D., Hein, A. M., Judy, J. W., Krotkov, E. P., Laabs, T. L., . . . Ling, G. S. (2015). DARPA-funded efforts in the development of novel brain -- computer interface technologies. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 244, 52-67.

Healthcare

Hand-held devices and portable digital assistants (PDAs) are being integrated into the health care setting in the United States. It is important to understand which devices are being used, how they are being used, what they are being used for, and why. Understanding the role that hand-held devices and other portable electronics play in health care can help to inform organizational policy, and help health care administrators better implement electronic medical records.

History of use

The first documented PDA was the Newton MessagePad, issued by Apple in 1993. It was described as being "revolutionary" (Wiggins, 2004, p. 5). Palm, Inc. developed the next big handheld device: the Palm Pilot, in 1996. By the late 1990s, PDAs were equipped for Internet access, and memory capacity and other features improved with each product release. Microsoft also entered the portable electronic devices marketplace in the 1990s. The devices were not yet being…

References

Alerndar, H. & Ersoy, C. (2010). Wireless sensor networks for healthcare. Computer Networks 54(15): 2688-2710.

Fornell, D. (2008). PDAs bring hand-held solutions to healthcare. Acuity Care Technology. Retrieved online:  http://www.soti.net/PDF/PDAsBringHandHeldSolutionsToHealthcare_Article.pdf 

Garritty, C. & El Emam, K. (2006). Who's using PDAs? Journal of Medical Internet Research 8(2).

Huang, V.W. (n.d.). PDAs in medicine. Power Point Presentation Retrieved online:  https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CF4QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2Fcourses%2Farchive%2Fspr02%2Fcs495%2Fpda.ppt&ei=xxqAUsq_NtTFqQG25IHwAQ&usg=AFQjCNE4Wf4YrX7slTbcdYJwxujV3rwgog&sig2=Uee9rvdDYwY0uYM33n1ZBg&bvm=bv.56146854,d.aWM

his device utilizes two 3-volt batteries and has a battery self-tester. he recorded messages not lost when the battery is changed. his item weighs about two ounces and has also a one year warranty.

his item costs $29.95. (http://test.abledata.com/abledata.cfm?pageid=113583&top=0&productid=113886&trail=0) S. similar device is known as Medical Medallion, and it is manufactured for the same purpose. It has the same easy-playback and update options, the same word capacity, the same storage features, and so forth. he only noticeable difference is that the Medical Medallion has a leather cover.

Although in essence these are functionally the same, the Medical Medallion, is $49.95, a full $20 more expensive. (http://test.abledata.com/abledata.cfm?pageid=113583&top=0&productid=113887&trail=0) fully recommend this device for the student. However, I know that the parent will push for the more expensive item to be purchased, even though it is not in the best interest of the child. he devices are functionally the same, and only have…

This item costs $29.95. (http://test.abledata.com/abledata.cfm?pageid=113583&top=0&productid=113886&trail=0) S. similar device is known as Medical Medallion, and it is manufactured for the same purpose. It has the same easy-playback and update options, the same word capacity, the same storage features, and so forth. The only noticeable difference is that the Medical Medallion has a leather cover.

Although in essence these are functionally the same, the Medical Medallion, is $49.95, a full $20 more expensive. (http://test.abledata.com/abledata.cfm?pageid=113583&top=0&productid=113887&trail=0) fully recommend this device for the student. However, I know that the parent will push for the more expensive item to be purchased, even though it is not in the best interest of the child. The devices are functionally the same, and only have he difference of aesthetics. I will explain to the parent that although the more expesnsive item is also functional, there is no reason to spend the extra money which could instead be put towards other learning aids for the student.

In our consumerist society, it is easy to get drawn into the idea that a more expensive product is a better one. However, this is often, as in this case, far from the truth.

The second is the development of a research method that takes into account many aspects of the perceptions of patients regarding their condition and their treatment program. This study will play an important role in future medical decisions regarding the use of orthotic devices to treat foot conditions.

eferences

Bennett, P., Patterson, C., Wearing, S. & Baglioni, T. (1998). Development and validation of a questionnaire designed to measure foot-health status. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 88 (9): 419-428.

Budiman-Mak, E., Conrad, K., & oach, K. (1991). The Foot Function Index: a measure of foot pain and disability. Clinical Epidemiology. 55 (6): 561-70.

D'hondt, N., Struijs, P., Kerkhoffs, G. & Verheul, C. et al. (2004). Orthotic devices for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome. Issue 4. etrieved 6 January 2009 at http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002267/frame.html.

Landorf, K. & Keenan, a. (2000). Efficacy of foot orthoses. What does the literature tell us? Journal of the…

References

Bennett, P., Patterson, C., Wearing, S. & Baglioni, T. (1998). Development and validation of a questionnaire designed to measure foot-health status. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 88 (9): 419-428.

Budiman-Mak, E., Conrad, K., & Roach, K. (1991). The Foot Function Index: a measure of foot pain and disability. Clinical Epidemiology. 55 (6): 561-70.

D'hondt, N., Struijs, P., Kerkhoffs, G. & Verheul, C. et al. (2004). Orthotic devices for treating patellofemoral pain syndrome. Issue 4. Retrieved 6 January 2009 at  http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD002267/frame.html .

Landorf, K. & Keenan, a. (2000). Efficacy of foot orthoses. What does the literature tell us? Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 90 (3): 149-158,

Advances in Digital Medical Imaging

Origin

In the past few decades advances in healthcare have emerged, as new forms of technological integration are implemented as part of the overall healthcare management system. Healthcare providers, doctors and patients require more technological integration into the system providing real time data analysis and the possibility of enhancing medical knowledge. Sharing that knowledge can lead to what many describe as "digital medicine" where stored clinical data can generate medical knowledge which can be widely distributed, incorporated into decision support systems, and lead to more effective medical practices (ouler & Morgenstern, 2005). Digital medical image processing within the healthcare area has its origins in the 1970's when computed tomography was introduced as the first digital modality. In the decades that followed, advances in digital medical imaging technology have dramatically affected the planning and design of diagnostic interventional radiology facilities. Soon after the advent of computerized…

Bibliography

Bang, C. (2005). Digital Imaging Drives Health Care Design. Building Operation

Management, July.

Becker, S. (1994). Costs and Benefits of Picture Archiving and Communication Systems.

Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, vol. 1, no. 5: 361-371.

input/output devices will you be using in the next one to three years as "computing" devices? Which features/components/form factors will be prominent? Why?

Which features/components/form factors will be important to you? Why? Which applications will you be using on these devices? How may these devices change your life in terms of benefits and risks? (Two pages)

A survey of experts identified five major themes that will carry forward through the next half century ("EEEE Spectrum," 2012). ncreased computation and bandwidth is the first of these themes ("EEEE Spectrum," 2012). This notion that there will be computation and bandwidth to burn means that the shift of computing power and network connectivity will move from one end of the spectrum to the other -- there will be utter and unimaginable abundance of computing and networking capacity ("EEEE Spectrum," 2012). Experts predict that people living in developed countries will have gigabit nternet access…

Ionescu, D. (2010, March 29). Geolocation 101: How it works, the apps, and your privacy. PC World. Retrieved  http://www.pcworld.com/article/192803/geolocation_101_how_it_works_the_apps_and_your_privacy.html 

Modern Technology Council (2012). Retrieved http://www.sacouncil.org / the-fear-of-technology-changing-the-workforce.htm

2. Using Google Docs is going to be a real time saver and one of the most convenient applications I have applied to my studies. I can see how creating a spreadsheet for assignments that is shared with others in the class could facilitate collaboration. Google Docs is great for sharing documents, but it can also be used for brainstorming and for piggy-backing on each other's ideas -- in real time. It is easy to envision times when I am away from my computer and I can just hop onto someone else's computer and pick up where I left off with Google Docs. Not having to manage a memory stick is a bonus, too. The capacity to retrieve and upload documents that are stored on my computer or on a memory stick is really helpful, and I can see where that capability will foster the movement of my documents from files on my computer or memory stick to the Google Doc environment.

Sharp Medical Center, San Diego is a hospital whose mission is to enhance the health of its clients through a commitment to excellence in all its operations. As part of its commitment to provide affordable and accessible health care services, the hospital applies the 10 rules for redesigning the healthcare system through:

Patient-centered Care and Patients as the Source of Control:

According to the Institute of Medicine, some of the important rules for redesigning the 21st Century healthcare system include customization of care based on patients' values and needs and patients being regarded as the source of control over health care decisions affecting them ("Crossing the Quality Chasm," 2001). Sharp Medical Center has applied these rules through providing special services to patients and their families via online patient tools and information about visiting hours. Through the provided information, the hospital's patients and their families are able to make informed decisions…

References:

Cuellar, A.E. & Gertler, P.J. (2005). How The Expansion of Hospital Systems Has Affected

Consumers. Health Affairs, 24(1), 213-19. Retrieved from  http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/24/1/213.abstract 

Institute of Medicine [IOM]. (2001, March). Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System

for the 21st Century. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved February 8, 2012, from http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2001/Crossing-the-Quality-Chasm-A-New-Health-System-for-the-21st-Century.aspx

Implantable Cardiac Devices

Heart disease remains one of the leading causes of death in the United States but there are a number of different implantable cardiac devices (ICDs) available today, including pacemakers, defibrillators and cardiac resynchronization devices, that can help people with heart disease or failure go on to lead normal lives by regulating their heart beats through a series of electric shocks. To determine the facts about these devices, this paper provides a review of the literature to explain the respective indications for these devices as well as their differences. Finally, a summary of the research and important findings concerning these implantable cardiac devices are provided in the conclusion.

eview and Discussion

Indications for each of the following: Pacemaker, ICD (defibrillator) & Cardiac esynchronization Devices

Pacemaker. According to Gregoratos et al. (1), this type of ICD is indicated for patients suffering from abnormalities of atrioventricular (AV) conduction which may…

References

1. Gregoratos, G et al. American Heart Association [Internet] ACC/AHA Practice Guidelines 2016 [cited 2016 April 26] Available from  http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/97/13/1325.full .

2. American Heart Association. [Internet] What is a pacemaker. 2016 [cited 2016 April 26] Available from  https://www.heart.org/idc/groups/heart-public/@wcm/@hcm/documents  / downloadable/ucm_300451.pdf.

3. Perry, P ICD -- The Beat Goes On: Experts Call for Expanded Coverage of ICDs, the Most Effective Method to Date for Preventing Sudden Cardiac Death in High-Risk Coronary Patients. The Saturday Evening Post 2004, March-April 276(2): 28-29.

4. Medtronic [Internet] 2012 ACCF/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Implantable Defibrillator and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities. 2012. [cited 2016 April 26] Available from  http://www.medtronic.com/content/dam/medtronic-com-m/mdt/crdm  / documents/2012-accf-aha-hrs-guidelines.pdf.

("DEKA: Dean Kamen" 2001, NP) Making many smart business decisions along the way and developing many innovative products, which he rarely fails to patent, have made him a renaissance man for the modern world. To some degree he could be called the Leonardo Davinci of modern science and technology.

Segway Technology:

The technology of the Segway is dependant upon its ability to balance itself, in much the same way the human body does, using technology that its makers call Dynamic Stabilization. This advance makes the Segway nearly impossible to overturn, while in use, making it extremely safe and practical for use. It also boasts a battery system utilizing lithium ion batteries that hold a charge long enough for an individual to travel up to 24 miles between charges. This advance creates a device that can be used for an entire day or even longer by some people with only very…

Works Cited

DEKA: Dean Kamen, 2001 http://www.dekaresearch.com/aboutDean.html.

Oswald, Ed BetaNews May 31, 2006,  http://www.betanews.com/article/Segway_Offers_Financing_to_Push_Sales/1149106883 .

Kemper, Steve. Code Name Ginger: The Story Behind Segway and Dean Kamen's Quest to Invent a New World. Framingham MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2003.

Segway Simply Moving, "Technology Innovations" 2008, http://www.segway.com/about-segway/technology-innovations.php.

Conclusion

The recommendation for the safest, most practical contraceptive device today's woman should consider would be the IUD. The choice between the ParaGard and the Mirena product should be up to the woman and her physician, once a good bit of research is conducted by the woman, and questions are asked of her doctor. If a device can be implanted and be effective for up to 10 years, and not have any serious - or even minor - side effects, that device would be well worth trying. In the event that it becomes unpleasant for any reason, the woman's doctor can easily remove it at any time.

orks Cited

Brody, Jane. "Jane Brody: New Devices and Effective Options in Contraception." The New

York Times (October 24, 2006). Retrieved 8 Nov. 2006 at http://www.nytimes.com.

Doheny, Kathleen. "The Birth-Control Choice of Female Docs." Shape 25.7 (March 2006)

86. Retrieved 9 Nov. 2006…

Works Cited

Brody, Jane. "Jane Brody: New Devices and Effective Options in Contraception." The New

York Times (October 24, 2006). Retrieved 8 Nov. 2006 at  http://www.nytimes.com .

Doheny, Kathleen. "The Birth-Control Choice of Female Docs." Shape 25.7 (March 2006)

86. Retrieved 9 Nov. 2006 from Thompson Gale, Document #A143060257.

Experiential Exercise: Observing and Reporting Surroundings at a VA Medical Center

To satisfy the requirements of this assignment, the author recently volunteered at a local Department of Veterans Affairs medical center (VAMC) and the results of this experience are related below.

Date and address of where the experience took place

October XYZ, 20XX, in Anytown, Ohio.

Length of time you were there

Four hours (including lunch).

Brief description of the setting

The VAMC visited for this assignment is a major tertiary healthcare facility that provides medical, surgical, dental and mental health services to eligible veterans in its catchment area. The volunteer services department is located on the VAMC's first floor, immediately inside the main entrance. A young female receptionist behind a glass window greets volunteers with and without appointments, but a sign below the window recommends making an appointment to ensure volunteers' services are needed on a specific date. Besides…

Technology in Medicine: Distant Medical Surveillance Technology for Diabetics in the Less Developed Area of Texas

An estimated 26 million Americans live with diabetes. When not properly treated, diabetes could be fatal as it occupies the seventh position on the list of major mortality causes and it is also a strong causative factor of renal failures, sight damage and clinical limb removals among Americans. Diabetes occurrences are approximately 17% higher in less developed areas. Ethnicity and race are also major factors in determining the risk of suffering from the disease as it affects the smaller factions more. Distant medical surveillance can be very helpful in acquiring daily data about a diabetic's sugar levels, dangerous signs, feeding habits and therapy devotion. This method could help patients take their medications appropriately. Even though certain patients could decide not to adhere to their treatments and thus render this technology useless, the group who…

References

Balamurugan, A., Hall-Barrow, J., Blevins, M. A., et al. (2009). A pilot study of diabetes education via telemedicine in a rural underserved community -- opportunities and challenges: A continuous quality improvement process. The Diabetes Educator, 35(1), 147 -- 154.

Greenwood, D. A., Young, H. M., & Quinn, C. C. (2014). Telehealth Remote Monitoring Systematic Review: Structured Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose and Impact on A1C. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 8(2), 378 -- 389.

Hale, N. L., Bennett, K. J., &Probst, J. C. (2010). Diabetes care and outcomes: disparities across rural America. Journal of community health, 35(4), 365-374.

Helseth, C. (2014). Diabetes Management in Rural Areas Takes Holistic, Community Approaches, Rural Health Information Hub. Retrieved from  https://www.ruralhealthinfo.org/rural-monitor/rural-diabetes-management/  on February 18, 2017

Interoperability of Electronic Medical ecords

Electronic Health ecords (EHs) are patient-management tools that have been created in the health sector to help coordinate patient care. These tools or system focuses on capturing patient-generated health information from outside the clinical setting and incorporating it into the patient's medical history. Electronic health records were developed to help improve patient care through sharing patient information seamlessly. However, for EHs to have the ability to share patient information seamlessly, an interoperable health information technology environment should be established. This essentially means that an interoperable health IT environment is mandatory for electronic health records to be effective.

What is Interoperability?

Interoperability is a term used to refer to the level with which devices and systems can share data and interpret it (Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society, 2013). This means that two devices or systems are considered interoperable when they exchange data seamlessly and eventually…

References

Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. (2013). What is Interoperability? Retrieved November 7, 2016, from  http://www.himss.org/library/interoperability-standards/what-is-interoperability 

Schiller, D. (2015, November 30). EHRs and Healthcare Interoperability: The Challenges, Complexities, Opportunities and Reality. Retrieved November 7, 2016, from  http://www.healthcareitnews.com/blog/ehrs-healthcare-interoperability-challenges-complexities-opportunities-reality 

Stroupe, M.P. (2011, May). What is EHR Interoperability and Why Should I Care? Retrieved November 7, 2016, from http://www.nethealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/What-is-EHR-Interoperability.pdf

Mass Casuality Decontamination

Mass Causality Decontamination

Throughout the past era, worries about possible terrorist acts concerning weapons of mass destruction (WMD) directed Congress and the President to obtain a complete counteract terrorism strategy that was aimed at stopping a chemical, biological, or nuclear attack and improving domestic attentiveness. The organization of choice for national significance management has been the Department of Defense. Of the $1.2 billion taken in the FY 2000 business plan purposely for WMD reply, most of it went to DOW Overreliance on the military for domestic (Wynd, C. 2006) WMD defense, nevertheless, may reduce the military's war combating capacity and holds the potential for breach of individual rights. Given that these attacks are confronting to avoid and may take place anywhere and at any time, mass decontamination is one of the significant factors to controlling the distresses of such an occurrence, saving lives, and limiting the number…

References:

10th european congress of trauma and emergency surgery. (2010). European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, 35, 1-1-188. doi:10.1007/s00068-009-8001-z

Cabrera, Suzanne Lobaton, R.N., M.N., & Beaton, Randal D, PhD., E.M.T. (2009). The role of occupational health nurses in terrorist attacks employing radiological dispersal devices. AAOHN Journal, 57(3), 112-112-9; quiz 120-1.

DA-az, G. (2005). Different approaches to the difficult relationship between intelligence and policy: A case study of the cuban missile crisis of 1962 vs. The 2003 war in iraq. UNISCI Discussion Papers, (9), 93-93-126.

Disaster Response: Principles of Preparation and Coordination. (1989). St. Louis: Center of Excellence and Disaster Management.

Evolution of Health Care Information Systems Physician's Office Operation

Filling in the hole of health care information technology will endorse safe, capable, patient-centered, and patient care that is fruitful in a timely way. In this essay, the theme is to look into two modern health

care organizations and then compare and contrast many characteristics that will involve the kind of evidence systems are using at the moment, investigate the transmission of information 20 years ago and how the substitute of data today. Furthermore, this essay will cover two major events and technology developments that have inclined present Health Care Informational Services practices.

Compare and Contrast Doctor's Workplace Operation

These day's doctor's office operation is familiarizing to the health care reform that was sanctioned in 2010 by the Obama organization. During sometime in October of 2013, the exchanges in health insurance was available on the market for customers on order to…

References

Burke, D., Wang, B., & Wan T.T.H. & Diana, M. (2009). Exploring Hospitals' Adoptionof IT. Journal of Medical Systems, 21(9), 349 -- 355.

Callen, J., & Braithwaite, J. & . (2008). Cultures in Hospitals and TheirInfluence on Attitudes to, and Satisfaction with, the Use of Clinical InformationSystems. Social Science and Medicine, 65(4), 635-639.

Finchman, R., & Kohli, R. & . (2011). Editorial Overview -- The role of IS inHealthcare. Information Systems Research, 22(3), 419-428.

Evidence-Based Solution to educing Incidence

The goal of this assignment is to increase my ability to appraise and synthesize evidence to provide experience a logical argument in support of a proposal for practice change, and to provide experience in designing a detailed implementation and evaluation plan for my project. I need to discuss my project plan with you.

An evidence-based solution to reducing incidence of hospital acquired infections through indwelling medical devices

Hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections are the fourth leading cause of disease in developed countries. The increased insertion and implanting of prosthetic or indwelling medical devices is a leading cause of these infections since the introduction of a foreign body significantly reduces the body's immunity and decreases the number of bacteria needed to produce an infection. Prosthetic or indwelling medical devices such as urethral catheters, suprapublic catheter, nasogastric tubes, hemodialysis catheters, central venous catheters, and tracheostomy tubes are associated…

References

Chambless, J.D., Hunt, S.M., & Stewart, P.S. (2006). A three-dimensional computer model of four hypothetical mechanisms protecting biofilms from antimicrobials. Appl Environ Microbiol, 72(3), 2005-2013. doi: 10.1128/aem.72.3.2005-2013.2006

Chu, V.H., Crosslin, D.R., Friedman, J.Y., Reed, S.D., Cabell, C.H., Griffiths, R.I., . . . Fowler, V.G., Jr. (2005). Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in patients with prosthetic devices: costs and outcomes. Am J. Med, 118(12), 1416. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.06.011

Cookson, S.T., Ihrig, M., O'Mara, E.M., Denny, M., Volk, H., Banerjee, S.N., . . . Jarvis, W.R. (1998). Increased bloodstream infection rates in surgical patients associated with variation from recommended use and care following implementation of a needleless device. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 19(1), 23-27.

Digiovine, B., Chenoweth, C., Watts, C., & Higgins, M. (1999). The attributable mortality and costs of primary nosocomial bloodstream infections in the intensive care unit. Am J. Respir Crit Care Med, 160(3), 976-981. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.3.9808145

air traffic has continued to increase and it now constitutes a considerable proportion of the travelling public. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till 2020. Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being. Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and mutates, via transportation routes, is the reason why the influenza pandemic is considered to be a huge threat to the human population. Pandemic is a term, which is used for a virus or microbe when it spreads over a large area, in severe cases even the whole world and large number of people start getting affecting by it (CDC, 2009).

In the past 300 years, there have been ten significant influenza pandemics outbreaks that have taken place in this world.…

References

Airports Council International (2009) Airport preparedness guidelines for outbreaks of communicable disease. Available at: http://www.airports.org/aci/aci/file/ACI_Priorities/Health/Airport%20preparedness%20guidelines.pdf (Accessed: 28 November 2011)

Bouma, G.D. (2002) The research process. 4th edn. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Brigantic, R., Delp, W., Gadgil A., Kulesz, J., Lee, R., Malone, J.D. (2009) U.S. airport entry screening in response to pandemic influenza: Modeling and analysis. Available at:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7578-4W2M6SG1&_user=10843&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000000150&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10843&md5=44685b11dd53d74a8ef85a4f03e185f2  (Accessed: 28 November 2011)

Bush, George W. (2003a). Homeland security presidential directive -- 5: Management of domestic incidents. Available at:  http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030228-9.html  (Accessed: 28 November 2011)

Integrating Theory and Needs Assessment

A major challenge that a number of health care facilities are facing is accidents related to medical devices. This is from many providers becoming overwhelmed with larger amounts of patients. As a result, the odds have increased of overworked staff members making some kind of error. Evidence of this can be seen in a study that was conducted by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) along with the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). They found that between 1999 and 2000 there was a total of 454,383 injuries. ("Estimated 454,383 People," 2004) To deal with these issues the FDA has implemented the MedSun project. This was launched in 2002 with the regulators working in conjunction with hospitals to reduce the number of errors from medical devices. Moreover, the program is built upon the principals of the Safe Medical Devices Act of 1990, the Medical Devices Amendments…

References

Estimated 454,383 People. (2004). News Medical. Retrieved from:  http://www.news-medical.net/ news/2004/09/10/4655.aspx

Medical Devices. (2012). FDA. Retrieved from:  http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/MedSunMedicalProductSafetyNetwork/ucm112683.htm 

Medical Devices. (2012). FDA. Retrieved from:  http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/ReportaProblem/default.htm 

Preventing Medication and Medical Device Errors. (2011). WSNA. Retrieved from:  http://www.wsna.org/Topics/Patient-Safety/Adverse-Events/Errors/

Government Created a Committee

An electronic health record is a digital record of a patient's health information generated from every medical visit a patient makes. This information includes the patient's medical history, demographics, known drug allergies, progress notes, follow up visits, medications, vital signs, immunizations, laboratory data and radiological reports. The EH automates and streamlines a clinician's workflow. (Himss, 2009)

Due to the multiple advantages of an EH, health care agencies have been aiming to push up this technology. In 2004, the FDA approved of an implantable EH microchip into patients. Each microchip has a specific code which is identified through sensors. The device is implanted under the skin, in the back of the arm, requiring a twenty minute procedure, without needing the use of sutures. ("Fda approves computer," 2004)

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, deaths due to preventable medical errors rank as the fifth most…

References

CDC. (2011, October 24). Deaths and mortality. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/deaths.htm 

Fda approves computer chip for humans. (2004, October 13). Retrieved from  http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6237364/ns/health-health_care/t/fda-approves-computer-chip-humans/ 

Himss. (2009, September 2). Implanet using ibm software to protect patients in the event of medical device recalls. Retrieved from  http://www.healthcareitnews.com/press-release/implanet-using-ibm-software-protect-patients-event-medical-device-recalls 

Prutchi, D. (2011, December 30). Verimed's human-implantable verichip patient rfid. Retrieved from  http://www.implantable-device.com/2011/12/30/verimeds-human-implantable-verichip-patient-rfid/

GE Healthcare (A): Innovating Emerging Markets ead case study titled "GE Healthcare (A): Innovating Emerging Markets" Write a page paper: Determine (2) emerging trends external environment prompted General Electric (GE) Healthcare develop a strategy production marketing a low cost Electroencephalography (EEG) machine bottom pyramid markets (BOP).

GE Healthcare (A): Innovating for emerging markets

India's population of patients with serious heart-related conditions is rapidly expanding: as unfortunate as the statistic that over 80% of heart-related deaths now occur in the developing world may be, from General Electric's perspective this was an opportunity it could capitalize upon. There was clearly a need for new medical devices to screen for and treat these conditions. However, when developing a new low cost electroencephalography (EEG) device, GE was acutely aware of the fact that it would have to adjust its approach to the unique needs of the foreign marketplace it wished to enter: it could…

References

Singh, J. (2011). GE Healthcare (A): Innovating for emerging markets. INSEAD.

As with many pharmaceutical products manufacturers, the extent of supply chain and quality performance has a direct effect on distribution, profitability and services performance as well (tevenson, 2012).

Beginning with supply chain management, J&J has an intensively level of supplier audits they expect each supplier to pass and also randomly be able to manage as they provide materials, components and subassemblies to the company (Wechsler, 2011). upplier audits form the interlinking process to Quality Management, another strategic operations management initiative in the comp[any as well. J&J also uses these supplier audits to ensure alignment to the Collaborative, Planning, Forecasting & Replenishment (CPFR) processes which are critical to their success in anticipating global demand for products by business unit (Weill, Ross, 2005). upply chain management is the unifying operations management strategy that keeping the entire value chain and quality levels of J&J aligned to corporate objectives and standards (Weill, Ross, 2005)…

Sources: (Connolly, 2007) (Hook, 2010) (SAP Practice on Life Sciences Supply Chains) (J&J Investor Relations, 2012)

Conclusion

J&J has a strong focus on operations management strategies, techniques and frameworks as the company is heavily reliant on them to continually meet federal and international compliance requirements for their products (Wechsler, 2011). The focus on supply chain integration to quality management is critical for any business' supply chain to execute the many processes and transactions necessary to grow a business (Stevenson, 2012). For J&J the highly regulated nature of the product quality levels for their products make the integration of these two areas essential for their continued profitability and growth.

Appendix

Christine Connolly. (2007). Sensor trends in processing and packaging of foods and pharmaceuticals. Sensor Review, 27(2), 103.

Capturing the anguish and agony which consumes those caring for loved ones at the end of life is an exceedingly difficult task, but essayists Katy Butler and Rachel Riederer have harnessed their unique literary abilities in vastly different ways to achieve the same ambitious objective. Published within the 2011 edition of the annual anthology of American creative nonfiction The Best American Essays, Butler's haunting elegy hat Broke My Mother's Heart and Riederer's visceral portrayal of her own injurious accident Patient each deploy disparate rhetorical styles to impart a shared premise. ith the rancorous debate over health care and its most efficient and effective form of delivery currently embroiling the nation's political, private and public sectors, penning a polemic railing against the medical industry hardly represents an exercise in intellectual courage, which is why the contributions made by Butler and Reiderer are refreshing in their candid and emotionally honest approach to…

Works Cited

Butler, Katy. "What Broke My Father's Heart." The Best American Essays 2011.

Edward Danticat and Robert Atwan. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Publishing Company, 2011. 12-24. Print.

French, John and Raven, Bertram. "The Bases of Social Power." In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies

Fault: An Alternative to the Current Tort-Based System in England and Wales

The United Kingdom

statistics regarding claims

THE NATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEM

OBSTACLES TO DUE PROCESS

THE CASE FOR REFORM

THE REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT

THE RISING COST OF LITIGATION

LORD WOOLF'S REFORMS

MORE COST CONTROLS

THE UNITED STATES

PAUL'S PULLOUT

THE INSURANCE INDUSTRY

TORT REFORM IN AMERICA

FLEEING PHYSICIANS

STATISTICS FOR ERROR, INJURY AND DEATH

THE CALL FOR REFORM IN 2003: A FAMILIAR REFRAIN

THE UNITED STATES SITUATION, IN SUMMARY

NEW ZEALAND CASE STUDIES

THE SWEDISH SCHEME

COMPARISON: WHICH SYSTEM IS BETTER?

FIRST: UNDERLYING DIFFERENCES

TALKING TORT: AMERICAN PECULIARITIES

AMERICANS CONSIDER NO-FAULT

BRITAIN CONSIDERS NO-FAULT

CONCLUSION

Works Cited

Appendix A THE UNITED KINGDOM

INTRODUCTION

At issue is the economic effectiveness of tort law in the common law legal system of England and Wales, as applied to medical and clinical negligence and malpractice cases. In response to economic concerns and a continual…

Figure 1: Analysis of the Johnson & Johnson Value Chain

Sources: (Atherton, Kleiner, 1998) (Johnson & Johnson Investor Relations, 2012)

Variability in capacity planning and constraint-based modeling of demand has also led Johnson & Johnson to adopt and standardize on ean Six Sigma as part of its quality management and constraint-based planning strategies (Hunter, Schmitt, 1999). Based on an analysis of their annual reports and filings with the Securities and Exchange (SEC) Commission and (Johnson & Johnson Investor Relations, 2012) the following analysis of the lean manufacturing, Six Sigma and Design for Six Sigma initiatives in the company are profiled. Taken together these form the Johnson & Johnson Enterprise Compliance and Quality Management (ECQM) framework the company relies on for ensuring speed, accuracy, consistency and customer-focused innovation throughout its value chain processes. Figure 2 provides an analysis of how Johnson & Johnson has organized these initiatives as a three-phased approach…

Larsen, R.S. (1993). A prescription for U.S. health care. Strategic Finance, 75(5), 35-35.

Slobodow, B., Abdullah, O., & Babuschak, W.C. (2008). When supplier partnerships aren't. MIT Sloan Management Review, 49(2), 77-83.

Williams, S. (2004). Delivering strategic business value. Strategic Finance, 86(2), 40-48.

Doctors Drugs

Although the Affordable Health Care Act represents a step in the right direction towards encouraging all Americans to avail themselves of medical services, the bill fails to address the root causes of problems in the system. The American health care system is flawed because it is a for-profit model that places profits far ahead of patients. When profits come ahead of patients, the result is an inability to fulfill the ethical duties of being a health care worker. A progressive transformation of the American health care system would systematically undo the nefarious link between corporate interests and the interests of health care.

The relationship between doctors and drug companies has been well established and well documented. Major news media resources like The Atlantic, as well as professional peer-reviewed journals like the New England Journal of Medicine cover stories addressing the potential ethical conundrums inherent in a cozy connection…

References

Campbell, E.G. (2007). Doctors and drug companies -- Scrutinizing influential relationships. New England Journal of Medicine 2007;357: 1796-1797.

Carollo, K. (2010). Pay dirt: hundreds of doctors earned big money from drug companies. ABC News. 25 October, 2010. Retrieved online:  http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/drug-companies-payments-doctors-revealed-database/story?id=11929217 

"Let the Sunshine In," (2013). The Economist. Mar 2, 2013. Retrieved online:  http://www.economist.com/news/business/21572784-new-efforts-reveal-ties-between-doctors-and-drug-firms-let-sunshine 

Moynihan, R. (2003). Who pays for the pizza? BMJ 2003; 326:1189.

Healthcare -- Administration and Legal

Many vectors -- science, research funding, social acceptance or rejection -- influence how and whether medical technology is eventually adopted into medical praxis (Hogle, et al., 2012). Undergirding the choices and changes is a shared body of ethical standards and law, the establishment of which is often not consensual or efficacious. Any emerging technology can encounter unanticipated social resistance and ethical concerns that can change the course of how medical science research progresses (Hogle, et al., 2012). Medical technology often poses questions about access to expensive innovations and considerations about race, gender, and social justice that are inseparable from the socio-economic levels of patients (Hogle, et al., 2012). In contemporary society, there are the inevitable considerations about patent issues, clinical practice, and the commercialization of medical innovations (Hogle, et al., 2012). The recent court decision finding in favor of Myriad Genetics, Inc. provides a good…

References

Cho, M. (2010, November 1). Patently unpatentable: implications of the Myriad court decision on genetic diagnostics. Trends in Biotechnology, 28(11), 548-551. Retrieved http://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology//retrieve / pii/S0167779910001411?_returnURL= http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167779910001411?showall=true 

Hogle, L., Tobin, S., Gaba, D. And Yock, P. (2012). Web-Based Research Integrity Training for Biomedical Engineers and Medical Device Researchers (Public Health Service). Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford School of Medicine. Retreived  http://bioethics.stanford.edu/research  / programs/science_and_society.html

Morrison, E. (2011). Ethics in health administration: A practical approach for decision makers. (2nd ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Stempel, J., Steenhuysen, J., Wallace, J., Grebler, D. And Orr, B. (2012, August 16). Myriad wins gene patent ruling from U.S. appeals court. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved  http://www.reuters.com/assets/

Health Policy Analysis for Maryland AC (Affordable Care) Act

McLaughlin, & McLaughlin (2014) rank 11 areas of health innovation based on their impact on costs and quality of healthcare delivery. The process improvement is the highest ranking item. However, the authors identify data analytics, disease management, "non-physician delivery alternatives," and "alternative to fee-for service" (McLaughlin, & McLaughlin, 2014 p 335) as other innovation items that can enhance quality and reduce costs. Additionally, the authors point out that innovation in electronic medical records, diagnosis, and pharmaceuticals can also assist with quality and cost.

Objective of this health policy paper is to evaluate the items that can play important role in the health policy process of Maryland's ACA (Affordable Care Act).

Healthcare items for Health Policy Process for in Maryland Affordable Care Act

The ACA (Affordable Care Act) is a federal government legislation focusing on healthcare coverage for small groups and individuals.…

Reference

Abrams, M. Nuzum, R. Mika, S. et al. (2011). Realizing Health Reform's Potential How the Affordable Care Act Will Strengthen Primary Care and Benefit Patients, Providers, and Payers. The Commonwealth Fund.

Chin, W.W. Hamermesh, R.G. Huckman, R.S. et al.(2012). 5 Imperatives Addressing Innovative Challenge. Harvard Business School.

McLaughlin, C.P. & McLaughlin, C.D. (2014). Health Policy Analysis: An Interdisciplinary Approach.(2nd Edition). Burlington, Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Resnik, D.B. (2007). Responsibility for Health: Personal, Social, and Environmental. J Med Ethics. 33(8): 444-445.

Invention and Summarize the Significance of the Underlying Technology Innovation

The device titled the Thornton Adjustable Positioner or TAP is an oral/dental device worn in the patient's mouth during sleep to move the lower jaw slightly forward to create an open airway for proper breathing while sleeping. The device or some like them have been previously tried on minor sleep disturbances such as snoring, yet, their efficacy has been unknown for more serious problems such as mild to severe sleep apnea. Sleep apnea, a disorder that creates oxygen deprivation during sleep and can moderately to severely affect the health of the individual first by depriving the individual of restful sleep and in more severe cases by creating oxygen deprivation that can lead to other chronic diseases or even acute death from asphyxia.

Up to this point the most commonly prescribed device for sleep apnea is a device that forces oxygen…

Resources

University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (2009, February 4). Small Device Helps Sleep Apnea Sufferers In A Big Way.  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090203140147.htm

Stryker Organizational Strategic Plan

Stryker is a world leader in medical technology and works to make healthcare much better. Stryker offers innovative medical devices and technologies reported to include "reconstructive, medical and surgical, and neurotechnology and spine products to help people lead more active and more satisfying lives. Stryker products and services are available in over 100 countries." (Stryker.com, 2014, p. 1) Stryker reports having spent $471 million on research and development during 2012 and 5 to 6.3% of its sales invested each year since 2000 are in research and development having assisted 4,768 patients on a global basis in 2012. Stryker has been recognized by Fortune 500 and is a Gallup Great Workplace Award Winner as well as being recognized by Fortune Magazine as one of the top 100 that are best to work for. While Stryker is a successful company it has recently reported a problem with an…

References

Customer Care (2014) Stryker. Retrieved from:  http://neptunecustomercare.com/new-home/?reg=usa 

Stryker Surgical (2014) Retrieved from:  http://www.stryker.com/en-us/Divisions/Surgical/index.htm 

Urgent Medical Device Recall Information (2013) Stryker. 20 Feb 2013. Retrieved from:  http://www.stryker.com/stellent/groups/public/documents/adacct/148290.pdf

Healthcare -- Floor Plan

Renovation of an existing facility into a walk-in health clinic would be a complex, expensive task. It would involve careful planning, numerous stakeholders, land, building, renovations, driveway and parking, contracts, furnishings, equipment and supplies. Budget planning would be critical. Having completed this task, I would change several key aspects of my plan.

If this is a new facility or a renovation

I selected renovation of an existing facility, which is a walk-in health clinic. The floorplan follows:

(Smartdraw, LLC, 2016)

Reason you selected the facility

I chose this facility because it is an increasingly common and modern structure for providing outpatient medical care in a community

ho are your stakeholders for this project

The stakeholders for this project are: providers; patients; payers; and in certain circumstances, the patients' employers (Duke University School of Medicine - Department of Community and Family Medicine, 2016). In addition, due to…

Works Cited

Berry, T. (n.d.). Estimating realistic startup costs. Retrieved from articles.bplans.com:  http://articles.bplans.com/estimating-realistic-start-up-costs/ 

Duke University School of Medicine - Department of Community and Family Medicine. (2016). Who are the Stakeholders in Healthcare? Retrieved from patientsafety.duhs.duke.edu:  http://patientsafetyed.duhs.duke.edu/module_a/introduction/stakeholders.html 

Medical Device Depot, Inc. (2016). Brewer Millennium series surgeon chair. Retrieved from www.medicaldevicedepot.com:  https://www.medicaldevicedepot.com/Brewer-Millennium-Series-Surgeon-Chair-p/21340b.htm 

Medical Device Depot, Inc. (2016). Clinton classic series chrome base exam stool with round footring. Retrieved from www.meicaldevicedepot.com:  https://www.medicaldevicedepot.com/Clinton-Classic-Series-Chrome-Base-Stool-p/2102.htm

service cost, Devices, and Cost per bed

Qualitative research design model

Secondary Data Collection

esearch Validity and eliability

Across the U.S., hospitals are overspending millions each year on mobile assets that are not utilized effectively. Despite more than adequate inventories, equipment often is not available when needed. As a result, more units are bought, leased, or rented. And those units, in turn, get lost in the system and therefore, underutilized. In fact, the number of mobile devices per U.S. hospital bed has increased 60% in the past 15 years while costs have doubled. Yet in most hospitals, the device utilization is approximately 45%. In the present study, the need for optimization and efficiency methods with clinical assets is investigated.

Introduction

Hospitals in U.S. have to incur increased expenses for acquisition of medical equipment utilized for their normal operations. The cost of equipment purchased is high and hospitals are required to…

References

Baretich, M. (2004). Equipment Control and Asset Management. The Clinical Engineering Handbook, 1, 122.

Castro, L., Lefebvre, E., & Lefebvre, L.A. (2013). Adding Intelligence to Mobile Asset Management in Hospitals: The True Value of RFID. Journal of medical systems, 37(5), 1-17.

Christe, B., Rogers, R., & Cooney, E. (2010). Analysis of the impact of a radiofrequency identification asset-tracking system in the healthcare setting. Journal of Clinical Engineering, 35(1), 49-55.

DeGraff, B. (2013). As medical devices proliferate, asset management is key. Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, 47(2), 123-7. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/1363268371?accountid=34741

Electrocardiogram

Currently there are different types of tests to study the behavior of the heart and monitor it. These tests are extremely important, because let us know in time if the heart is failing or has a problem. And because of that, today we submit to treatment or surgery to correct them when they are still small and manageable, before our life is at risk. The electrocardiogram, ECG or EKG, is one of those tests.

The electrocardiogram (ECG / EKG) is the graph obtained with the electrocardiograph to measure the heart's electrical activity as a continuous graphic tape. It also helps to know the duration of the cardiac cycle. It is the main instrument for cardiac electrophysiology and has a significant role in screening and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and predisposition to sudden cardiac death (Daja, eljin, eljin, 2001). The ECG has the advantage of being a medical…

References

Alwan M., Dalal S., Mack D.' Kell S.W., Turner B., Leachtenauer J. And Felder R. (2006) 'Impact of Monitoring Technology in Assisted Living: Outcome Pilot', IEEE Trans on Info Tech in Biomed, Vol. 10, No.1,192-198

Daja, N., Reljin, I. And Reljin, B., (2001). Tele-monitoring in cardiology -- ECG transmission by mobile phone, Annals of the Academy of Studenica 4:63-66.

Forkner-Dunn J. (2003) 'Internet-based Patient Self-care: The Next Generation of Health Care Delivery', J Med Internet Res., Vol.5, No. 2:e8

Madias J. (2008). Manual-based Vs Automation-based measurements of the amplitude of QRS complexes and T. wave in patients with edematous states -- clinical implications. J. Of Electrocardiography; 41(1):13-8.

Systems Media Table: Comparison

System

Uses

Word processor

The main purpose of this program is to construct sentences of the perceived information and manipulate paragraphs to form a word document. The program uses a display format 'what-you-see-is-what-you-get' to enhance the quality of the expected hardcopy.

WordPerfect and Microsoft Word are mostly superseded by both organization and personal computers to perform functions such as word formatting, letter processing and some simple designing. Accordingly, it is the most frequently used program in day-to-day operation.

It is used to type the text, save, and format and print the text.

It is used to insert pictures into the text page.

It is used to spell check the text document.

It is used to prepare letters and other word documents.

Hierarchical database

This kind of database system is to display a structure that would relieve the presentation of information using parent to child relationship. The…

References

AJ, W., & al, e. (2007). The role of decision aids in promoting evidence-based patient choice in Edwards A and Elwyn E (eds) Evidence-based patient choice:. O'Connor A and Edwards A.

European Commission DG Health and Consumer. (2012). Guidlines on the Qualification and Classification of Stand-alone Software used in Healthcare withing the Regulatory Framework of Medical Devices. Articles of Directive 93/42/EEC .

Eysenbach, G., Powell, J., Gunter, T.D., & Terry, N.P. (2005). The Emergence of National Electronic Health Record Architectures in the United States and Australia: Models, Costs, and Questions. Journal of Medical Internet Research: The Leading Peer-reviewed Internet Journal.

Fesenko, N. (2007). Compression Technologyes of Graphic Information. International Journal "Information Theories & Applications."

To elaborate, he used his 'transistor' to build logic circuits that program each cell's behavior. For instance, he was able to tell a cell to change color in the presence of both a specified two enzymes. Remarked Kleem (online): "Endy envisions plant-based environmental monitors, programmed tissues and even medical devices that "make Fantastic Voyage come true," (Kleem, 04.02.13).

In the first (grainy) image below, Endy's DNA "buffer gates" flash different colors according to their situation. In the image below that, we have a string of DNA -- we see the code of the a's, C's, T's and G's -- that has been programmed by synthetic biologist Eric Winfree of the California Institute of Technology --.

(Excerpted from Keim, B Computers Made Out of DNA, lime and Other trange tuff

Wired. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/04/strange-computers/?pid=6598&viewall=true)

Timothy Lu, a researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is taking this idea further by building cellular computers…

Sources

Brumfiel, G (March 29, 2013) Tiny DNA Switches Aim to Revolutionize 'Cellular' Computing. NPR.  http://www.npr.org/2013/03/29/175604770/tiny-dna-switches-aim-to-revolutionize-cellular-computing 

Lovgren, Stefan (2003-02-24). Computer Made from DNA and Enzymes. National Geographic.  http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0224_030224_DNAcomputer.html 

Heaven D (02 April 2013) DNA transistors pave way for living computers Newscientishttp://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23337-dna-transistors-pave-way-for-living-computers.html

Strain D (June 2, 2011 ) Flexible DNA computer finds square roots Science News  http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/330621/description/Flexible_DNA_computer_finds_square_roots_

Technology and Healthcare

Demographics of the global community are rapidly changing so that each year there are more and more seniors within the population base. This has a profound implication on the healthcare system of many regions since a large number of elderly citizens will be spending their lives in the confines of their home, and some may have chronic illness that require continuous monitoring. Clinical telemedicine is one way to offer greater services to rural or homebound populations. Indeed, a variety of technological advances have made it possible to change the paradigm of healthcare. Clinical information systems, for instance, have expanded in scope and depth. Increased processor speeds and data storage devices have made it possible to collect more data than ever on the detailed encounters that make up the provider-patient care delivery process, and present it more effectively to a wider range of users. Healthcare monitoring is part…

Luppicini, R. And R. Adell, eds., (2008). Handbook of Research on Technoethics. New York: Information Science Publishing Company.

Teo, T., et.al. (2008). "Wireless Healthcare Monitoring Systems. World Academy Of Science, Engineering, and Technology. 42 (1: Retrieved from:

 http://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v42/v42-98.pdf

(Chizek, 2003)

The ole legal nurse consultant may provide service in a number of roles, including but not limited to:

Consulting expert

Testifying expert

Facility-based investigator

Trainer and in-service presenter

Peer reviewer

Quality improvement, risk management, claims management

Liability insurance marketer and clinical resource" (Chizek, 2003)

As standards of care constantly change, medical and nursing staff must keep informed of current standard to develop and/or modify policies and procedures, which must be maintained and secured indefinitely. In the event the facility is sued, these will be used to establish the current standard during the time of the questionable occurrence. Policies and procedures also provide the legal nurse consultant with the foundation for facility documentation to be judged for compliance. (Chizek, 2003)

The minimum length of time the modified policies and procedures should be kept is the time frame of the statute of limitations in the individual jurisdiction. In most jurisdictions,…

References

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001243047 

Brown, M.R. (1999, February). America's Most Wanted J-O-B-S. Black Enterprise, 29, 109.

Chizek, Mardy. "Can you use a legal nurse consultant? These specially trained and experienced nurses can be frontline protectors against liability suits. (Feature Article)." Nursing Homes, February 1, 2003.

Clark, Scott a.. "Keys on developing the best laid business plans," the Journal Record, April 12, 1999.

" (2004, p.159) Activities have included:

(1) Development and promotion of industry-wide standards;

(2) Funding of research for investigation of the impact of IT on quality;

(3) Provision of incentives that provide encouragement of investment in IT;

(4) Giving grants to investors in IT; and (5) Development of strategies to improve the flow of information across providers. (Report to Congress, June, 2004, p.159)

Stated additionally in the Report to Congress is that there are multiple functions that must be considered when purchase IT and hundreds of applications that various vendors offer. The various IT applications are stated to be within three categories including those of:

(1) Administrative and financial systems that facilitate billing, accounting and other administrative tasks;

(2) Clinical systems that facilitate or provide input into the care process; and (3) Infrastructure that supports both the administrative and clinical applications. (Report to Congress, June 2004, p.160)

The work published…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BC Medical Association. Getting IT Right: Patient Centered Information Technology [discussion paper]. Vancouver: BCMA. 2004:39-40.

Blum E. Paperless medical record not all it's cracked up to be AMNews; 17 February 2003. Online available at: www.ama-assn.org/sci-pubs/amnews/pick_03/bica0217.htm

Brookstone A, Braziller C. Engaging physicians in the use of electronic medical records. Electronic Healthcare 2003;2:23-27.

Brookstone, Alan. 2004. Electronic Medical Records: Creating the Environment for Change. BCMJ, Vol. 46, No. 5 June 2004. Online available at:  http://www.bcmj.org/electronic-medical-records-creating-environment-change

Psuedomonas Aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Epidemiology

The Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic killer that takes advantage of people suffering from medical problems (Van Delden and Iglewski, 1998).For this reason, P. aeruginosa is one of the most common nosocomial infection that occurs in hospitals. P. aeruginosa is responsible for causing 16% of pneumonia cases, 12% of urinary tract infections, 10% of bloodstream infections, and 8% of surgical infections due to hospital care. Patients who are immune-compromised are also susceptible to P. aeruginosa infections, such as patients undergoing chemotherapy, suffering from HIV / AIDS, recovering in burn units, and suffering from cystic fibrosis. With death rates ranging from 30 to 60% for these patients, P. aeruginosa is considered to be a significant threat to patient health.

Ecology

P. aeruginosa can switch between a free-swimming planktonic form and colonies enclosed within slime-protected biofilms attached to surfaces (Baltch and Smith, 1994,…

References

Baltch, A.L. And Smith, R.P. (Eds.). (1994). Pseudomonoas aeruginosa Infections and Treatment. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Botzenhart, Konrad and Doring, Gerd. (1993). Ecology and Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In M. Campa, M. Bendinelli, H. Friedman (Eds.), Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an Opportunistic Pathogen (pp. 1-18). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

Hawkey, Peter M. And Kerr, Kevin G. (2004). Laboratory investigation of health care-associated infection. In P. Hawkey and D. Lewis (Eds.), Medical Bacteriology: A Practical Approach (pp. 331-354). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Hurley, Matthew N., Camara, Miguel, and Smyth, Alan R. (2012). Novel approaches to the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis. European Respiratory Journal, published online ahead of print, 1-19. Retrieved 23 July 2012 from  http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2012/06/27/09031936.00042012.long .

Health Care Reform Federal Deficit

The American Health Care Crisis and the Federal Deficit

The United States spends more than any other country on medical care. In 2006, U.S. health care spending was $2.1 trillion, or 16% of our gross domestic product. At the same time, more than 45 million Americans lack health insurance and our health outcomes (life expectancy, infant mortality, and mortality amenable to health care) are mediocre compared with other rich democracies. We spend too much for what we get.

Nothing is new about these sobering realities. The Nixon administration first declared a health care cost crisis in 1969. Four decades later, the United States still has not adopted systemwide cost controls because the politics of health care make it extraordinarily difficult to control costs. I explain below why this is so (Marmor, et al., 2009).

The starting point for understanding the politics of cost control is…

Bibliography

1. Eakin, Douglas and Michael Ramlet. (2010) "Health Care Reform is Likely to Widen Budget Deficits -- Not Reduce Them." Health Affairs, 29, no.6:1136-1141. Eakin and Ramlet examine the underpinnings of the Congressional Budget Office's projection that enacting the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will decrease deficits, and conclude that it is built on a shaky foundation of omitted costs, premiums shifted from other entitlements, and politically dubious spending cuts and revenue increases. A more comprehensive and realistic projection suggests that the new reform law will raise the deficit by more than $500 billion during the first ten years and by nearly $1.5 trillion in the following decade. This is an excellent article with regards to my article, written by two policy commentators at the forefront of their field. This article shows expertise in medical economics and offers compelling, clear arguments for the increase in the federal deficit due to the massive spending on entitlements as a result of passing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. They project deficits, opposing the Congressional Budget Office, through their insightful analysis.

2. Marmor, Theodore, Jonathan Oberlander, and Joseph White. (2009) "The Obama Administration's Options for Health Care Cost Control: Hope vs. Reality." Ann Intern Med. 150:485-489. Controlling the costs of medical care has long been an elusive goal in U.S. health policy. This article examines the options for health care cost control under the Obama administration. The authors argue that the administration's approach to health reform offers some potential for cost control but also embraces many strategies that are not likely to be successful. Lessons the United States can learn from other countries' experiences in constraining medical care spending are then explored. This article offers evidence for the lack of cost containment in the Obama administrations' plans for health reform. It gives a good analysis of the international scene in health care as well.

3. Collins, Sara, Michelle M. Doty, Karen Davis, Cathy Schoen, Alyssa L. Holmgren, and Alice Ho. (2004) "The Affordability Crisis in Health Care." Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey. Published in 2004, The Commonwealth Fund Biennial Health Insurance Survey, conducted from September 2003 -- January 2004, presents new and timely information on where the American public stands on solutions to reform the health care system. The survey finds widespread support for federal efforts to extend health insurance to more people, as well as a widely held belief that the financing of health care should continue to be a shared responsibility among individuals, employers, and the government. The survey also uncovered potential reasons for such strong support for health care reform. Among the insured and the uninsured alike, there is concern that health care security in the United States is eroding. People are experiencing reductions in insurance coverage that are threatening their financial security.

4. Etheridge, Lynn (1984) "An Aging Society and the Federal Deficit." The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly. Health and Society, 521-543. This article serves as early warning sign of the deficit battles to come. It argues that the conflict between the growing needs of an aging society and a federal budget which cannot afford its current commitments has become one of the nation's most difficult government policy dilemmas. Assistance for the elderly through Social Security, Medicare, and other programs-is already the federal government's largest fiscal responsibility. In 1985 these programs will require nearly half of all domestic program spending an estimated $256 billion. The future costs of these commitments will rise rapidly well into the next century, accounting-with national defense and interest costs-for virtually all of the spending increases in the projected $200 to $300 billion deficits. Etheridge asserts that the decisions about the nation's assistance to the elderly -- and about reaffirmation, reform, and/or retrenchment of these commitments-will thus be central to the coming budget debates.

Healthcare Financial Management

To quote Jonathan Clark at the beginning of his article, "Improving the revenue cycle can be a daunting task due to the scope and complexity of the interdepartmental process." Of the suggestions offered by the authors, which concept(s) give you the greatest insight into creating an improved evenue Cycle process in the organization where you work (or one in which you are familiar)? Be sure to identify which article or author you are referencing.

In his comprehensive advisory article to improve the medical industry's revenue capturing capabilities, entitled Strengthening the evenue Cycle: A 4-Step Method for Optimizing Payment, Jonathan Clark provides a series of sensible solutions to the ongoing dilemma of payment optimization. David Hammer also provides guidance to healthcare finance professional in his article The Next Generation of evenue Cycle Management, by reminding them that the key performance indicators (KPIs) which dictated policy in previous years…

References

Clark, J. (2008). Strengthening the revenue cycle: a 4-step method for optimizing payment. Healthcare Financial Management, 62(10), 44.

Hammer, D.C. (2007). The next generation of revenue cycle management. Healthcare Financial Management, 61(7), 49.

Seddon, J. (2008). Think system. Management Services, 52(2), 10.

Wilson, D.B. et al. (2004). 3 steps to profitable managed care contracts. Healthcare Financial Management, 58(5), 34.

The looks in the eyes of some of these children, ranging from blank stares to pleading for attention left an impression upon me that is still present today, more than a year after meeting them. They were basically kept clean and fed, and not much else, as staffing was so short that no additional staff was offered them, even though they were clearly in need of some of the simplest interventions, such as love, attention and physical affection. They were isolated from the general population and had little recourse to make an impression on anyone, other than each other. I also believe that those from the general population, who had been starved of opportunity for affection and attention were also placed here, as a result of the affect of such under stimulation.

It is my understanding that MSF has taken actions in the past to assist unwanted children in China,…

evidence-based practice use in nursing for making decisions using evidences to provide care to patients. This assignment has highlighted five main principles of EBP. These principles should be considered while implementing EBP. Moreover, there are certain challenges and barriers in implementing EBP. This assignment focused on strategies for implementing EBP.

Introduction of evidence-based practice to the workplace:

Changing the accepted confirmation of an NG (nasogastric) tube

Currently, I am employed at a medical and geriatric unit in a rehabilitation hospital. The unit is such that the majority of the nurses (60%) have over ten years' experience of practice. Thus the nurses on the unit are highly-trained professions who are extremely competent at their jobs. However, nurses of this level of experience are also often extremely change-resistant. Due to the level of the morale on the unit, nurses are often reluctant to alter the standard operating procedures with which they have…

References

Earley, T. (2005) Using pH testing to confirm nasogastric tube position. Nursing Times,

101 (38):26 -- 28. Retrieved:

 http://www.nursingtimes.net/Journals/2013/04/02/q/b/f/050920Using-pH-testing-to-confirm-nasogastric-tube-position.pdf 

Kotter's 8-step change model. (2013). Mind Tools. Retrieved:

2010; Chorny et al. 2010). This research is still quite new, however, and the question remains as to whether or not nanoparticles can truly serve as a replacement for stents by prohibiting plaque growth through a variety of means, including more targeted and longer-range delivery of pharmaceutical substances that destroy such build-ups and inhibit plaque deposits from forming. The efficacy of this approach has already been preliminarily demonstrated, but the long-term viability and safety of this intervention method as well as attendant risks have not yet been fully determined (Chan et al. 2010; Chorny et al. 2010).

IV. Motivation for esearch

Despite the numerous advancements that have been made in treating plaque build-up in arteries and the general treatment and control of other cardiac issues, coronary artery disease is still the leading cause of death in North America and is a significant problem in other parts of the world, as…

References

Chan, J., Zhang, L., Tong, R., Ghosh, D., Gao, W., Liao, G….Farokhzad, O. (2010). Spatiotemporal controlled delivery of nanoparticles to injured vasculature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, January 2010.

Chorny, M., Fishbein, I., Yellen, B., Alferiev, I., Bakay, M., Ganta, S….Levy, R. (2010). Targeting stents with local delivery of paclitaxel-loaded magnetic nanoparticles using uniform fields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, April 2010.

Kohn, J. & Zeltinger, J. (2005). Degradable, drug-eluting stents: a new frontier for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Expert review of medical devices, 2(6), pp. 667-71.

Schoenhagen, P. & Nissen, S. (2003). Assessing Coronary Plaque Burden and Plaque Vulnerability:Atherosclerosis Imaging With IVUS and Emerging Noninvasive Modalities. American Heart Hospital Journal 1(2), pp. 164-9.