The programs were not implemented scientifically and the information provided was not accurate. ut school authorities commented that they can only do so much and need parents' assistance through the value system set at home (Peterson).
Incidence in Riverview, Florida

Anal cancer is highest among men having sex with men at 35 in every 100,000 of them in this locality (Health Communities 2010). The rate is lower among 100,000 heterosexual men. Anal cancers are located in the peri-anal skin around the anus in men, equivalent to tumors in the anal canal in women. These are typically squamous cell carcinomas, which may spread to deeper layers of tissue. Their exact cause is unknown but associated with HPV. Aside from smoking and alcohol consumption, HPV and ano-genital warts are associated with anal cancer both from past and current infections. Most men who get infected are more than 50 years old and may be…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bureau of Epidemiology. Cervical Cancer in Florida. Florida Department of Health,

2005. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from  http://www.doh.state.fl.us/disease_ctrl/epi/cancer/cervic_Report.pdf 

CDC. Genital HPV Infection. Fact Sheet. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

2010. Retrieved on October 27, 2010 from  http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm

Pathogenic & Nonpathogenic
Microorganisms have the capacity of causing severe disease if the conditions are ideal enough to sustain the life of these microbes. As more and more microbes are able to grow, the risk of disease development rises. Although all microorganisms have the capability of producing virulent effects, some are more able to do so than others. Pathogenic microorganisms are strong enough to fight off the natural defenses of the human body and are therefore almost guaranteed to cause some sort of disease (Murray & osenthal, 2008). On the other hand, non-pathogenic microorganisms or opportunistic microorganisms are only able to cause disease if the body's natural defense system is compromised through either an illness such as HIV, or through the taking of medications that may temporarily suppress the immune system (Murray & osenthal, 2008). All types of microorganisms need to be in their ideal growth environment, or ecological niche, in…...

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References:

Murray, P.R., & Baron, E.J. (2011). Manual of clinical microbiology. (10th ed.). Herndon, Virginia: ASM Press.

Murray, P.R., & Rosenthal, K.S. (2008). Medical microbiology . (6th ed.). Maryland Heights, Missouri: Mosby Publishing.

Microorganisms Through a Microscope
The Gram stain test distinguishes two fundamental cell varieties of bacteria. The latter also determines the presence of bacteria. "Gram-positive" refers to the type that retains the original crystal violet stain. In contrast, the decolorized stain red depicts the "gram-negative" variety. The significance of the staining plays a crucial role in the determination of the appropriate treatment for an infection. Often, the clarity in distinguishing between viral, fungal, and bacterial infections may not be attained (ojewoda et al. 2073). This requires the application of the gram stain test. Additionally, various bacterial varieties may necessitate the use of different treatments. The use of gram stain technique enables physicians to establish that the infection is because of bacteria. The test also provides fast results that are beneficial for the diagnosis process.

The acid-fast stain can be used to identify microbes in the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia. A majority of…...

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Works Cited

Jiang, Fuguo, and Doudna, Jennifer A. The Structural Biology of CRISPR-Cas Systems. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 30 (2015): 100-111.

Meyer, Ernst, Hug, Hans J. and Bennewitz Roland. Scanning Probe Microscopy: The Lab on a Tip. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 2013. Print

Reimer, Ludwig. Transmission Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis. Vol. 36. New York: Springer, 2013. Print

Trimby, Patrick W. Orientation Mapping of Nanostructured Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction in the Scanning Electron Microscope. Ultramicroscopy 120 (2012): 16-24.

It is therefore quite important to evaluate each experience on its own merits, as well as to how well each experience is integrated into the overall picture. An evaluation form has been developed for each participant as well as the parents of that participant. The evaluation form will be handed out at the end of each of the camps (whether the attendee stayed for a one-week or the full three-week course will be noted) for completion and return to the directors of the camp.
After the evaluation forms have been returned, the responses contained therein will be analyzed and broken down into categories pertaining to each camp experience and how it (they) were perceived by the campers. Follow-up questionnaires can be sent to each participant on a bi-yearly basis in order to gauge what type of long-term effects the camps continue to have on the participants.

The project is proposed to…...

The chemical was found to turn on quorum sensing in V. fischeri, whereas it inhibited pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Also, the slow-release was shown to be far more effective than by applying the chemical directly as an aqueous solution. Since quorum sensing is also important for pathogen establishment this application could be important for inhibiting pathogenic bacteria from colonization of internal medical devices.
In summary, the V. fischeri and squid symbiotic relationship is an important model host-bacteria system. Aspects of colonization of host-symbiont and host-pathogen have been shown, using the V. fisheri and squid model, to be the same. Therefore, understanding the mechanism and complex transcriptional regulatory systems of V. fischeri could lead to potential new therapies and pharmaceutical applications. Likewise, understanding the environmental factors necessary for successful host-bacteria interactions could lead to novel drug targets. In addition to being important in understanding other harmful host-bacteria relationships the V. fischeri and…...

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References:

Breitbach, a.S., Broderick, a.H., Jewell, C.M., Gunasekaran, S., Lin, Q., Lynn, D.M., & Blackwell, H.E. 2010. Surface-mediated release of a synthetic small-molecule modulator of bacterial quorum sensing: Gradual release enhances activity. Chem Comm.

Chun, C.K, Troll, J.V., Koroleva, I., Brown, B., Manzella, L., Snir, E., Almabraz, H, Scheetz, T.E., Bonaldo, M.F., Casavant, T.L., Soares, M.B., Ruby, E.G., & McFall-Ngai, M.J. 2008. Effects of colonization, luminescence, and autoinducer on host transcription during development of the squid-vibrio association. PNAS 105(32): 11323-11328.

Lyell, N.L., Dunn, a.K., Bose, J.L., Stabb, E.V. 2010. Bright mutants of Vibrio fischeri ES114 reveal conditions and regulators that control bioluminescence and expression of the lux Operon. J. Bacteriol. 192(19): 5103-5114.

Murray, P.R., Rosenthal, K.S., Kobayashi, G.S., Pfaller, M.A. 1998. Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Plesiomonas. In M. Brown (Ed.), Medical Microbiology Third Edition (pp. 245-250). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.

(Torpy, 2007)
Some of the symptoms of ventilator assisted pneumonia may be the onset of fever, a higher white blood cell count, and a new or changing lung infiltrate that may be visible on a normal chest x-ray. Cultures taken as samples from the patient's airways may show the presence of microorganisms or bacteria and fungi that would eventually cause the dreaded ventilator assisted pneumonia in the patient. JAMA states that these risk factors may be eliminated to a large extent if the nurses and medical practitioners were to follow certain simple but essential steps in preventing the onset of the symptoms of pneumonia. First and foremost, the nurse must maintain a high degree of hygiene; he must wash his hands both before and after coming into contact with any patient, and second, he must try to keep the bed elevated to a 30 degree head up position, so that…...

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References

Druding, Mary. C. (1997, Aug) "Re-examining the practice of normal saline installation prior to suctioning" Medical Surgery Nursing, Retrieved 8 October, 2007 at  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0FSS/is_n4_v6/ai_n18607505 

Medscape. (2007) "Should Normal Saline be Used When Suctioning the Endotracheal Tube of the Neonate?" Retrieved 8 October, 2007 at  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/552862 

Schwenker, Ferrin, M; Gift, a.G. (1998) "A survey of endotracheal suctioning with installation of normal saline" American Journal of Critical Care, vol. 7, no. 4, pp: 255-260.

Torpy, Janet M. (2007, Apr) "Ventilator assisted pneumonia" the Journal of the American

Project Management, Sustainability and Whole Lifecycle Thinking
Explaining Dental Biofilm to a Client

While showing Pamela the pink/purple disclosing stain on her teeth, she comments "oh-that is from my lunch earlier today. I did not have time to brush before the appointment." espond to her comment by explaining what the disclosing solution showed.

Lark, while I understand your concerns about the results of your recent dental biofilm examination, I would like to take some time to explain the diagnosis in more detail to help alleviate those concerns. First, it is important to remember that dental biofilm is not a disease, nor does it result from poor dental habits on your part, as these naturally occurring collections of bacterial communities are simply microorganisms functioning as nature intended. You have probably heard of plaque, while that oral health issue is widely known, and the data obtained from empirical studies during the last decade shows that…...

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References

Che'rel F, Mobilia A, Lundgren T, Stephens J, Kiger R, Riggs M, Egelberg J. Rate of reformation of tongue coatings in young adults International Journal of Dental Hygiene 2008 January;(6):371 -- 375

Collins FM. Biofilm formation, identification and removal. Pacific Endodontic

Research Foundation 2006 March;3(1)1-7

Hiyari S, Bennet, KM. Dental diagnostics: Molecular analysis of oral biofilms. The Journal of Dental Hygiene 2011 Fall;85(4):256-63

Gene Technology
Genetically Modified Crop Plants

The term genetically modified organisms, popularly referred to as GMOs, constitute crops, animals and even microorganisms that have undergone development my man and technology. Through the great leaps man has developed in technology, it is now possible to 'create' organisms and plants through the combination of genes considered superior, resistant and quick-maturing. Farming and animal rearing land brings a challenge in the current world, due to population explosions. This trend has been brought about by the necessity to feed the ever-increasing food demand by world populations.

The world today carries over six billion people, a number that increases every day. The natural means of plant reproduction cannot support to feed this population due to the long time taken to grow to maturity, poor yields and the limited space for planting. Therefore, genetic modification has gained an edge in the development of such crops as maize, soya beans,…...

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References

Conway, G. 2000. Genetically modified crops: risks and promise. Conservation Ecology 4(1): 2. [online] URL:  http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss1/art2 

McMichael, D. Costanza, R., H. Daly, C. Folke, P. Hawken, C.S. Holling, A.J. Pimentel, and D. Rapport. (2000). Managing our environmental portfolio. Bioscience 50: 149-155.

Deborah B. Whitman (2000) Genetically Modified Foods: Harmful or Helpful? (Released April 2000)  http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/gmfood/overview.php 

Ellstrand, N. 2000. The elephant that is biotechnology: Comments on "Genetically modified crops: risks and promise" by Gordon Conway. Conservation Ecology 4(1):8. [online] URL:  http://www.consecol.org/vol4/iss1/art8

Psuedomonas Aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Epidemiology

The Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic killer that takes advantage of people suffering from medical problems (Van Delden and Iglewski, 1998).For this reason, P. aeruginosa is one of the most common nosocomial infection that occurs in hospitals. P. aeruginosa is responsible for causing 16% of pneumonia cases, 12% of urinary tract infections, 10% of bloodstream infections, and 8% of surgical infections due to hospital care. Patients who are immune-compromised are also susceptible to P. aeruginosa infections, such as patients undergoing chemotherapy, suffering from HIV / AIDS, recovering in burn units, and suffering from cystic fibrosis. With death rates ranging from 30 to 60% for these patients, P. aeruginosa is considered to be a significant threat to patient health.

Ecology

P. aeruginosa can switch between a free-swimming planktonic form and colonies enclosed within slime-protected biofilms attached to surfaces (Baltch and Smith, 1994, p. 1). The planktonic form…...

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References

Baltch, A.L. And Smith, R.P. (Eds.). (1994). Pseudomonoas aeruginosa Infections and Treatment. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Botzenhart, Konrad and Doring, Gerd. (1993). Ecology and Epidemiology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In M. Campa, M. Bendinelli, H. Friedman (Eds.), Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an Opportunistic Pathogen (pp. 1-18). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

Hawkey, Peter M. And Kerr, Kevin G. (2004). Laboratory investigation of health care-associated infection. In P. Hawkey and D. Lewis (Eds.), Medical Bacteriology: A Practical Approach (pp. 331-354). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Hurley, Matthew N., Camara, Miguel, and Smyth, Alan R. (2012). Novel approaches to the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis. European Respiratory Journal, published online ahead of print, 1-19. Retrieved 23 July 2012 from  http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2012/06/27/09031936.00042012.long .

lab! she said smiling. "No wonder your grades are so awesome!"
Ann said hardly a word to me all year. Although she was in at least two of my classes each semester since I started at UTSA, I think that maybe Ann felt a little intimidated by me. Ann is an all-American college student, a woman from a small town Kentucky who had never left the greater forty-eight. The farthest place she had been to away from her home town was Los Angeles. On the other hand, I hailed from far-off Japan, a country she had probably only read about and seen pictures of on television or books. Because Ann was a science student and not a geography buff, I wondered in fact if she even knew where my home country was on a world map.

A love to research!" I told her enthusiastically, conscious that I wanted to make friends…...

Safety and Health Issues in Meat Processing Industry
In the meat processing industry, health and safety issues are of vital importance, in view of the several risks arising out of microbial contamination of meat and the occupational hazards faced by workers. Past experiences have shown that microbial reproduction in meat and meat products can reach alarming proportions traversing across countries and even continents. The infamous mad cow disease and the foot and mouth disease in cattle has rattled the British meat industry for a considerable period, resulting in loss of image, confidence and erosion of profits. North America's main problem is the widespread prevalence of eschericia coli in meat, more commonly known as the hamburger disease. It is well-known that meat is highly susceptible to attack of bacteria and virus and hence there is a constant need to address this risk. When microbial activity sets in, the quality of meat is…...

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References

American Meat Industry Fact Sheet: 'Worker Safety in the Meat and Poultry Industry', (2002) Available at www.meatami.com/content/presscentre/factsheets_infobits/FactSheetWorkerSafety.pdf. Accessed 11/28/2003

Brodeur, C. (n.d) Agriculture and Agri-food Canada - 'Meat Safety: The war on bacteria', Available at Accessed 11/28/2003http://www.res2.agr.gc.ca/orda/pubs/art8_e.htm.

Cannon, J.E et. al (1996) 'Pork Chain Quality Audit Survey: Quantification of Port Quality Characteristics', Journal of Muscle Foods (7), 56-62

Chesworth, N (1997) 'Food Hygiene Auditing', Blackie Academic & Professional, London

Waste Water Treatment
Inadequately treated waste water poses hazards such as water-borne diseases and water-body pollution. People generate wastewater (sewage) in numerous ways, including laundry and toilet use. To prevent pollution and ensure public health, waste water ought to be treated adequately. Today, waste water is not so much a problem as it was in earlier centuries, a trend that is attributable to the development of efficient sewer lines and treatment plants, otherwise referred to as centralized wastewater collection and treatment facilities. Not long ago, however, these were not as effective as they are today, and worse still, were not available to a majority of the population. People used the conventional decentralized waste systems to take care of, among others, the black waters, and still managed to lead hygienic lives.

Septic Systems: these consisted of a "septic tank, the drain field, and the soil beneath the drain field" (NCSU, 2013). The tank,…...

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References

NCSU. (2013). Septic Systems and their Maintenance. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 2 May 2014 from http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/Soilfacts/AG-439-13/

Rapaport, D. (1995). Sewage Pollution in Pacific Island Countries and how to Prevent It. Center for Clean Development.

UNL. (2011). A Place in the Country: the Acreage Owner's Guide. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Retrieved 2 May 2014 from  http://lancaster.unl.edu/acreageguide/waste.shtml

Bioreduction will be most effective in the future if researchers and engineers can develop more effective means of delivering needed nutrients to the microorganism strands used in remediation efforts, as well as tailor site conditions as needed. In the final analysis, it seems most likely that a combination of extractive and immobilization techniques will produce the best results, by each removing aspects of chromium contamination that the other cannot effectively eliminate.
orks Cited

Camargo, F.A.O., Okeke, B.C., Bento, F.M., and Frakenberger, .T. "In Vitro Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by a Cell-Free Extract of Bacillus sp. ES 29 Stimulated by CU2+." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 62.5/6 (Oct. 2003): 569-573.

Ciura, J., Poniedzialek, M., Jedrszczyk, E., and Sekara, a. "The Possibility of Using Crops as Metal Phytoremediants." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 14.1 (2005): 17-22.

Kapoor, Anoop, and Viraraghavan, Thiruvenkatachari. "Remediation of Chromium-Containing Soils by Heap Leaching: Column Study." Journal of Environmental Engineering 121.4 (Apr.…...

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Works Cited

Camargo, F.A.O., Okeke, B.C., Bento, F.M., and Frakenberger, W.T. "In Vitro Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium by a Cell-Free Extract of Bacillus sp. ES 29 Stimulated by CU2+." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 62.5/6 (Oct. 2003): 569-573.

Ciura, J., Poniedzialek, M., Jedrszczyk, E., and Sekara, a. "The Possibility of Using Crops as Metal Phytoremediants." Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 14.1 (2005): 17-22.

Kapoor, Anoop, and Viraraghavan, Thiruvenkatachari. "Remediation of Chromium-Containing Soils by Heap Leaching: Column Study." Journal of Environmental Engineering 121.4 (Apr. 1995): 366-367.

Pagilla, Krishna R., and Canter, Larry W. "Laboratory Studies on Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soils." Journal of Environmental Engineering 125.3 (Mar. 1999): 243-248.

Monosodium glutamate, otherwise known as MSG, is a commonly discussed food additive used throughout the world today. While some countries use it minimally, and place high restrictions on its use, other countries use it on a consistent basis, in many foods. This paper will examine MSG, and its uses. Additionally, this paper will examine each step of how MSG is made, using fermentation. The discussion will include technical details of the process, the equipment commonly used, the use of enzymes and bacteria, as well as an examination of the product packaging and quality control procedures. Finally, this paper will include a brief description of the market of MSG, and the socio-economic aspects of the product.
Monosodium glutamate, or MSG, is the sodium salt of glutamic acid. Glutamate is an amino acid that occurs naturally in many foods known for their flavor, such as tomatoes and mushrooms. Additionally, glutamate is found as…...

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References

Aida, K., Chibata, L. Nakayama, K., Takinami, K., and Yamada, K. 1986. Biotechnology of Amino Acid Production. Amsterdam: Elsevier, p. 215.

Ajinomoto Company, Inc. 1996. Production process of amino acids. Encyclopedia of Amino Acids. Tokyo, Japan: Ajinomoto Company, Inc.

Blue Diamond. 2004. History of MSG. Facts About MSG. Obtained October 18, 2004 from Direct Food Ingredients, LTD. Web site:  http://www.directfood.net/bluediamond/history.asp .

DeSilva, F.J. 1997. Removing organics with ion exchange resin. Water Conditioning and Purification Magazine, 2, p. 5-8.

Search of the Perfect Host
The Origins and Specificity of Parasites

The door opens. You walk into the room. You hear your favorite music. You see your best friends. Your favorite drink is waiting on the bar. Smiling, the hostess approaches, "I did it all for you." Ah, what a dream - the perfect party, the perfect host! While such a fantasy may not always be the lot of the human guest, it is real life for many microbial visitors. Every parasite has its "perfect host," the one organism that is ideally suited to its needs. Of course, this perfect pairing of guest and host did not evolve by accident. Over the course of time, parasites have evolved in tandem with the organisms upon which they live. It is a unique relationship, the host organism providing a complete environment for the parasite. The parasite has so completely adapted itself to the…...

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References

Evolution of Parasitism." (No Date). McGill University. http://martin.parasitology.mcgill.ca/jimspage/biol/evolut.htm

Murthy, Venkatesh L. (July 14, 2002). "An RNA Base Structure Primer." RNABase. http://www.rnabase.org/primer/

Parasites and Health: Ascariasis." (April 24, 2002). Identification and Diagnosis of Parasites of Public Health Concern. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Simpson, Larry and Maslov, Dmitri A. (June 24, 1994). "RNA Editing and the Evolution of Parasites." Science. Vol. 264.

Lesser-Known but Intriguing Essay Topics on Type 2 Diabetes

1. The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Type 2 Diabetes

Explore the role of gut microorganisms in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes.
Discuss the potential for modulating gut microbiota as a therapeutic approach.
Examine the impact of diet, prebiotics, and probiotics on gut health in relation to type 2 diabetes.

2. Precision Medicine for Type 2 Diabetes Management

Analyze the application of genetic testing and biomarkers to personalize treatment strategies.
Discuss the role of pharmacogenomics in tailoring medication selection and dosage.
Explore the ethical and practical considerations of using precision....

Preserving Bread's Freshness: Optimal Temperature for Extended Shelf Life

Bread, a delectable staple in many diets, is prone to spoilage due to its high moisture content. However, by understanding the optimal storage temperature and implementing appropriate preservation techniques, consumers can savor its freshness for an extended duration.

The Role of Temperature in Bread Spoilage

Bread spoilage is primarily caused by microbial growth, particularly mold and bacteria. These microorganisms thrive in warm, moist environments, breaking down the bread's components and leading to undesirable changes in texture, flavor, and appearance.

Optimal Storage Temperature for Bread

The ideal storage temperature for bread is between 55°F (13°C) and 60°F....

The Profound Significance of Handwashing: A Cornerstone of Personal Hygiene and Public Health

Handwashing, an indispensable component of personal hygiene, holds profound implications for both individual well-being and public health. The simple act of cleansing hands with soap and water serves as a potent defense against a myriad of harmful microorganisms, thereby preventing the spread of infections and safeguarding the health of communities worldwide.

Handwashing: A Barrier against Microbial Invasion

Pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, lurk on surfaces we touch and in the air we breathe. These microscopic adversaries can enter our bodies through various portals, such as the mouth,....

Chemical reactions influence everyday life in many ways. Here are a few examples:

1. Digestion: The process of breaking down food in our bodies is a series of chemical reactions. Enzymes in our digestive system catalyze these reactions and help us extract energy and nutrients from food.

2. Photosynthesis: Plants use a series of chemical reactions called photosynthesis to convert sunlight into energy. This process is essential for producing oxygen and providing food for organisms higher up in the food chain.

3. Medications: Many medications work by influencing chemical reactions in the body. For example, antibiotics target specific biochemical pathways in bacteria to....