RESULTS

The first noticeable result was at first disappointing but turned around later in the trail. At first the rsaL mutation did not have any effect on the production of 30C12-HSL nor on lasl transcription, but it began to appear later in the logarithmic phase of propagation at which time the 30C12-HSL production along with Plasl activity reached homoeostasis in the wild strain while continuing to increase rsaL in the mutant strain of the pathogen. However the sturdy found that:

The increase in rsaL level coincides with the point at which the production of 30C12-HSL diverges in the parent and mutant strains. This is consistent with the conclusion that Rsal induction by 30C12-HSL results in sufficient Rsal to keep 30C12-HSL production at a steady level, balancing the positive feedback action on lasl expression (Rampioni, et. al. 1558)

From this the authors concluded that Rsal is the key molecule that effects the homeostasis of…...

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Works Cited

Rampioni, Giordano, Martin Schuster, Everett Peter Greenberg, Iris Bertani, Marco Grasso, Vittorio Venturi, Elisabetta Zennaro, & Livia Leoni. "RsaL provides quorum sensing homeostasis and functions as a global regulator of gene expression in Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Molecular Microbiology. (2007) 66.6 1557-1565

Molecular Basis Glanzmann Thrombasthenia
An investigation of the molecular basis of Glanzmann Thrombasthenia using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

The objective of this project is to investigate the molecular basis of Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) using polymerase chain reaction. There have been many mutations discovered in GT patients over the years in many studies. Thus using PCR to genotype patients is one of the most effective ways of discerning the genetic basis of the disease. The purpose of these sets of experiments is to determine if a mutation on the ITG?3 promoter, which occurs in a certain percentage of Glanzmann Thrombasthenia (GT) patients, can be reversed through site directed mutagenesis and if normal platelet functioning can resume. Normal platelet functioning will be assessed through detecting promoter region binding to the myc transcription factor through chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, also known as ChIP assays. e anticipate that the myc transcription factor will have enhanced binding upon…...

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Works Cited

D'Andrea, G. et al. (2002) Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia: Identification of 19 New Mutations in 30 Patients. Thromb Haemost 87: 1034 -- 42.

Morel-Kopp et al. (1994) Human platelet alloantigen typing: PCR analysis is not a substitute for serological methods. Transfusion Medicine, 4: 9-14.

Newman, P.J. et al. (1991) The molecular genetic basis of Glanzmann thrombasthenia in the Iraqi-Jewish and Arab populations in Israel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3160-3164.

Nurden, A.T. (2006) Glanzmann Thrombasthenia. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 10:1.

Expression Profiling of a Novel Protein
A new transcription unit was discovered while working with transfected murine BAC clones, because a novel spot appeared on a 2-dimensional protein gel. Through a process of expression subcloning from the BAC clone, the transcription unit that generated the novel peptide was located. This finding was back validated by sequencing the protein contained in the 2-D gel piece using N-terminal Edman degradation and mass spectroscopy (osenfeld, Capdevielle, Guillemot, and Ferrara, 1992; Hellman, Wernstedt, Gonez, and Heldin, 1995).

This transcription unit happens to be encoded within a multi-gene locus that is coordinately regulated in a tissue-specific and developmental manner. Since the laboratory is already heavily invested in characterizing the gene regulatory mechanisms that control this locus, and the downstream roles of the gene products, understanding the expression pattern of this novel gene may be important to ongoing research efforts.

Determination of mNA patterns of expression

In addition to gearing…...

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Reference gene selection for real-time RT-PCR in regenerating mouse livers. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 374, 106-110.

Xu, L., Ma, X., Cui, B., Li, X., Ning, G., and Wang, S. (2010). Selection of reference genes for qRT-PCR in high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis mice model. Molecular Biotechnology, Published online ahead of print December 24, 2010.

Yan, F., Wu, X., Crawford, M., Duan, W., Wilding, E.E., Gao, L. et al. (2010). The search for an optimal DNA, RNA, and protein detection by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and solution-based methods. Methods, 52, 281-286.

Yokoyama, W.M. (2006). Production of monoclonal antibodies. In J.P. Robinson, Z. Darzynkiewicz, R. Hoffman, J. Nolan, P. Rabinovitch, and S. Watkins (Eds.), Current Protocols in Cytometry (Appendix 3J). Wiley Online Library. Retrieved February 6, 2011 from  http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/0471142956.cya03js37/pdf

Nanomachines
The Science of molecular size machines and its engineering designs and constructions until late 1980s were not considered practicable. Nanotechnology, according to the leading exponents of that time were neither feasible nor viable, due to the fact of total structural difference of the constituent of nano-molecular device i.e. Atoms from the mechanical objects of every day life. The essential components of engineering mechanics i.e. cogwheels, gears or motors could not be imagined to have formed by means of atoms, that are characterized by fuzzy and unsubstantial contents having no definite location position. Edwin Schrdinger, a leading quantum theoretician, regarded the particles as not permanent entity but an instantaneous event and derived the conclusion that atoms could no longer be regarded as "identifiable individuals." Werner Heisenberg, with extreme pessimism described atoms as "a world of potentialities or possibilities" rather than "of things and facts." (Is the future nano?)

Such ideologies succeeded making…...

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References

Bio-Molecular Motors Research in Japan. Asian Technology Information Program (ATIP), 2002 Retrieved from www.atip.org/ATIP/NANO/reports/atip02.006.pdf. Accessed on 26 April, 2004

Chen, Andrew. The Ethics of Nanotechnology. Retrieved at Accessed on 26 April, 2004http://cseserv.engr.scu.edu/StudentWebPages/AChen/ResearchPaper.htm.

Frischauf, Norbert. Nanotechnology and Medicine. 02, May, 2002 Retrieved at on 26 April, 2004http://www.itsf.org/resources/factsheet.php?fsID=175Accessed

Jogi, Vikram. The Ethics of Nanotechnology. Retrieved from www.cs.wmich.edu/~elise/courses/cs603/Presentation/Nanotech_Presentation_022304.ppt Accessed on 26 April, 2004

The failure of human hamster fusion in the presence of anti-human izumo antibody clearly showed that Human izumo protein is essential for fertilization.
This study however has raised some new questions. The difference in fertilization capacities between wild type and Izumo +/- type was not clearly discussed. Also, the fact that ICSI of izumo -/- produces twice as many litters as did the izumo +/- type implicates the possible role of other proteins, the expression of which is affected by the allele. That is to say that the mutant knockout sperm might have up-regulated or down regulated the expression of this unknown protein which may have aided the fertilization process as indicated by the statistics. [Katie Winter] contraceptive vaccine targeting the sperm is very much in prospect but much work is yet to be accomplished. A CD46 gene knockout as tried by the author in an earlier study did not…...

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Bibliography

Wang, De Gang, Huang, Tian Hua, Xie, Quing Dong, an, Gang, (Mar 2008), 'Investigation of Recombinant mouse sperm protein Izumo as a potential immunocontraceptive agent', American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, Vol 59, No 3, pg. 225-234

Inoue N, Ikawa M, Nakanishi T, Matsumoto M, Nomura M, Seya T, Okabe M. (2003) Disruption of mouse CD46 causes an accelerated spontaneous acrosome reaction in sperm. Mol Cell Biol. 23: 2614 -2622

Cho C, Bunch DO, Faure JE, Goulding EH, Eddy EM, Primakoff P, Myles DG. (1998), 'Fertilization defects in sperm from mice lacking fertilin beta'. Science.281: 1857 -1859

Naz RK, Leslie MH, Zhu X. (2001) 'Inhibition of murine sperm-oolemma binding by antibodies to an oocyte membrane (OM) antigen: implication in contraceptive vaccine development'. Am J. Reprod Immunol. 45: 52 -61.

Plasmids
"Construction of the mobilizable plasmid pMV158GFP"

"Construction of the mobilizable plasmid pMV158GFP" is an article that describes the construction of a new, mobilizable plasmid, based on the pMV158 plasmid; but containing the gene which codes for green fluorescent protein (gfp) and is controlled by a maltose inducible promoter (Pm). The new pMV158GFP plasmid allows for bacteria which contain it to glow green under UV light, indicating whether or not the plasmid has been incorporated into, or mobilized, the Gram-positive bacteria. This new plasmid will allow for a better understanding of the processes and development of infectious bacteria in their natural environment.

Plasmids are circular, self-replicating pieces of DNA which are used to insert other pieces of DNA into cells and can be extremely useful in biological research. Nieto and Espinosa use one particular plasmid, pMV158, to create a new one which is designed for their specific needs. They intend to study the…...

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References

Nieto, Concepcion, and Manuel Espinoza. (2003). Construction of the mobilizable plasmid pMV158GFP, a derivative of pMV158 that carries the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein. Plasmid 49: 281-285.

Intrinsically Photosensitive etinal Ganglion Cell
ecent studies on biological anatomy of the eye discovered an additional photoreceptor within the mammalian eye. The cells discovered mediate the primary non-image visual activities with the vision system. The functioning of these cells aids in various significant processes including the regulation of the papillary reflex activity in response to light, as well as, the circadian photo entrainment. These cells, called the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells respond to more than the absolute light. The ipGCs have a unique feature of activity, as they differ from the usual photoreceptor cells of cones and rods. The rods and cones mediate on the vision of images by signaling the contrasts in light after adaptation. Interestingly, the ipGCs also do adapt to light contrast. The cells show sensitivity to flash of light, as is the case with other photoreceptors. The factor of action of the intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells…...

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References

1. Bellintani-guardia, B., & Ott, M. (2002). Displaced retinal ganglion cells project to the accessory optic system in the chameleon (chamaeleo calyptratus). Experimental Brain Research, 145(1), 56-63. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-002-1091-z 

2. Ben Simon, G.,J., Hovda, D.A., Harris, N.G., Gomez-Pinilla, F., & Goldberg, R.A. (2006). Traumatic brain injury induced neuroprotection of retinal ganglion cells to optic nerve crush. Journal of Neurotrauma, 23(7), 1072-82. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/neu.2006.23.1072 

3. Engelund, A., Fahrenkrug, J., Harrison, A., & Hannibal, J. (2010). Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) is co-stored with PACAP in projections from the rat melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells. Cell and Tissue Research, 340(2), 243-55. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00441-010-0950-3 

4. Henderson, D., & Miller, R.F. (2003). Evidence for low-voltage-activated (LVA) calcium currents in the dendrites of tiger salamander retinal ganglion cells. Visual Neuroscience, 20(2), 141-52. Retrieved from  http://search.proquest.com/docview/198275379?accountid=458

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion and Molecular Polarity Simulation ActivitiesInstructions: Perform the two simulations below and answer all questions. You can either type in your answers in the provided spaces or handwrite your answers and then scan the file to submit in assignments1.Phet Molecular Shapes VSEPR Simulation ActivityIntroductionAtoms bond to satisfy their need for more electrons. Most atoms will share electrons to satisfy the Octet Rule every atom wants 8 electrons to fill the s and p orbitals in the outer energy level. But, as you will see, sometimes atoms can deviate from and not follow the Octet Rule.Because electrons have a negative charge and atoms occupy space, bonds and electrons will spread out as much as possible. Since we write in a two-dimensional plane on paper, it is difficult to visualize the true geometry of these molecules. This activity and the program you are about to use allows…...

altenative appoach to Computeized Tomogaphy in foensic pathology.
Thomsen, A.H., Juik, A.G., Uhenholt, A.G., Vesteby, A. (2009).

Jounal: Foensic Science Intenational.

Publication Infomation: 2008, 183, 87-90.

Publishe Infomation:

The main pupose of this aticle is to see whethe o not CT scans ae necessay as a means of augmenting autopsies. The eseach question is: do the benefits of CT scans match the effot equied to implement this technology? Thee is no hypothesis fo this aticle; the authos wee cetainly non-patisan in thei appoach and assumptions. The sample was 20 dead bodies (including 15 males) with CT scans pefomed by the Depatment of Radiology at Aahus Univesity Hospital. I eviewed this aticle to ascetain the elevance of CT scans to foensic pathology.

Abstact: This aticle denotes the boons and the detiments associated with using CT scans as compaed to, and augmenting the usage of conventional autopsies fo foensic pathology. Oiginal eseach is conducted on 20 dead…...

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references to certain applications dating back to the 1980s. In this respect the article was extremely comprehensive in its scope, although perhaps it may have been better suited focusing on more contemporary applications. Still, for the variety of knowledge it covered and the degree of insight it shed, it is certainly an excellent starting point for research into this field, and helps to synthesize the various points of relevance of the other articles explicated within this assignment.

Bruised witness: Bernard Spilsbury and the performance of early twentieth-century English forensic pathology

Author(s): Burney, I., Pemberton, N.

Journal: Medical History

Publication Information: 2011, 55, 41-60.

detection of the Borna disease virus relating them to the epidemiology.
The first cases of Borna disease were descried in the 17-19th century in Southern Germany. It was discovered to e a fatal disease affecting the neurological systems of horses and sheep, (Ludwig et al., 1985; Durrwald, 1993) causing ehavioral and neurological symptoms. It was proven to e caused y a 2003]

Today it is eing realized that the scope of the disease is not limited to just a few countries as was previously elieved ut encompassed the world. Also it was realized that far from affecting just horses and sheep as was originally thought virus, the Borna Disease Virus (BDV) in the early 1900's y Zwick and his team in Giessen Germany. [Author not availale, it in fact affected other animals and even human eings.[Staeheli, Sauder; Schwemmle, et al., 2000]

Research into the epidemiology and pathogenesis of the BDV is impeded…...

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bibliography. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B. 44, 147-184.

3.Staeheli, P., Sauder, C. Schwemmle, M. et al.,[2000]. Epidemiology of Borna disease virus, J Gen Virol 81: 2123-2135

4.Author not available, [2003] Diagnostic Methods In Virology, accessed at  http://virology-online.com/general/Tests.htm 

5. Nakamura, K., Takahashi, H., Shoya, Y., Nakaya, T., Watanabe, M., Tomonaga, K., Iwahashi, K., Ameno, K., Momiyama, N., Taniyama, H., Sata, T., Kurata, T., de la Torre, J.C. & Ikuta, K. [2000]. Isolation of Borna disease virus from human brain. Journal of Virology 74, 4601-4611.

6. Zimmermann, W., Durrwald, R. & Ludwig, H. (1994). Detection of Borna disease virus RNA in naturally infected animals by a nested polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Virological Methods 46, 133-143

Genomes and Comparative Genomics
Over the last decade we have achieved rapid strides in the field of genetic engineering. The study of molecular biology has been fairly advanced mainly aided by the unprecedented growth in information technology. Today bio-informatics has opened new vitas for us and we are already progressing in investigating and in the comparative study of genomes. This has shed new light up on our knowledge of the evolutionary process and the important concepts such as protein folding and selective expression, which have so far eluded our understanding, are beginning to unfold. Let us have a brief overlook of the subject.

The Role of DNA

One of the greatest achievements of the twentieth century has been the unraveling of the mysteries behind the DNA and the mechanism of protein synthesis. Genes are the fundamental units of biological inheritance and are made up of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Genes are responsible for the…...

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Bibliography

Mullis, KB (1990), Scientific American, April 1990, 56

Hecht, J., 19 May 2003, Chimps are human, gene study implies, New Scientist

Cohlan, A., 30 May 2002, "Just 2,5% of DNA turns mice into men," New Scientist

TK Attwood & DJ Parry Smith, "Introduction to bio Informatics," Published by ADDison Wesley Longman Ltd., 1999

As students interact with the website and take assessments, the teacher is notified of the student's progress. Once the student submits his assessment, Molecular Workbench (2010) reports, "SAM activities end by generating a report that includes answers to multiple choice questions, annotated snapshots, and the text of open responses. These reports are emailed to the teacher. Students have a chance to edit reports before they are submitted." Use of this website could produce the next generation of scientists.
Technology used directly in the classroom to allow students and teachers to interact with each other includes the Audience Response System. According to Turningtechnologies.com (2010) the function of the system is declared, "TurningPoint audience response system integrates 100% into Microsoft® PowerPoint® and allows audiences and students to participate in presentations or lectures by submitting responses to interactive questions using a ResponseCard ™ keypad or other hand-held/computer devices." Made up of three basic…...

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Bibliography

Audio Response System. (2010). Retrieved on April 16 from  http://www.turningtechnologies.com 

DIIGO. (2010). Retrieved on April 16 from  http://www.diigo.com/learn_more 

Klopfer, E.; Osterwell, S.; Groff, J.; and Haas, J. (2009). "The Instructional Power of digital games, social networking, simulations and How Teachers Can Leverage Them."

Retrieved on April 12, 2010 from http://education.mit.edu/papers/GamesSimsSocNets_EdArcade.pdf

This information is utilized to create new products and substances that are used on a regular basis. For example, chemists could use the COSY process to understand how to create a new kind of raincoat that will be even more water resistant. To determine this, the protons inside the molecules of the raincoat would have to be examined through the COSY process. This will identify the peaks inside the protons and what specific attributes are similar to other compounds. Once this happens, is when scientists can use this as a way to create specific attributes that they are looking for (i.e. A raincoat that is more waterproof). This is significant, because it is showing how the contribution of the COSY methodology allows chemists to create new compounds with specific attributes. ("Thomaston," 2006)
HETCO is useful in understanding the genetic composition of a substance and the compounds that are used to…...

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References

Introduction to NRM Spectroscopy. (2003). UWI. Retrieved from:  http://wwwchem.uwimona.edu.jm/spectra/nmrintro.html 

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. (2010). MSU. Retrieved from:  http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/VirtTxtJml/Spectrpy/nmr/nmr1.htm 

Two Dimensional NMR. (2005). BBK. Retrieved from:  http://www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk/PPS2/projects/schirra/html/2dnmr.htm 

Bachovchin, W. (2001). Contributions of NRM Spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, 39, (1), 199 -- 213.

Alopecia areata is a systemic hair loss disorder, which affects roughly around 4.7 million people in the United States alone. [NAAF]. It is characterized as an autoimmune disease that leads to either localized or complete hair loss. The disease is independent of race, gender or age specifications, and hence affected people represent a diverse group. The effects of the disease may either be permanent or reversible depending on the nature and extent of damage to the hair follicles. It is believed that both genetic as well as environmental factors have an influence in the onset of the condition. However, the pathology of the disease is yet to be ascertained concretely. Though there is no physical distress accompanying the disease the psychological devastation suffered by the affected person is debilitating. Let us have a brief overview of the different types of alopecia before we discuss in detail the possible pathophysiology and…...

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Bibliography

1) NAAF, "What is Alopecia Areata," Accessed on March 8th 2005,

 http://www.naaf.org/default2.asp 

2) Ralph Paus, M.D and George Cotsarelis, M.D, "The Biology of Hair Follicles," NEJM, Vol 341, No 7, Pg 491.

3) Kyle Kennedy, M.D, "Management of Alopecia," Accesses on March 9th 2005,

Collision Model: Explanation and Application
The Collision Model is the theory that chemical reactions are the result of collisions between molecules. These molecular collisions must be strong enough to break bonds in the reacting substances. Breaking the bonds result in a rearrangement of the original configuration of atoms and a new product or products is formed ("Collision Model," Answer Corporation, 2006). Not every collision between molecules will create new products. In fact, the vast majority of collisions do not because they are not strong enough to break the existing bonds, which are often quite strong between molecules. For the collision to be successful, the molecules have to be oriented in such a way that the activation energy is sufficient to generate a reaction in the substance in question. Temperature, the presence of catalysts, the concentration of the substance, and other factors affect activation energy. Also, the molecules within molecular bonds are…...

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Works Cited

Akeson, Wayne H. "Application of the Arrhenius Equation to rat tail tendon collagen."

Nature. 199, 185-186. 13 July 1963. 1 Oct 2008.  http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v199/n4889/abs/199185a0.html 

The Arrhenius Equation." IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology. 2nd Edition. 1997.

Oct 2008.  http://www.iupac.org/goldbook/A00446.pdf

1. Understanding the role of the CA4 gene in retinitis pigmentosa

2. The genetic basis of retinitis pigmentosa and the CA4 gene

3. Exploring the impact of CA4 gene mutations on retinal degeneration

4. The future of gene therapy for retinitis pigmentosa linked to the CA4 gene

5. Unraveling the molecular pathways of retinitis pigmentosa involving the CA4 gene

6. Genetic testing for CA4 gene mutations in patients with retinitis pigmentosa

7. Therapeutic strategies targeting the CA4 gene in retinitis pigmentosa treatment

8. CA4 gene as a potential biomarker for predicting progression of retinitis pigmentosa

9. Gene editing technologies for correcting mutations in the CA4 gene associated with....

Genetic Determinants of Complex Traits

The Role of Gene-Environment Interactions in the Development of Multifactorial Disorders
The Complexity of Polygenic Traits: Unraveling the Contribution of Multiple Genetic Variants
Epigenetics and Gene Expression: How Environmental Factors Influence Genetic Inheritance

Advancements in Genetic Technologies

The Impact of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies on Genetic Research
CRISPR-Cas9 and Gene Editing: Ethical Considerations and Therapeutic Applications
Precision Medicine: Tailoring Treatments Based on Individual Genetic Profiles

Hereditary Diseases and Treatment

Genetic Testing for Hereditary Diseases: Implications for Prevention and Management
Gene Therapy: Current Challenges and Future Prospects
The Role of Pharmacogenomics in Personalized Treatment for Genetic Disorders

Genetic Diversity and....

I. Introduction
A. Hook: Begin with a compelling statistic or anecdote about the impact of AI in radiology.
B. Background: Provide a brief overview of AI and its current applications in medicine.
C. Thesis statement: State the main argument of the essay, emphasizing the transformative potential of AI in radiology.

II. Section 1: The Benefits of AI in Radiology
A. Enhanced Diagnostic Accuracy: Explain how AI algorithms can assist radiologists in detecting and classifying medical conditions with greater precision.
B. Improved Workflow Efficiency: Discuss how AI can automate repetitive tasks, freeing up radiologists' time for more complex cases.
C. Personalized Treatment....

## Infectious Diseases Essay Topic Ideas

### Epidemiology and Surveillance

- The role of surveillance in controlling infectious disease outbreaks
- The challenges and limitations of infectious disease surveillance
- The economic impact of infectious diseases on the healthcare system
- The impact of globalization on the spread of infectious diseases
- The role of social determinants of health in the spread of infectious diseases

### Prevention and Control

- The role of vaccination in preventing infectious diseases
- The development and evaluation of new antimicrobial therapies
- The use of hand hygiene and other infection control measures
- The role of public health education in preventing the spread of infectious....