Larry O'Dell notes that the increasing outbreaks of MRA in schools can be controlled if certain preventive measures are put in place. It is for example known that gyms and locker rooms are target locations for infections. People taking part in sports such as football and other athletics share equipment. Taking part in these sports often result in cuts and abrasions, which make these persons vulnerable to infection.

A well-known cliche is that knowledge is power. It is therefore very important that college students be aware of MRA, its dangers and the locations where it is most likely to infect. People taking part in sports should for example ensure that shared equipment is thoroughly cleaned before and after use. howers should be routine after each practice session, and any cuts and abrasions should be disinfected immediately. To be safe, serious injuries should be attended to by medical professionals.

All college students taking…...

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Sources

Johnson, Alan. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. 2007.  http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/mrsa.htm 

O'Dell, Larry. Skin infections spreading in many schools. The Associated Press, 2007.   -- staphoutbreaks1012oct12,0,4383079.storyhttp://www.newsday.com/news/local/wire/newyork/ny-bc-ny 

This may eventually lead to end organ failure and death. MSA / S.aureus are not often found to be the etiology of lung infection except in hospitalized patients who reside in the Intensive Care Units. Often the victim requires ventilation, meaning the bacteria can bypass the humoral and physical defenses of the nose and throat. Endotracheal intubation can also be a method of MSA pneumonia, often fatal in the debilitated patient.
Hypothesis

Given the prevalence of MSA within the hospital population, both patient and staff, and given the rate of MSA infection within the general population, it is my hypothesis that it is more likely for patients to be contaminated with MSA in radiological procedures which require the use of multi-patient equipment that goes through rudimentary cleaning, rather than radiographic procedures using multi-use equipment which goes through rigorous cleaning between each patient.

Literature eview

In essence, while a multitude of data and peer…...

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Reference:

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&term=%22Jernigan+JA%22%5BAuthor%5DJernigan JA, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&term=%22Pullen+AL%22%5BAuthor%5DPullen AL, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&term=%22Flowers+L%22%5BAuthor%5DFlowers L, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&term=%22Bell+M%22%5BAuthor%5DBell M, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&term=%22Jarvis+WR%22%5BAuthor%5DJarvis WR

Prevalence of and risk factors for colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at the time of hospital admission.

Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Bodenheimer T. The American health care system; the movement for improved quality in health care. N Engl J. Med 1999;340:488-92

One in six patients in intensive care units are colonized or infected with MSA, which signifies not only the prevalence of this health risk, but the impact on the nurses' workload. Antibiotic resistant MSA increases mortality and postoperative stay; the number of death certificates mentioning MSA increased by 19% between 2002 and 2003, and postoperative stays were a mean of 8.5 for those without MSA, and 17.9 days for those with MSA (Fairclough, 2006). Nurses are consequently attending to more patients for longer periods of time and are exposed to greater infectious risk. Hospital administrators must assess the burden on clinical and managerial staff, as well as the economic and financial implications of prolonged treatment for patients.

educing the incidence of MSA requires a comprehensive approach to the infection as no single entity can eradicate the bacteria. Fairclough explains the most obvious and immediate measure that needs to be taken again…...

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References

Fairclough, S. (2006). Why tackling MRSA needs a comprehensive approach. British Journal of Nursing, 15(2), 72-75.

Henry F. Chambers, professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco (www.nfid.org).
Moreover, as for Chambers' article, he contends that "bactericidal activity is not an invariable property of an antibiotic"; that depends on the organism and the conditions under which the organism is growing. In any event, Staphylococcus aureus "is not killed by protein synthesis inhibitors, cholramphinicol and erythromycin," the classic agents known to seek out the ribosome.

hat are the ways for diagnosis of MRSA? The Department of Public Health in Massachusetts (www.mass.gov) says the way health officials go about diagnosing MRSA is first taking a culture from the infected person and taking it to a lab. A small biopsy of the actual skin, or of the pus that is draining from the infection - or, better yet, a culture of a skin lesion "is especially useful in recurrent or persistent cases," the article explains. If a patient…...

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Works Cited

Association of Medical Microbiologists. "The facts about MRSA." Retrieved Dec. 6, 2007, at http://www.amm.co.uk.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Methicilli-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus."

Retrieved Dec. 6, 2007, at  http://www.cdc.gov .

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "What is CDC doing about MRSA?" Retrieved Dec. 5, 2007 at

est Practice to Isolate MRSA Patients in the Hospital Environment
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) is an anti-microbial organism of concern in the healthcare field; therefore, preventing and controlling its spread within the healthcare environment is a significance function of the infection control experts. One of the preventive measures is isolation of MRSA patients. However, not all are in agreement with such a practice and this makes our topic of discussion raise the question, "Is isolation of MRSA patients in a hospital environment the best practice?"

This reviews aims to evaluate the evidence for the efficiency of isolation measures in managing the prevalence of Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) and infection in the hospital environments.

Review Methods: This review relied on scholarly reviewed journals, and selected articles reporting on MRSA related outcomes and illustrating an isolation practice or policy. The paper did not impose quality restrictions on studies employing separation wards or nurse…...

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Bibliography

Allen, U. (2006). Public health implications of MRSA in Canada. Canadian Medical

Association Journal. 175(2). p. 161-162.

Blumberg, H.M., Ray, S.M., & King, M.D. (2006). Treatment of community-acquired

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Annals of Internal

infection trajectory Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The paper introduces the development of the bacterium in its most common iterations. The nature of the infection including symptoms, treatment options which are limited, and efforts from the health community are evaluated. Of particular importance is the portion concerning the differences between the communities-based version and the nosocomial version.
Introduction of Evolutionary History of MRSA

Nature of Infection

Diagnosis, Symptoms & Progression of an MRSA Infection

Rates of MRSA Infections in the U.S.A.

MRSA Treatment Strategies and Regimens: Prevention and Control

Economic Implications of MRSA Infections

ibliography

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium. It usually lives on the skin and nose of human beings without leading to health problems. It becomes a problem when the bacterium causes an infection in the "skin, lungs, or blood" (Zeller 2011, p.1828). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a staph infection which is resistant to the methicillin family of antibiotics including common ones such as penicillin…...

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Bibliography

Barnes, B & Sampson, D 2011, 'A literature review on community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: Clinical information for primary care nurse practitioners, Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 23,1, pp. 23-32, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOHost, viewed 10 March 2012.

Boyce, J, Landry, M, Deets, T, & DuPont, HL 1981, ' Epidemiologic studies of an outbreak of nosocomial Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus', Infection Control, 2,2, pp.110-116, JSTOR, viewed 10 March 2012.

Carleton, H, Diep, B, Charlebois, E, Sensabaugh, G, F, Perdereau-Remington, F, 2004, 'Community-Adapted methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Population dynamics of an expanding community reservoir of MRSA, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 190,10, pp. 1730-1738, JSTOR, viewed 10 March 2012.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov, accessed 10 March, 2012.

Looking more generally at how the spread of resistant bacteria has advanced over the last few years one study traces the historical precedence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. This work offers a plethora of good information about the seriousness of the problem with MSA as well as other less common but equally serious bacterial strains and how antibiotic over-utilization and patient non-compliance has added tot the problem. In Hughes, D. Andersson, D.I. (2001) book length discussion, Antibiotic Development and esistance many questions regarding the natural progression of bacterial resistance from the very beginning of antibiotic therapy is discussed. The work details ways in which individual bacterial diseases have progressed as a result of over-utilization of antibacterial (and especially broad spectrum) antibiotics, to treat non-life threatening infections and even viral infections has exacerbated the ineffective nature of antibiotics. The work traces the history of antibiotics and the assumption by many…...

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Resources

Coello, R. Glynn, J.R. Gasper, C. Picazo, J.J. & Fereres, J. (1997) "Risk factors for developing clinical infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) amongst hospital patients initially only colonized with MRSA" Elsevier Science   doi:10.1016/S0195-6701(97)90071-2http://www.sciencedirect.com/scidirimg/clear.gif 

Gorak, E.J. Yamada, S.M. & Brown, J.D. (1999) "Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Hospitalized Adults and Children without Known Risk Factors" Infectious Disease Society of America 29 (4) 797-800.

Graham, P.L. Lin, S.X. Larson, E.L. (March 2006) "A U.S. Population-Based Survey of Staphylococcus aureus Colonization," Annals of Internal Medicine. 144(5) 318-325.

Hughes, D. Andersson, D.I. (2001) Antibiotic Development and Resistance.

Transference of MSA
The transmission of MSA in hospital settings can be dramatically reduced when certain evidence-based practices and procedures are consistently used. The use of chlorhexidine (CHG) wipes when giving bed baths to patients has been shown to reduce the health care associated infections (HAI). However, other benefits associated with bathing patients may be diminished when CHG wipes are substituted for conventional bathing practices. Patients' overall impressions of the quality of care and attention they receive from nurses are important considerations in the healing processes. It is customary for nurses to use bathing time to assess the status of the patient's skin and to provide therapeutic nursing interventions such human touch and time to listen and communicate.

Methodology

esearch Plan. The research design entails using qualitative research methods grounded in phenomenology to collect data about patients' perceptions of traditional bed bath vs. A bed bath using chlorhexidine wipes. The nurse (researcher) will…...

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References

Dye, J.F., Schatz, I.M., Rosenberg, B.A., Coleman, S.T. (2000, January). Constant comparison method: A kaleidoscope of data. The Qualitative Report, 4(1/2). Retrievedhttp://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR4-1/dye.html

Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Savin-Baden, M. And Major, C. (2013). Qualitative Research: The Essential Guide to Theory and Practice. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-67478-2.

Essay Topic Examples
1. The Evolution of MRSA: A ublic Health Challenge:
Explore the history of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), its emergence as a hospital-acquired infection, and evolution into a community-associated pathogen. Discuss the implications of antibiotic resistance for public health and the ongoing challenges in combating MRSA infections.

2. Treatment Strategies and Challenges in MRSA Management:
Analyze the current treatment options available for MRSA infections, including antibiotics and alternative therapies. Examine the difficulties in treating resistant strains and the importance of individualized patient care in managing MRSA cases.

3. reventing MRSA Infections: From Hospitals to Communities:
Investigate the effectiveness of infection control measures in preventing the spread of MRSA in healthcare settings and the wider community. Discuss the role of hygiene practices, antimicrobial stewardship, and public education in reducing infection rates.

4. The Socio-Economic Impact of MRSA Infections:
Evaluate the socio-economic consequences of MRSA infections, including healthcare costs, lost productivity, and the burden…...

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Primary Sources

Chambers, Henry F. \"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections.\" Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 96, no. 1, 1982, pp. 11-16.

DeLeo, Frank R., and Michael Otto. \"Modeling Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections in Mice.\" Infection and Immunity, vol. 75, no. 10, 2007, pp. 4289-4295.

Klevens, R. Monina et al. \"Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections in the United States.\" JAMA, vol. 298, no. 15, 2007, pp. 1763-1771.

Kos, Veronica N., et al. \"The Evolution of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in U.S. Hospitals: Evidence from a National Data Set.\" The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 200, no. 3, 2009, pp. 448-454.

Lowy, Franklin D. \"Staphylococcus aureus Infections.\" The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 339, no. 8, 1998, pp. 520-532.

Methicillin-esistant Staphylococci (MSA), most common Healthcare Associated Infections
The PICOT question to be discussed is: For adult patients using catheters, does the use of sterilization practices reduce the future risk of health associated infections like MSA compared with standard procedure in one week?

The answer is yes.

The support given to answer the question will be based on peer-reviewed journals and scientific literature. A summary of the evidence will be availed in a chart plus a conclusion that summarizes evidence used will also be given.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSA) bacteria is resistant to several antibiotics. A significant proportion of MSA infections in the community are on the skin. It results in alarming infections of the bloodstream, surgical site infections and pneumonia in health facilities. Studies have revealed that one person in every three individuals have staph in the nose - most of the time they don't show any illnesses (General Information About MSA). 2%…...

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References"

1)

General Information About MRSA in the Community. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2015, from  http://www.cdc.gov /mrsa/community/index.html

2)

Sydnor, E., & Perl, T. (2011). Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control in Acute-Care Settings. Clinical Microbiology Reviews,24(1), 141-173. Retrieved February 21, 2015, from  http://cmr.asm.org/content/24/1/141.full

hospitals is the spread of MSA (staphylococcus aureus). This pathogen remains a leading cause of hospital-acquired infection. Current 'typing' methods for the genome to identify the pathogen include "phage typing, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)" but these methods "have serious limitations when used to investigate the finer details of infection outbreaks" (Price et al. 2013: 14). This is why the use of whole genome sequencing that allows scientists to create distinctions up to a single nucleotide is useful. Whole genome sequences can be used to classify and characterize genetic differences in a far more refined fashion than previous methods "and additionally provides information about the genetic basis of phenotypic characteristics, including antibiotic susceptibility and virulence" (Price et al. 2013: 14). Local-level awareness of the history of disease transmission allows a more carefully matched protocol for treatment as well as improves tracking. "Combined with epidemiological data,…...

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References

Blot, S.I. (2002 et al.). Outcome and attributable mortality in critically Ill patients with bacteremia involving methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Archives of Internal Medicine, 162(19):2229-35.

Price, J.R. (2013) .Whole genome sequencing in the prevention and control of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Journal of Hospital Infection, 83: 14-21.

A found it interesting that at all the practice sites; they eschewed the use of paper in favor of linen gowns and sheets. When I questioned this practice, I was told that it was done mostly out of a fear of MRSA being spread from patient to patient. I wondered about this, because it would seem to me that the use of disposable linens would definitely reduce the incidence of MRSA and save the cost of laundering the linens. This was definitely a different practice that what I was used to.

All in all I found the sonographers to be a very competent bunch. They appear to be extremely technically proficient and know what they are doing. It also appears that this field is held in high regard by the physicians who will even speak to the sonographer about the results of the scan or consult with them on different views…...

S. than in any other developed nation, yet the quality of care, even for those who are insured, is mediocre at best (Hawkins, 2007).
Doctors and hospitals often treat patients free of charge, if they do not have health insurance. However, that raises costs for other patients and makes healthcare and insurance even more costly. Most Americans recognize that the country's healthcare system is not sustainable and that without significant reform, it is headed for a complete meltdown.

In the U.S., identity theft is a major concern. Now, that, too, has gone into the medical arena. Medical identity theft is being described as the newest frontier in the ever-evolving crime of identity theft and presents a major opportunity for a wide range of criminals as the healthcare industry evolves into an electronic culture. Yet this environment is not properly protected by present law enforcement agencies and criminal offenses (Latour, 2007, p. 11).

Financial…...

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References

Andrews, J. (2006). Where the jobs are: eldercare is already creating more jobs than there are people willing to do them. And the market is just heating up. Here's a look at where some of the greatest demand will be. Assisted Living 4(6) S6-9.

Hawkins, D.(12 February, 2007). Bush's Remedy Isn't a Cure; the President's health-care won't help those who need insurance most or the underinsured who can't afford primary care. Business Week Online

Institute of Medicine (2007). Preventing medication errors. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.:

Lafferty, L. (2007). Medical identity theft: the future threat of health care fraud is now: lack of Federal Law Enforcement efforts means compliance professionals will have to lead the way. Journal of Health Care Compliance 9 (1) 11-21.

Healthcare
As standard procedure warranted in this case, her obstetrician injected her with varicella zoster specific immunoglobulin. The injection did occur too late, but this is a special case warranting attention and was a prophylactic to protect the baby. A few days later the N developed chickenpox anyway. The reasons why the vaccine did not take could have been the fact that the N had already been exposed, and the situation is referred to as "breakthrough varicella," (National Centre for Immunisation, 2009, p. 3). Breakthrough varicella is a mild form of the infection, and yet is still contagious. Varicella vaccine should not be given to the baby until it is twelve months of age, but it may not be necessary at all due to the potential in vitro exposure to the varicella zoster virus. Infants "should receive no specific treatment or vaccination after exposure to Varicella zoster virus (VZV) but can…...

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References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Preventing varicella in health care settings. Retrieved online:  http://www.cdc.gov /chickenpox/hcp/healthcare-setting.html

Cheprasov, A. (2014). The spread of disease. Retrieved online:  http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-spread-of-disease-endemic-epidemic-pandemic.html#lesson 

Children, Youth, and Women's Health Service (n.d.). Chickenpox. Retrieved online:  http://www.health.wa.gov.au/docreg/Education/Diseases/Communicable/Virus/HP8873_chickenpox.pdf 

"Descriptive Epidemiology," (2014). Retrieved online: http://www.med.uottawa.ca/SIM/data/Epidemiology_rates_e.htm

For its versatility in eluding new antibiotics, it can be life-threatening. One of these "superbugs" is VRE, which is transmissible by direct hand contact or through surfaces and equipment by anyone, including the health care worker (Capriotti, 2007). VRE has recently spread to the community and the health care sector.
New antibiotics continue to be synthesized to cope with the rapid mutation of the VRE bacteria, but the organisms continue to overtake the drugs (Akins & Haase, 2005). A study conducted on a series of VRE outbreaks in Germany revealed that an estimate of 1 million Euros could be saved with adequate prevention and control of the infection. The use of newer antibiotics is not as cost-effective as prevention. These antibiotics have to be administered with precision and require complementary hygienic precautions on the part of the health care worker. The rising incidence of and serious threats posed by the…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Akins, R.L. And Haase, K.K. (2005). Gram-positive resistance: pathogens, implications and treatment options. Pharmacotherapy: Pharmacotherapy Publications. Retrieved on September 15, 2009 from  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/507658 

Capriotti, T. (2007). Resistant "Superbugs" create need for novel antibiotics.

Dermatology Nursing: Medscape. Retrieved on September 15, 2009 from  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/554935 

Department of Health (2006). Fact sheet. New York State Department. Retrieved on September 15, 2009 from http://www.health.stats.ny.us/diseases/communicable/v_r_e/docs/facts_sheet.pdf