Neuroscience and Human Development
One of the most noticeable aspects of human beings involves the changes in shape, size, form, and function of the individual from a newly formed fetus to a fully grown adult. As the single most successful organism on Earth, human beings have developed, through millions of years of evolutionary adaptations, integrated yet malleable systems involving biological, physiological, emotional and intellectual components. This paper will review some of the most prominent theories of human development, discuss the nexus of human development and the neurological processes involved in the human body, and analyze the development and life progression processes human beings experience from birth through death.

Much of the success of human beings is attributable to the very design of the human body; including a large bi-pedal body, a brain that is disproportionately large relative to that of body size, as well as an extended period of childhood, during which…...

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References

Bear, Mark F., Connors, Barry W., & Paradiso, Michael A. (2007). Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain (3rd ed.). USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Bhise, S.B., & Yadav, A.V. (2008). Human Anatomy and Physiology. India: Nirali Prakashan. Human Anatomy and Physiology

Cavanaugh, John C., & Fields, Fredda Blanchard. (2006). Adult Development and Aging (5th ed.). USA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Clark, Robert K. (2005). Anatomy and Physiology: Understanding the Human Body. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc.

Neuroscience
Hormones and the Nervous System

Of the many highly interesting features of the brain and the nervous system that are detailed in this chapter of the text, the one that I found most interesting is the relationship between the nervous system and the endocrine system, which controls the hormones secreted throughout the body. The initial comparison between hormones and neurotransmitters that the text makes initially helps to provide an immediate basic understanding of how the chemical messengers that hormones are might operate, but as the text goes on to describe the actions and direct effects of hormones it becomes clear that it is only in the simplest of sense that hormones are similar to neurotransmitters. Still, the influence that the endocrine system and the hormones it produces have on the nervous system are a major part of the way the body works, and the nervous system's influence on the endocrine system…...

Neuroscience Supports Differentiated Instruction
Teaching Methods

Differentiated instruction is a fairly new concept in both the areas of neuroscience and education. The integration of research and findings in neuroscience into educational practices such as teaching methods is a fairly recent occurrence as well. The paper provides insight into differentiated instruction and the neuroscientific evidence that exists supporting it as a valid method of teaching in the classroom setting. The paper clarifies what is necessary for academic success for the students and professional success for educators using the model of differentiated instruction.

How Neuroscience Supports Differentiated Instruction

The 21st century has brought upon many innovations and alternative perspectives to learning and education. In recent years, the term "differentiated instruction" has been in circulation regarding teaching methods and to neuroscience. This paper will explain what differentiated instruction in education means and provide evidence that the discipline of neuroscience substantiates the validity of such a practice…...

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References:

Kaufold, S., & Kaufhold, J.A. (2009) Connection Brain Research and Differentiation Instruction: Implications for Teaching and Learning. Conference of the International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 1(6), 158 -- 163.

Nathanson, S.A., & Nathanson, M.L. (2004) Thinking about the Brain to Balance Classroom Literacy Programs. The Language and Literacy Spectrum, 14, 48 -- 61.

Thomas, A. (2010) A Neuroscience Approach to Differentiating Instruction. U.S. Department of Education's 2010 Reading Institute, 1 -- 35, USDOE: Anaheim, CA.

Wolf, M., Barzillai, M., Gottwald, S., Miller, L., Spencer, K., Norton, E., Lovett, M., & Morris, R. (2009) The RAVE-O Intervention: Connecting Neuroscience to the Classroom. International Mind, Brain, and Education Society, 3(2), 84 -- 93.

Neuroscience of Smell
Human beings are bombarded in their daily lives with a variety of sensory data coming from a number of sensory systems in the human body. Many times the input of sensory data can cause a sensorimotor response, or an automatic action on the part of the human body in response to sensory input. In other words, the sight, smell, or sound of something can cause the body to automatically begin an action. For instance, the sight of the police can, in some people, cause an increase in heart rate or perspiration. This in turn can cause a person to undergo a psychological process such as stress, or fear. Certain smells can also elicit a physical response on the part of a person. Aromachology is the study of how certain smells can cause sensor motor responses which in turn stimulate emotional responses on the part of an individual. Researchers…...

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Works Cited

"Aromachology: Neuroscience of Smell." Open-Senses Sensory Innovation. 2012.

Web. 21 Sept. 2013. http://www.open-

senses.com/en/news/News/show/aromacologia-psicologia-del-olfato-280

Goldstein, E. Bruce. Encyclopedia of Perception, Vol. 1. Los Angeles: SAGE,

Neuroscience is the study of brain mechanisms, how they function, how they are constructed, and how they relate to behavior (Kuhn & Koob, 2010). Neuroscience is a broad field that scrutinizes these brain mechanisms at all levels from the molecular and genetic levels all the way to the higher-order psychological processes and even to the understanding of clinical conditions. Because of its scope and its relevance to all aspects of behavior, neuroscience offers several unique contributions to understanding issues like addiction from multiple levels of analysis.
John is a 60-year-old male with no prior history of addictive behavior or mental illness and no family history of substance abuse who developed a substance use disorder to alcohol and the benzodiazepine Valium. The clinical case of "John" is not unique; however, the case offers an example of how little science can help understand, assess, and treat addictions. In the treatment of addiction clinicians…...

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References

Carhart-Harris, R. L., Leech, R., Hellyer, P. J., Shanahan, M., Feilding, A., Tagliazucchi, E., ... &Nutt, D. (2014). The entropic brain: a theory of conscious states informed by neuroimaging research with psychedelic drugs. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 20-32.

Kuhn, C. M., & Koob, G. F. (Eds.). (2010). Advances in the neuroscience of addiction. New York: CRC Press.

Nutt, D., McLellan, A. T., Crome, I., Kimberley, J. R., & McLellen, A. T. (2014). Can neuroscience improve addiction treatment and policies? Public Health Reviews, 35(2) 1-12.

Samet, S., Waxman, R., Hatzenbuehler, M., & Hasin, D. S. (2007). Assessing addiction:

Reductionism in Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field encompassing various aspects of the study of the mind, including perception, reasoning, language, emotion and consciousness. Departing from the strictures of behaviorism, cognitive science permitted experimental psychologists to theorize beyond the limitations of observable behavior and functional relations between stimulus and response, and to posit internal mental representations as legitimate objects for scientific inquiry. ith advances in neuroimaging technology, cognitive psychology became increasingly integrated with neuroscience. The analysis of subjective psychological experience in terms of physiological activity in the brain is understood as "reductionist," because it explains a "higher" order psychological phenomena (thinking, remembering, perceiving) in terms of a more basic physiological substrate (neurons firing).

This paper explores reductionistic approaches to cognitive science. Reductionism in cognitive science has both proponents and detractors. On the one end of the spectrum, John Bickle makes a case for "ruthless reductionism" -- the project of fully…...

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Works Cited

Allen, Colin, James W. Grau, and Mary W. Meagher. "The Lower Bounds of Cognition: What Do Spinal Cords Reveal?" The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Ed. John Bickle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Bechtel, William. "Molecules, Systems, and Behavior: Another View of Memory Consolidation." The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Ed. John Bickle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 13-40.

Chemero, Anthony, and Charles Heyser, "Methodology and Reduction in the Behavioral Sciences: Object Exploration as a Case Study." The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience. Ed. John Bickle. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. 68-90.

Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1962

Educational Neuroscience
"The last 20 years have repeatedly brought to our attention the narrowing of the gap between the brain-sciences and the field of education" (Tommerdahl 2008). By understanding how human beings learn on a neurological level, it is hoped that instructors will be able to use this knowledge to facilitate the learning process. However, the degree to which neuroscience can be helpful to educators is controversial. Some researchers believe that neurological knowledge can "have only a very limited role in the broader field of education and learning' mainly "because learning-related intentional states are not internal to individuals in a way which can be examined by brain activity" (Tommerdahl 2008).

Others believe that brain research is valuable for educators. For example, neurological studies indicate that the idea that there are different types of learners (such as visual, kinesthetic, verbal, or aural learners) and that certain kinds of learners can only assimilate knowledge…...

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References

Tommerdahl, Jodi. (2008). Educational neuroscience: Where are we. Teaching Expertise.

Retrieved:  http://www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/educational-neuroscience-where-are-we-3675

In doing some research on the city, I got the feeling that Ann Arbor is quite an active arts community. One of the most interesting aspects that I stumbled upon in my research was the public art spaces in Ann Arbor. While I find all areas of science exciting, I enjoy living in an environment that can nurture my creative side as well, and I definitely felt that Ann Arbor would be able to offer this -- especially through community programs such as the public art spaces. I feel that community art programs are great for individuals and even better for the greater good of communities. It can bring people together and help create a feeling of cohesion and respect for one another in urban environments. It can make a city feel more like a small town. I would want to become a part of this community and that…...

Drugs
Marijuana in Depth

THE NEUOSCIENCE OF THE DUG

Cannabis sativa (marijuana) is a plant that contains a chemical compound called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is called THC for short. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (2010), smoking marijuana (which is the most common form of intake) causes the chemical THC to "rapidly pass from the lungs into the bloodstream, which carries the chemical to the brain and other organs throughout the body." The smoking process therefore delivers THC quickly to the brain, where it is "received" by cannabinoid receptors.

Cannabinoid receptors are physical sites in the brain. They are located throughout the brain, but mainly "in parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thinking, concentrating, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement," (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2010). When the THC is received by the cannabinoid receptors in these parts of the brain, it results in a "series of cellular reactions that…...

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References

Gardner, A. (2012). Pot smoking may leave mark on teen brains. CNN. 27 Aug, 2012. Retrieved online:  http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/27/health/health-teen-pot/index.html 

"Marijuana's Lasting Effects on the Brain," (2012). National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved online:  http://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/directors-page/messages-director/2012/09/marijuanas-lasting-effects-brain 

MedLinePlus (2012). Marijuana. Retrieved online:  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/marijuana.html 

National Institute on Drug Abuse (2010). Drug facts: marijuana. Retrieved online:  http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/marijuana

This work clearly contributes to the field through a greater understanding of the impact of cognitive developmental level upon depression. This information could dramatically aid councilors and other clinicians in their ability to treat or even prevent childhood depression. This is especially important given the recent pull away from pharmacological solutions, for fear of even worse side effects, that were once, rather recently, thought of as a promising solution, for children in cases of depression.

The work clearly demonstrates to a large degree the pervasiveness of depression among children and reiterates the need to treat it and study it separately from the phenomena of adult depression. The work once again demonstrates the need for age specific solutions to a growing problem facing our society and any answers or even good questions are needed and should be heeded when the issue of depression can be helped, treated or even prevented before the…...

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References

 

.....neuroscience is one of the most common scientific field of study that basically involves study of the nervous system. Most of the jobs in neuroscience involves dealing with some problems that do not necessarily involve working in the lab. An example of such jobs that interests me is neuropsychology, which is an area in neuroscience that focuses on the science of brain-behavior relationships. I find clinical neuropsychology as an interesting field of neuroscience since it combines concepts of psychology in the study of the nervous system, particularly brain-behavior relationships. Given the combination of neuroscience and psychology, clinical neuropsychology will enable me to feel empathy for my patients/clients when addressing their issues (Ogden, 2012). In light of my passion for this field, brain functions and neuroscience that I find interesting are neurobiological theories that explain dysfunctions in language, behavior networks, vision, memory, and emotion. These brain functions and neuroscience are interesting…...

GENEALIZED ANXIETY DISODEPsychobiology and Neuroscience: Generalized Anxiety DisorderIntroductionFrom the onset, it would be prudent to note that from time to time, most people feel anxious about diverse events or occurrences in life. This is normal. However, it should be noted that when the said anxiety is persistent, exaggerated and/or excessive, then a person could be likely suffering from Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). In the past, various interventions have been formulated in an attempt to treat this particular condition. The main treatment approaches on this front happen to be medications and psychotherapy. This text concerns itself with the medications approved in the treatment of GAD. In so doing, the main focus will in this case be neurobiology and drug mechanisms of action.DiscussionIn essence, there are various medications that have proven effective and have thus been approved for the treatment of GAD. These medications are especially instrumental in efforts to ease symptoms…...

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ReferencesDurbano, F. (2013). New Insights into Anxiety Disorders. BoD. Gerlach, A. & Gloster, A. (2020). Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Worrying: A Comprehensive Handbook for Clinicians and Researchers. John Wiley & Sons. Marker, C. & Aylward, A. (2011). Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Hogrefe Publishing. Schlaepfer, T.E. & Nemeroff, C.B. (2012). Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders. Elsevier. Strawn, Geracioti, Tajdev, Clemenza, and Levine (2019). Pharmacotherapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Adults and Pediatric Patients: An Evidence-Based Treatment Review. Expert Opin Pharmacother., 19(10), 1057-1070.

Despite the tremendous capacity of stem cell science, cloning technology, and neuro-implantation to improve human health and minimize suffering from disease and trauma, there has been significant opposition primarily based in religious dogma: specifically, the belief that human life begins at conception. Certainly, there are important ethical considerations, but they are no different in principle from those currently relied upon to regulate all other aspects of modern medicine and health care delivery. Ultimately, it is imperative to develop the full potential of stem cell science, cloning technology, and neuro-implantation in conjunction with a comprehensive set of ethical guidelines to prevent irresponsible or unethical misuses. However, those ethical guidelines may only incorporate secular concepts and definitions and never the religious beliefs of any particular religious tradition.

eferences

Gerrig, , Zimbardo, P. (2007). Psychology and Life. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Levine, C. (2008). Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Bioethical Issues. 12th Ed. Dubuque

Iowa: McGraw…...

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References

Gerrig, R, Zimbardo, P. (2007). Psychology and Life. New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Levine, C. (2008). Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Bioethical Issues. 12th Ed. Dubuque

Iowa: McGraw Hill.

Tong, R. (2007). New Perspectives in Health Care Ethics: An Interdisciplinary and Cultural Approach Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

Consciousness" in the Annual eview of Neuroscience, John Searle questions the philosophical and epistemological accuracy of the paradigm that has defined the language and study of consciousness for centuries. His contention is that the study of consciousness must be guided by the idea that consciousness is not the "airy-fairy and touch-feely" phenomenon that many assume it to be (558), but rather is a concrete result of certain biological processes in the brain known as neurological correlates of conscious state (NCCs). While his argument is soundly presented and consistent with itself, I believe that Searle avoids certain questions and considerations of consciousness in order to maintain the assumption at the center of his argument.
Critical to his theory is the concept of subjectivity. Consciousness, Searles argues, only exists subjectively in that it relies on the existence of a subject as part of its definition. This is somewhat related to the famous…...

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References

Levy, D., Bayley, P., Squire, L. (2004) The anatomy of semantic knowledge: medial vs. lateral temporal lobe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Retrieved Jan. 26, 2012 from  http://www.pnas.org/content/101/17/6710.long 

Searle, J. (2000) Consciousness. The Annual Review of Neuroscience, Vol. 23, p. 557-578.

Stock, O. And Strapparava, C. (2008) Ironic expressions and moving words. International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1045-1057.

Neuroscience
Art is processed in the brain, and neuropsychological principles show how. One of the prime examples showing the way art influences the brain is with the Mona Lisa. Da Vinci's painting is notable for the peculiar and ambiguous smile on the subject's face. There is "dynamism" in the smile, artist understood this and deliberately make optical illusion of sorts (Chakravarty 69). The illusion is a product of "imaginative thinking which involves frontal cortical activation in the viewer's brain coupled with activation of the motion area (area V5/MT) of the viewer's visual cortex," (Chakravarty 69). Thus, some viewers may perceive La Gioconda as smiling, and others may not.

Evolutionary Psychology

Cave art proves that creative expression has always been a part of human history. As Dutton points out, the ancient Greeks were the first to recognize that art had a distinct psychological component. Art has functioned differently in different cultures and throughout time.…...

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Works Cited

"Behavior Genetics." Retrieved online:  http://www.personalityresearch.org/bg.html 

Chakravarty, Ambar. "Mona Lisa's Smile." Medical Hypotheses. Vol. 75, No. 1, July 2010, pp. 69-72.

Dutton, Dennis. "Aesthetics and Evolutionary Psychology." The Oxford Handbook for Aesthetics, edited by Jerrold Levinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). Retrieved online: http://www.denisdutton.com/aesthetics_&_evolutionary_psychology.htm

Gallese, Vittorio. "Mirror Neurons and Art." Chapter 22. Retrieved online: http://old.unipr.it/arpa/mirror/pubs/pdffiles/Gallese/2010/bacci_melcher_22_2010.pdf

1. The Influence of Cognitive Distortions on Mental Health:

- How do cognitive distortions, such as catastrophising, overgeneralisation, and black-and-white thinking, contribute to the development and maintenance of mental health issues like anxiety, depression, and PTSD?
- Explore the role of cognitive restructuring techniques in challenging and modifying dysfunctional thought patterns, thereby improving mental health outcomes.

2. Attachment Styles and Their Impact on Relationships:

- Elaborate on the different attachment styles, including secure, anxious-preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant, and their formation during childhood.
- Analyse the effects of attachment styles on romantic relationships, focusing on how they influence communication, trust, intimacy, and....

1. The Impact of Digital Advertising on Consumer Behavior

Analyze the evolution of digital advertising channels and their impact on consumer preferences.
Explore the ways in which digital advertising personalizes the shopping experience and influences purchasing decisions.
Discuss the ethical implications of targeted advertising and data privacy concerns.

2. The Role of Neuroscience in Advertising

Describe how advancements in neuroscience have deepened our understanding of consumer psychology.
Examine the techniques used by advertisers to tap into emotional responses and cognitive biases.
Discuss the emerging field of neuromarketing and its potential to revolutionize advertising practices.

3. The Effectiveness of Influencer Marketing

Define the....

Language Development Essay Topics

1. The Role of Caregivers in Language Acquisition

How do caregivers' language input, interaction, and scaffolding contribute to infants' and young children's language development?
What are the effects of different types of caregiver-child interactions on language acquisition?
How can interventions targeting caregivers improve the language development of children with language delays?

2. The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Language Development

How does children's socioeconomic status impact their language development?
What are the underlying factors that mediate this relationship?
What can be done to mitigate the negative effects of socioeconomic disparities on language development?

3. The Development of Bilingualism

What....

1. The Enigma of Dreams: Delving into the Subconscious Mind

This title evokes a sense of intrigue and curiosity, suggesting an exploration into the mysterious world of dreams.

2. Unraveling the Tapestry of Dreams: A Journey into the Psyche

This title emphasizes the intricate and layered nature of dreams, inviting readers to embark on a journey of self-discovery.

3. Dreamweaving and the Architecture of the Mind

This title draws inspiration from the creative and imaginative process of dreaming, comparing it to the construction of a psychological edifice.

4. The Neuroscience of Dreams: Unlocking the Secrets of the Sleeping Mind

This title focuses on the scientific aspects of....