Operational Plan and Correlating Budget

Project Description

The 4 West is an organization that delivers health care for the community. ecently, the organization has decided to replace the existing medical-surgical unit into a new acute care oncology unit. The oncology is a specialty in medicine that deals with cancer. The CNO (Chief Nursing Officer) has informed the nurse director that 4 west is to become a specialized oncology unit. Since the hospital is planning the transition from the medical-surgical unit to the oncology unit, the hospital will need a new operational plan and correlating budget to assist the hospital to deliver high quality healthcare at lower costs.

Objective of this project is to develop an operational plan and correlating budget for the hospital to assist in effective transition from the medical-surgical unit to the oncology unit,

Project Details and Data

To start the budget plan, it is critical to use…

Reference

Bureau of Labor Statistics.(2014). Healthcare Occupations. Occupational Outlook Handbook. USA.

Clarke, S.P. & Donaldson, N.E. (2010). Chapter 25. Nurse Staffing and Patient Care Quality

and Safety.

Goodman, A.(2012). Oncology Nurse Staffing Is Variable and Multifactorial. Nursing News.

The study was reported as qualitative and to have been conducted by the 'Australian National Health and Medical Research Council' research study. It is stated as follows of the study: "The nursing insights indicate that an understanding of end-of-life care in hematology needs to be set in a trilogy of overlapping models (labeled functional, evolving, and refractory) that address the complexity of issues associated with professional and hospital culture." (McGrath, 2007)

Findings include the development of a working model focused on enabling the "integration of palliative care into adult hematology. The model is accredited the development of a new language for understanding and fostering the integration of palliative care and hematology." (McGrath, 2007)

One reason that palliative care is so important for hematology patients are necessary provisions of informed consent and other end-of-life issues. That is because many of these issues have to do with factors related to survival and…

Bibliography

Finlay, Ilora (2001) UK Strategies for Palliative Care. JR Soc Med 2001;94. Online available at: http://jrsm.rsmjournals.com/cgi/reprint/94/9/437.pdf

Audrey, Suzanne et al. (2008) What Oncologists Tell Patients About Survival Benefits of Palliative Chemotherapy and Implications for Informed Consent: Qualitative Study. BMJ 2008, 337:a752. Online available at:  http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/337/jul31_3/a752 

McGrath, Pam D. (2007) Description of an Australian Model for End-of-Life Care in patients with Hematological Malignancies. Oncology Nursing Forum. Vol.43 No.1 2007. Online available at:  http://ons.metapress.com/content/w1l1mx43646772k3/ 

Maganto, Vincente Valentin, Gonzalez, Maite Murillo and Moreno, Maria Valentin (2004) Continuous Care in the Cancer Patient: Palliative Care in the 21st Century. Clinical and Translational Oncology. Vol. 6 No. 7 October 2004.

Sampling method -117 patients with primary breast cancer; all who had same-day surgery as part of their treatment.

Appropriateness of sample -- Appropriate for circumstances under consideration.

Results (when applicable: credibility, transferability, dependability, & conformability)

Study found significant differences between the control and experimental group in terms of post-surgery mood, confusion, tension, and home management.

Ethical considerations -- All ethical considerations; privacy, etc. followed- professional study.

Relative strengths of each publication -- Peer reviewed strong work and sense of issues surrounding pain, fatigue and emotional disturbances after surgery.

Relative weaknesses of each publication -- Larger sample than previous study, but still limited in scope, demographics, psychographics and geographic extrapolation.

Application of each article in nursing practices -- Using any intervention that helps patient's after a traumatic surgery is helpful; especially if that patient can ventilate their emotions, angst, and stages of healing. Short-term telephone intervention using the AFSMI technique proves…

Yarbo, C., Wujcik, D., Holmes-Gobel, B. (2010). Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practices.

Philadelphia, PA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.

5 | Page

McMillan, S.C., & Small, B.J. (2007). Using the COPE intervention for family caregivers to improve symptoms of hospice homecare patients. Oncology Nursing Forum, 34(2), 313-21.

Are there any HIPAA concerns that are evident in this study?

Both caregivers and patients were required to sign informed consent documentation in order to participate in the study. Were any concerns related to HIPAA indicated in the protocol or procedures for conducting the study, those concerns would need to be delineated in the consent documents and explained to the participants. Since caregivers were an integral component to the hospice care and quality of life measures for patients, patient privacy could be maintained just as with any other medical or healthcare services.

What methods were put in place to ensure that the subjects were giving true informed consent?

The inclusion criteria and protocol for participating in the study required that patients and caregivers both be…

References

McMillan, S.C., & Small, B.J. (2007). Using the COPE intervention for family caregivers to improve symptoms of hospice homecare patients. Oncology Nursing Forum, 34(2), 313-21.

Rosedale, M., & Fu, M.R. (2010). Confronting the unexpected: Temporal, situational, and attributive dimensions of distressing symptom experience for breast cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 37(1), 28-33.

Pharmaceutical industries have to operate in an environment that is highly competitive and subject to a wide variety of internal and external constraints. In recent times, there has been an increasing trend to reduce the cost of operation while competing with other companies that manufacture products that treat similar afflictions and ailments. The complexities in drug research and development and regulations have created an industry that is subject to intense pressure to perform. The amount of capital investment investments required to get a drug from conception, through clinical trials and into the market is enormous. The already high-strung pharmaceutical industry is increasingly investing greater amounts of resources in search of the next "blockbuster" drug that can help them gain market position and profits. Laws, regulations and patents are important to the industry while spending billions of dollars in ensuring the copyright of their products.

It is the intention of this…

Bibliography

Ansoff, H.I. (1957). Strategies for diversification. Harvard Business Review, 35(5), 113-124.

Ansoff, H.I. (1965). Corporate Strategy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Ashour, M.F., Obeidat, O., Barakat, H., & Tamimi, A. (2004). UAE Begins Examination of Patent Applications. Tamino.com. Retrieved January 18, 2004, from the World Wide Web:  http://www.tamimi.com/lawupdate/2001-01/intprop.htm 

Bain, J.S. (1954). Economies of scale, concentration, and the condition of entry in twenty manufacturing industries. American Economic Review, 44, 15-36.

Hospital Report

Dermatology- The dermatology department deals mostly with skin related illnesses. The most common issues within this department pertain to skin, scalp, hair and nails. Many of our clients are female with more cosmetic needs. Many would like to retain their youthful appearance and believe minor surgery is the best solution. As such, our departments offer many cosmetic treatments including hair removal, hair transplants, laser therapy and tattoo removal. This past fiscal year has been quite difficult as many of our affluent clients have postponed treatment due to economic concerns with the U.S. We believe this trend to be transitory in nature, with a steady increase in treatments to occur in early 2012.

Oncology- The oncology department pertains mostly to cancer, its detection and diagnosis. The most common diseases in this department are various forms of cancer with the most common being breast cancer. We have recently overhauled our…

The sample population for the stomach cancer trials included 594 patients that were Her2 positive. It is not known if patients in the stomach cancer trial included both males and females. Exclusionary criteria were not made available for either of the studies. All of the patients were receiving standard chemotherapy treatments, in addition to receiving Herceptin (Pollack, 2009). The sample populations for these studies were large for a clinical trial. Many times, it is difficult to find patients that fit the criteria for inclusion in the study. This was not a problem for these studies. The sample population of the study improves the validity of the study and confidence in the drug to be effective in patients that meet the criteria for administration of Herceptin.

The study design in both cases used a comparative study. One group was the test group and would receive the treatment being tested, in this…

References

F. Hoffman-L Roche Ltd. (2009). Herceptin (Trastuuzumab). Retrieved June 6, 2009 from  http://www.roche.com/products/product-details.htm?type=product&id=102 .

Pollack, A. (2009). Promising Results in Stomach and Breast Cancer Drugs. The New York

Times. May 31. 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2009 from  http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/01/business/01drug.html

Unexpected: Temporal, Situational, and Attributive Dimensions of Distressing Symptom Experience for Breast Cancer Survivors

Describe the data collection procedure.

The researchers for the study conducted a secondary analysis of data that was collected for an earlier study, Survivor Loneliness of Women Following Breast Cancer (osedale & Fu, 2010). The data collection procedure for the earlier study was based on interviews of volunteer participants. The interviews, which lasted approximately 90 minutes, included the participants completing a questionnaire, speaking freely on their experiences, and sharing any personal written or artistic material they wished, such as diary entries or poetry (osedale, 2009). The interviews were recorded and the researcher also recorded notes with their own impressions of the participants' demeanor, nonverbal behavior, and emotional responses (osedale, 2009).

How did the authors address the reliability and validity of their methods?

To address reliability and validity, the authors implemented a series of checks and balances…

References

American Cancer Society. (2010). Reach to Recovery. Retrieved from  http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/SupportProgramsServices/reach-to-recovery 

Rosedale, M. (2009). Survivor loneliness of women following breast cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 36(2), 175 -- 183.

Rosedale, M., & Fu, M.R. (2010). Confronting the unexpected: Temporal, situational, and attributive dimensions of distressing symptom experience for breast cancer survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 37(1), 28-33.

Indeed, dental issues are a big problem, but in fact they are just the top of the iceberg which is the American medical system. Even if there have been serious attempts to reform the system and introduce a universal means of publicly financing medical care for all people, "Americans have fewer doctors per capita than most Western countries. We go to the doctor less than people in other Western countries. We get admitted to the hospital less frequently than people in other Western countries. We are less satisfied with our health care than our counterparts in other countries. American life expectancy is lower than the Western average. Childhood-immunization rates in the United States are lower than average." (Gladwell, 2005) Indeed, given the fact that the U.S. is considered to be the most advanced country in the world it is rather peculiar the lack of a reasonable medical care system, one…

References

Ellis, J, and Celia Hartley. (2004). Nursing in today's world: challenges, issues and trends. New York: Lippicott Williams&Wilkins.

Gladwell, M. (2005) The moral hazard myth. The bad idea behind our failed health-care system. In The New Yorker. Retrieved 15 January 2007, at  http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/050829fa_fact 

Jarvis, W. (2001). Infection Control and Changing Health-Care Delivery Systems, in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 7, No 2. Retrieved 15 January 2007 at  http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no2/jarvis.htm 

Kikuchi, J, and Helen Simmons. (1994). Developing a philosophy of nursing. New York: Sage Publications.

GLAXOSMITHKLINE (GSK) - SUCCESSFUL INTENAL INNOVATION ead case study answer 4 questions . Do write a report. 1. Based GSK's past performance, critical implementation issues GSK internal innovation? Justify answer.

GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) -- Successful Internal Innovation

Critical implementation issues for GSK with regards to internal innovation

Implementation processes are complex endeavors which need to be thoroughly assessed and carefully decided upon. This is true in any situation and in the case of virtually all economic agents, but while this necessity is valid, it is to be differently approached and resolved across companies. In other words, the dimensions of a strategy to be implemented are sensitive to a wide array of organizational and situational particularities, including, among other things:

The size of the economic agent

The availability of resources (capitals, labor force, commodities and technologies)

The intellectual capitals possessed and the ability to gain, transfer and capitalize on knowledge

The access…

References:

McDavid, J.C., hawthorn, L.R.L., 2006, Program evaluation and performance measurement: an introduction to practice, SAGE

Schulman, J., 1969, Remaking an organization: innovation in a specialized psychiatric hospital, SUNY Press

Sitkin, S.B., Cardinal, L.B., Bijlsma-Frankema, K.M., 2010, Organizational control, Cambridge University Press

2010, GlaxoSmithKline Plc., Hoovers, http://www.hoovers.com/company/GlaxoSmithKline_plc/crkxri-1.html last accessed on December 22, 2010

Intervention

Nursing esearch

Using the COPE Intervention for Family Caregivers to Improve Symptoms of Hospice Homecare Patients: A Clinical Trial

This study was designed to test an intervention for hospice caregivers in order to help them better manage symptoms experienced by patients with cancer. The authors maintain that research indicates caregivers are unable to accurately assess and report the intensity of symptoms and overall quality of life (QOL) of patients with cancer and patients in hospice care.

Three symptoms, pain, dyspnea, and constipation, are commonly are seen in patients with advanced cancer. However, the author's site research that asserts that these symptoms are assessed inadequately and managed poorly in many patients. Pain and dyspnea have been found to create symptom distress, significantly affecting patient QOL.

The authors claim that caregivers must develop the skills needed to function effectively as part of the healthcare team. Building the knowledge base and teaching…

References

McMillan, S.C. & Small, B.J. (2007, March). Using the COPE intervention for family caregivers to improve symptoms of hospice homecare patients: A clinical trial. Oncology nursing forum, Vol. 34, Issue 2, 313-321. Retrieved January 20, 2012, from  http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&hid=14&sid=b3e07ee7-388a-4d19-97ef-163b481297fd%40sessionmgr15

Range Nursing Theory

A clinical nurse is generally involved with specialized research; for example, a clinical nurse specializing in oncology would likely be heavily involved in the treatment of patients with cancer, according to Andrea Santiago. That clinical nurse specialist (CNS) working with cancer patients may also create helpful protocols or other strategies to improve the delivery of services in a hospital (Santiago, 2013). This paper delves into the reasons why the CNS can (and will) benefit from the use of the middle range theory.

hat are middle range theories?

Judy Davidson (RN, DNP, CNS) explains that middle range theories are designed to "guide practice" for nurses (including clinical nurse specialists) and are "more focused than grand theories" because they zero in on a "single aspect of practice" and are not as general as grand theories (Davidson, 2010, p. 28). Moreover, because grand theories only offer a framework in terms…

Works Cited

Andershed, Birgitta, and Olsson, Kristina. (2009). Review of research related to Kristin

Swanson's middle-range theory of caring. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 23(3),

598-610.

Davidson, Judy E. (2010). Facilitated Sensemaking: A Strategy and New Middle-Range Theory

Personal Statement: Radiologic Technology Program

To me, there is nothing more fulfilling and exciting than being part of a team that alleviates the suffering of others. Unknown to many, mostly those serving in other professions, working in the medical field has its own unique challenges. It is the realization that mine is a unique role - a role that involves helping others -- that motivates me to keep working in this noble field. It is this same reason that motivates me to become a radiologic technologist. In addition to matching my skill-set, the radiologic technology field does, to a large extent, match my experience -- spanning over seven years in a healthcare setting. In the final analysis therefore, successful completion of the Radiologic Technology Program at GAMA will be a logical step towards the further development and enhancement of my career in the medical arena. Indeed, professional growth in the…

obert, T.E., Pomarico, C.A. & Nolan, M. (2011). Assessing Faculty Integration of Adult learning needs in second-degree nursing education. Nursing education perspectives, 32(1), 14-17.

obert, Pomarico and Nolan (2011) have presented a model for assessing the learning needs of second-degree nursing education. The study was essentially designed In a way that assessment of interactive teaching model was made possible. The second-degree BSN students were taken as the sample of study. The main research question being investigated was that whether or not the teaching strategies being used at the second-degree nursing education level met the needs of nursing students. The literature review being conducted by the authors is somewhat precise and short and identifies the existing gap that exists in the learning need assessment of nursing students. It was identified in the start of study that for program development for this student segment in nursing, it is essential to evaluate the…

References

Cabaniss, D.L. (2008). Becoming a school: Developing learning objectives for psychoanalytic education. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 28(3), 262-277.

Dhara, R. (2002). Advancing public health through the assessment initiative. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 8(4), 1-8.

Jo Brixey, M., & Mahon, S.M. (2010). A Self-Assessment Tool for Oncology Nurses: Preliminary Implementation and Evaluation. Clinical journal of oncology nursing, 14(4), 474-480.

Jones, S., & Watty, K. (2010). Vignette 6 Pluri-disciplinary learning and assessment: Reflections on practice. International Perspectives on Higher Education Research, 5, 195-207.

Staffing shortages in nursing are a consequence of poor nurse retention and nurse satisfaction. Being a nurse requires a lot of dedication, patience, and ability to keep updated in a constantly evolving world. When hospitals and other medical facilities have staffing shortages or shortages in qualified nurses, the healthcare delivery of that particular place dwindles. Nurses are the backbone of any healthcare facility.

Especially in recent times, nurses provide prescriptions, treatment protocols, and diagnosis when doctors are away or busy. This literature review is meant to explain such a phenomena and how it relates directly to nurse satisfaction and nursing retention. From here, the connection crosses over to nursing care and healthcare delivery as standards of practice. Things like arrhythmias will be viewed to understand how nursing shortages attribute to lower quality of care. Utilizing Polk's theory of esilience, this review will allow a look into performance improvement concerns and…

References

Bosch, R., Kirch, W., Theuer, J., Pittrow, D., Kohlhaussen, A., Willich, S., & Bonnemeier, H. (2013). Atrial fibrillation management, outcomes and predictors of stable disease in daily practice: Prospective non-interventional study. International Journal Of Cardiology, 167(3), 750-756. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.053

GIANFERMI, R., & BUCHHOLZ, S. (2011). Exploring the relationship between job satisfaction and nursing group outcome attainment capability in nurse administrators. Journal Of Nursing Management, 19(8), 1012-1019. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01328.x

Hudgins, T. (2015). Resilience, job satisfaction and anticipated turnover in nurse leaders. Journal Of Nursing Management, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/jonm.12289

Minhas, R., Vogelaar, G., Wang, D., Almansoori, W., Lang, E., & Blanchard, I. et al. (2015). A prehospital treat-and-release protocol for supraventricular tachycardia. CJEM, 1-8. doi:10.1017/cem.2014.53

RRL#1

The following questions pertain to:

McMillan, S.C., & Small, B.J. (2007). Using the COPE intervention for family caregivers to improve symptoms of hospice homecare patients. Oncology Nursing Forum, 34(2), 313-21.

What is the purpose of this research?

The purpose of this research was to describe the unexpected and distressing symptom experiences that women may have after undergoing breast cancer treatment, with the goal of enhancing follow-up care through practitioner education and an increase of the knowledge base.

What is the research question (or questions)? This may be implicit or explicit.

What symptoms may be experienced after breast cancer treatment that contribute to symptom distress and psychological stress that are may be temporal, situational, or attributive -- and that may be ameliorated during follow-up care?

What theories, frameworks, models or concepts may have influenced the researchers' choice of a research design?

The qualitative approach stems from a phenomenological philosophical background…

The independent physician groups and hospitals provide services under the organization's guidelines, but they may also care for patients who are not members. (1997)

While managed care does offer employers more control in choosing the specifics of the health care plan provision at the same time the insurance companies and the profit-drive health-care organizations possess a strong role. Opponents of the government having a primary role in health care financing state that managed care "raises the specter of rationing, lower quality, less freedom to choose physicians, interference with physicians' clinical autonomy, reduced access to specialty care and teaching hospitals, and increased government regulation." (Gottlieb and Einhorn, 1997) Further criticism has been stated in relation to the financial mechanisms employed by managed-care plans geared toward efficiency due to the risk of providers relating to penalties or rewards based on some measures of efficiency.

While health care providers are expected "to provide…

Bibliography

The Future of Managed Care (2003) Online available at  http://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/jan-feb-03/ar010303.pdf 

Levitt, Seymour H. (2000) Impact of Managed Care on Scholarly Activity and Patient Care: Case Study of 12 Academic Radiology and Radiation Oncology Departments. Journal of Radiology 2000;216:618-623. Online available at  http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/216/3/618 

Gottlieb, Scott and Einhorn, Thomas a. (1997) Current Concepts Review - Managed Care: Form, Function and Evolution. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 79:125-36 (1997). Online available at  http://www.ejbjs.org/cgi/content/full/79/1/125 

Jennings, Mary Carol (2008-2009) 2008-2009 Legislative Agenda American Medical Student Association - Prepared by the 2008-2009 Jack Rutledge Legislative Director of the American Medical Students Association. Online available at http://www.amsa.org/legislativecenter/0809LegislativeAgenda.pdf

1997].

Presence of regional and distant metastases alters the stage of the disease and for these patients, standard therapy is inadequate [KEYS et al. 2004]. With the diagnoses of endometrial adenocarcinoma it is most likely that the patient in question is at an early stage of disease. To have a better prognosis, further surgical diagnosis to achieve a FIGO stage is needed as that will allow doctors to ascertain the level of myometrial muscle invasion, histological type, and differentiation grade [AMANT et al. 2005]. If the patient is at a FIGO stage one, the five-year survival rate stands at 85%, with stage II standing at 75%, stage III at 45%, and stage IV at 25% [GRISBY et al. 1992]. Treatment should follow the established regimen of hysterectomy along with radiation therapy.

References

Amant, F. et al. 2005. Endometrial Cancer. ancet, 366, pp. 491-505.

Boulet, G.A.V., et al. 2008. Human Papillomavirus…

Lazcano-Ponce, E. et al. 2008. Decreasing Cervical Cancer Mortality in Mexico: Effect of Papanicolaou Coverage, Birthrate, and the Importance of Diagnostic Validity of Cytology. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention, 17(10), pp. 2808-17.

Leitao Jr., M.M. et al. 2009. Comparison of D&C and office endometrial biopsy accuracy in patients with FIGO grade I endometrial adenocarcinoma. Gynecologic Oncology, 113(1), pp. 105-8.

Rubatt, J.M. et al. 2005. Development of metastatic endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma while on progestin therapy for endometrial hyperplasia. Gynecologic Oncology, 99, pp. 472-6.

e. incurable cancer; (2) referral to the Department of Palliative Medicine. The exclusion criteria for the study were: (1) estimated prognosis of less than 1 week; (2) significant cognitive impairment, i.e. unable to provide consent; (3) significant physical impairment, i.e. unable to complete protocol; (4) clinical evidence of dehydration; (5) current/recent (less than 2 weeks) use of antifungal medication. (Davies, railsford and eighton, 2005)

Davies, railsford and eighton (2005) report that the clinical component of the study involved "...completion of a study questionnaire (demographic data and clinical data), completion of the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, clinical examination of the oral cavity, measurement of the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate (UWSFR), measurement of the stimulated whole salivary flow rate (SWSFR), and performance of an oral rinse." ( p.698) The study results states that all patients/participants "...had either locally advanced, or metastatic cancer. The prevalence of different cancer diagnoses were: carcinoma breast…

Bibliography

Davies, Andrew N., et al. (2008) Oral Candidosis in Community-Based Patients with Advanced Cancer. Oral Candidosis in Advanced Cancer. Vol. 35, No. 5, May 2008. U.S. Cancer Pain Relief Committee.

Chang, AM, Molassiotis, A, Chan, CWH, and Lee, IYM (2007) Nursing Management of Oral Mucositis in Cancer Patients. Hong Kong Med J. Vol 13 No 1 Supplement 1 February 2007.

Alred, Michael J. (1991) Oral Health in the Terminally Ill: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Survey. Special Care in Dentistry, Vol 11 No 2, 1991.

Davies, Andrew N., Brailsford, Susan R. And Beighton, David (1991) Oral Candidosis in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Oral Oncology. 15 Sept 2005.

Caring for ody and Soul

Critiquing Research Report

Modern nursing practice has focused more and more on treating the whole person, through four domains (Chan, 2009). These are physical, mental, social, and spiritual. Of the four, the spiritual domain is the most neglected. A retrospective study recently found that nurses with religious beliefs are more likely to extend spiritual care. The greater their spiritual perceptions, the more frequently they include a spiritual dimension to their care of patients (Chan). However, not many nurses are able to extend care in this domain.

Jean Watson's Theory of caring is applied as theoretical framework. Her concept sees caring as a process of transpersonal caring. It is something exceeding the self and recognizing the relationship as "mutual and reciprocal (Goliath, 2008)." It is in this environment that the nurse connects with the patient under his specific circumstances. Watson uses 10 carative factors in applying…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chan, MF. (2009). Factors affecting nursing staff in practicing spiritual care. Vol 19

Journal of Clinical Nursing: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Deal, B. (2010). A pilot study of nurses' experience of giving spiritual care. Vol 15 # 4

The Qualitative Report: Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved on May 18, 2011

Healing Touch Annotated Bib

Bardia, A., et.al. (2006). Efficacy of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies in elieving Cancer Pain: A Systematic eview. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 24 (34): 457-64.

Anecdotal evidence abounds regarding the use of complementary and alternative medicine therapies when dealing with issues of pain. One of the clear issues is that there is a lack of rigorous and well-developed scholarly literature on the subject. In this study, 18 trials were reviewed totaling 1,499 patients. Seven trials reported significant benefits using CAM, seven reported intermediate or short-term benefits, and four studies reported no benefits. The researchers conclude that there are a number of variables and a number of types of CAM, all which require more methodologically sound studies in order to determine actual efficacy of individual interventions.

Jones, T., Glover, L. (2012). Exploring the Psychological Processes Underlying Touch:

Lessons From the Alexander Technique. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. EPub:…

REFERENCES

Bardia, A., et.al. (2006). Efficacy of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies in Relieving Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 24 (34): 457-64.

Jones, T., Glover, L. (2012). Exploring the Psychological Processes Underlying Touch:

Lessons From the Alexander Technique. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. EPub: doi 10.1002/cpp.1824.

Kelly, A., et.al. (2004). Therapeutic Touch, Quiet Time, and Dialogue: Perceptions of Women With Breast Cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum. 31 (3): 625-31.

Standards of Nursing Practice

Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice

Scope and Standards of Nursing Practice in Ohio

Scope and Standards of Nursing Practice in Ohio

As a pediatric hematology registered nurse (N) practicing in the state of Ohio I am licensed through the Ohio Board of Nursing (2013). The Ohio Board of Nursing determines licensure criteria by relying those established by national certifying organizations and in Ohio this is the National Council of State Boards of Nursing. The scope of practice for Ns in Ohio is determined by Chapter 4723 of the Ohio evised Code (OC), in addition to the administrative rules developed under this Chapter (Ohio Board of Nursing, 2011).

Scope of Practice Considerations

Under Chapter 4723 OC an N is authorized to evaluate a patient's health, develop a nursing regimen to restore health, prevent disease, and promote health, provide health counseling and teaching, and under the authorization…

References

ANA (American Nurses Association). (2011). Code of Ethics. American Nurses Association. Retrieved 11 Oct. 2013 from  http://www.nursingworld.org/Mobile/Code-of-Ethics .

Fowler, Martha D.M. (ed.) (2008). Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nurses: Interpretation and Application [2010 Reissue]. Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Association.

Hennessy, Jane. (2009). Pediatric Hematology Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice. Association of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Nurses (APHON). Retrieved 11 Oct. 2013 from www.aphon.org/members/documents/Hematology%20scope%20and%20Standards.pdf.

Kurtz, Pat and Burr, Ronald L. (2009). Chapter 11: Ethics and Health. In K.S. Lundy and S. Janes Community Health Nursing, 2nd Edition. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

photo novellas to test the creative aptitude of nurses working in oncology and palliative care. esearchers asked how they defined spirituality and were told to select between four to six photographs out of a photo novella they captured from their work in the field to represent these feelings. The participants in the study included five female oncology and palliative nurses, all working within Atlantic Canada. esearchers claim that "these specialty areas of nursing were selected because of the life-threatening nature of patients' illnesses, end of life issues, and the associated need for spiritual care" (Burke & Evans, 2011). Essentially, nurses within palliative and oncology contexts do often help patients with spiritual care as patients prepare to deal with a variety of end of life issues. Ultimately, the primary purpose was then to test the spiritual aptitude of these nurses in a qualitative context, while also including an exploration of how…

References

Burke, D., & Evans, J. (2011). Embracing the creative: The role of photo novella in qualitative nursing research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 10(2), 164-177.

This can also include aspects such as taboos, perceptions of pain as well as concomitant factors such as education and socioeconomic status, language barriers, and advance health care planning. ( Mitty and Post, 2008).

Good examples that can be given are the strategies employed by the nurse in oncology in helping cancer patients to make informed decisions about their treatment. The nurse can assist these patients by providing access to informed decision making; which implies making sure that the patient understands both the nature as well as the risks of cancer treatment. This can include explaining to the patient the risks and benefits of aspects such as alternatives to screening for cancer; and by helping the patient to make various decisions in relation to his or her values and preferences. For example, the nurse can clarify the difference between screenings for various types of cancer; for instance the fact that…

References

Marquis B. And Huston C. ( 2008) Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application. New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Oncology nurses are key to ensuring that patients' decision making is truly informed.

Retrieved from  http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Oncology+nurses+are+key+to+ensuring+that+patients%27+decision+making+is...-a0187773050 

Mitty E. And Post L. (2008) HEALTHCARE DECISION MAKING: Nursing Standard of Practice Protocol. Retrieved from  http://consultgerirn.org/topics/treatment_decision_making/want_to_know_more

he Neuman Model is appropriate for senior care.

Studies necessary with other models.

Penrod, et.al.; Reframing Person Centered Care for Persons with Dementia

Research and heory for Nursing Practice

2007

Lit. Review, discussion

Lit. Review

Research shows individual personhood approach has positive effects on care.

Biomedical and psychological models must be merged for persons with dementia.

Integration models

Further study using different integration modeling.

Rajapaksa and Rothstein; Factors hat Influence the Decisions of Men and Women Nurses to Leave Nursing.

Nursing Forum

2009

Case Study

Qualitative, some quantitative analysis

For men, compensation largest barrier to remaining in nursing; for women dissatisfaction with career goals

Barriers to entry in profession for men and still social stigma

It is possible for hospitals and care centers to develop program to retain more nurses

Needs more demographic and psychographic variation.

Gillespie and Peterson; Helping Novice Nurses Make Effective Clinical Decisions

Nursing Education

2009

Case…

Their Experiences With a Refugee Population." Journal of Nursing Education.

46(8):380.

Watson, J. (2008). "Social Justice and Human Caring." Creative Nursing. 14 (2): 54+.

Moreover, the specific cause of transmission are the low compliance rates of hospital personnel with basic antiseptic protocols such as simple hand washing. Surprisingly, the worst offenders were those with the highest degree of formal training: namely physicians and registered nurses. In some studies, compliance rates among hospital personnel were only between fifteen and thirty percent. Finally, empirical studies have also concluded that compliance rates are lowest in high-volume institutions and among understaffed medical units.

Solution

The solution is rather obviously quite simple. Among the most important aspects of reducing hospital-acquired nosocomial hospital infections is increasing the rates of hand washing among hospital personnel. Naturally, the more direct patient contact individual personnel have, the more important adherence to strict hand-washing policy is. Since physicians and nurses routinely care for many patients during a typical shift, it is crucial for them to become the most compliant rather than the least compliant…

References

Sheridan-Leos, Norma. "Oncology care setting design and planning Part II: Designing healthcare settings to prevent fungal infections and improve handwashing."

Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing (June 1, 2008).

Full Text of Article Below

This is the second in a two-part series on designing healthcare settings to improve patient safety. Part I addressed concepts of error theory and evidence-based practice as they relate to planning safe care environments (Sheridan-Leos, 2008). Part II describes the design and planning of oncology care settings to prevent fungal infections and improve provider handwashing.

The nursing professional must be adept at dealing ith these kinds of conversations, and ithout increasing the guilt that the family member or patient might be experiencing, and keeping in mind the patient's probable depression; it is the responsibility of the nursing professional to take the conversation back to the treatment and therapies that ithin the realm of the legal and ethical practices in delivering medical nursing care.

Jacquie Peden, Darlene Grantham, and Marie-Josee Paquin (2005) say that nursing standards in palliative care are based on the values of the nursing profession, and are developed by provincial and territorial regulatory bodies in Canada to guide the professional practice of nursing professionals (p. 2). The hospice palliative nurse, they rite:

Believes in the intrinsic orth of others, the value of life, and that death is a natural process.

Establishes a therapeutic connection (relationship) ith the person and family through making, sustaining,…

works cited here support the need for continued and expanded research involving the different specialties in nursing and oncology to better serve patients and their families. Also, there is little nursing information that is found in the professional peer reviewed journals that speak directly to the issue of pancreatic patients and depression. There is much more literature on the subject from the physician and researcher perspectives, but there is a void in nursing literature. At this point in time, the depression of pancreatic patients as it concerns nursing, has received little attention. Both the nursing profession and pancreatic patients would benefit from further research in this area.

The conclusion from the study of the literature available is that not only is pancreatic patient depression not well understood, it is also lacking in research that would help professionals to address depression in these patients. Also, because it is directly linked to pancreatic cancer, and because the research does support the fact that patients suffering depression and pancreatic cancer do not enjoy the quality of life as those patients who do not suffer from depression, then pancreatic cancer patients and depression should be a distinct and separate therapeutic intervention from other groups of depression.

References

Adali, E., Merkouris a., Manoussou, E., and Priami, M. (2004). The Attitudes of General and Oncological Hospital Personnel toward Euthanasia, ICUS and Nursing Web Journal, 17:1-9, found online at  http://www.nursing.gr/index1.html , retrieved 7 October 2009.

Canadian Nurses Association (2008). Position Statement: Providing Nursing Care at the End of Life, Canadian Nurses Association.

These included guidelines fom the Austalian National Beast Cance Cente and the Austalian National Cance Contol Initiative; an updated systematic eview of the eseach evidence, and a consensus by the Clinician -- Patient Communica-tions Woking Panel of the Pogam in Evidence- Based Cae of Cance Cae Ontaio.

The eliability of these studies also lends cedence to the outcome measues in that the study gains intenal validity due to the fact that the pocess measues matched the objective of the study.

The fact, howeve, that only 33 paticipants esponded endes the sample small and detacts fom its eliability making it difficult to eplicate to othe instances. This endes the outcome measues uneliable.

On the othe hand, simila online and offline eseach, both quantitative and qualitative, time and again, indicates the impotance of communication in tems of hospice patient cae. Cance patients, it is shown, too pofit fom impoved docto-patient communication (e.g.…

references

Significant news should be given carefully, one-to-one, in a quite place

Communication should be honest and optimistic, showing concern for patient and willingness to be there for him or her

Use memory heuristics, such as visual aids, or recording the consultation to help patient remember details.

Allow patients to express feedback and articulate their feelings

This has been the traditionally used mode of treatment for non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas, but the fact remains that there have not been many clinical trials conducted that would reveal the benefits of CHOP in comparison to various other chemotherapy options for the treatment of CLL, which is a very slowly growing form of cancer and is therefore conversely very difficult to treat and cure because of the fact that all the traditional methods of treatment, whether chemotherapy or radiation, are meant to quickly and rapidly destroy the fast growing cancerous cells. (Cancer Treatment and Prevention)

Curing a patient with the CLL or SLL forms of cancer is considered to be highly unusual, but it is true that these patients will b able to lead productive lives even after 6 to 10 years after the cancer have been diagnosed for them. A patient when he is making the choice of treatment for…

Bibliography

Bischof, Delaloye a. (2003) "The role of nuclear medicine in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)" Leuk Lymphoma. Volume: 44 Suppl 4; pp: S29-36

Cancer Treatment and Prevention" Retrieved at http://patient.cancerconsultants.com/treatment.aspx?id=782Accessed on 26 December, 2004

CHOP - complementary considerations. Lymphoma-tion" (2 October, 2004) Retrieved at  http://www.lymphomation.org/chemo-CHOP.htm . Accessed on 26 December, 2004

CHOP Patient Information Sheet" Newcastle General Hospital, Northern Center for Cancer treatment. (June, 2005) Retrieved at http://www.newcastle-hospitals.org.uk/v2/PDF/patientleaflets/NCCT/Standard/CHOP.PDFAccessed on 26 December, 2004

bmj.com/cgi/content/full/325/7369/887

Pfizer, 'NEW FRAGMIN INDICATION FIGHTS SECOND LEADING CAUSE of DEATH in CANCER PATIENTS, CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMOSIS', retrieved feb 29th 2008, from, http://www.pfizer.ca/english/newsroom/press%20releases/default.asp?s=1&releaseID=160

Dirix LY,

Salgado R,

Weytjens R,

Colpaert C,

enoy I,

Huget P, van Dam P,

Prove a,

Lemmens J,

Vermeulen P. (2002), 'Plasma fibrin D-dimer levels correlate with tumor volume, progression rate and survival in patients with metastatic reast Cancer', ritish Journal of Cancer, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11875705

John a Heit, (Sep 2005), "Cancer and Venous Thromboembolism: Scope of the Problem', Cancer Control, Vol! 2, Supplement 1.

Diana M. eck, (Oct 2006), 'Venous Thromboembolism: Prophylaxis: Implications for Medical Surgical Nurses,"

MEDSURG Nursing -- October 2006 -- Vol. 15/No. 5, Available online at, http://www.medsurgnursing.net/ceonline/2008/article10282288.pdf

Race, Tara Kay SN, RN, CCRN; Collier, Paul E. MD, (July-Sep 2007), 'The Hidden Risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis -- the Need for Risk Factor Assessment: Case Reviews.', Critical Care Nursing Quarterly, 30(3):245-254

Susan egelman MD, 'Venous Thromboembolism',…

Bibliography

MF Scully (2005), 'Clinical Guide Cancer and Thrombosis', retrieved Feb 28th 2008, at http://www.tigc.org/pdf/cancervte05.pdf

Alexander G. Turpie, (2002) 'ABC of Antithrombotic Therapy', British Medical Journal, available at  http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/325/7369/887 

Pfizer, 'NEW FRAGMIN INDICATION FIGHTS SECOND LEADING CAUSE of DEATH in CANCER PATIENTS, CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS', retrieved feb 29th 2008, from,  http://www.pfizer.ca/english/newsroom/press%20releases/default.asp?s=1&releaseID=160 

Dirix LY,

Tissue Donation

Donated body organs like hearts and kidneys contribute to the saving of hundreds of lives each year. The fact is that bequeathed tissues like skin, bone and heart valves could remarkably enhance the value of life for the persons receiving them. A patient who is dead following a cardiac arrest i.e. whose heartbeat has stopped permanently cannot be an organ donor but can be a tissue donor. Though in case of tissue donation the urgency of restoring a life by donation of liver or heart is absent, yet it is no way less critical to bring back vision by the help of a donated cornea, avert the severing of a leg using a bone donated by somebody or brighten the odds of survival of a patient having sustained burn injuries by skin donation.

Transplanted tissues offer advantages like it helps in alleviating trauma, assisting individuals to see again,…

Bibliography

Chabot-Long, Lynn. A Gift of Life: A Page from the Life of a Living Organ Donor,

Je-Lynn Publications, 1996

LaTour, Stephen A; Manrai, Ajay K. Interactive Impact of Informational and Normative influence on Donations. Journal of Marketing Research. Volume: 26; No: 3;

August, 1989, pp: 327-335.

One of the major theoretical models for healthcare delivery is the Parse theory of human becoming, created by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse—originally titled the man-living-health theory (2011). This theory focuses on healthcare and the human through the lens of quality of life. This theoretical premise for delivering and receiving healthcare was able to gain steam as a result of its alternative to the more standard bio-medical method and the biological-psychological-social and spiritual method contained in the bulk of other theories of nursing. This theory has enjoyed much attention and use when delivering healthcare as a result of the fact that it views quality of life as all relative to a person’s viewpoint.
Assumptions
Main assumptions of Human Becoming Theory
Meaning
Human becoming allows one to select specific meaning in situations within the realm of human experience. Reality is the culmination of lived experiences. A sometimes nebulous process of co-creation occurs via…

3%) are very satisfied with their health care services, compared to only 41.5% of Canadians; a lower proportion of Americans are dissatisfied (6.8%) than Canadians (8.5%).

Atlas (2009) acknowledge that Americans have much better access to important new technologies like medical imaging than patients in Canada or the U.K. Maligned as a waste by economists and policymakers naive to actual medical practice, an overwhelming majority of leading American physicians identified computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MI) as the most important medical innovations for improving patient care during the previous decade (Fuchs & Sox, 2001). This is justifiable in the presented table showing the most important recent medical innovations, below. Hence, Atlas (2009) claim that the United States has nearly 27 MI machines per million compared to about 6 per million in Canada and Britain.

According to" The U.S. Health Care System as an Engine of Innovation," 2004 Economic…

Reference:

Association of American Medical Colleges. (2010). Healthcare Innovation Zones: A True

Platform for Reform. Retrieved on 29th March, 2010 from  http://www.aamc.org/ 

Atlas, S. (2009). Ideals Changing the World: 10 Surprising Facts about American Health Care.

National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA) No. 649

Computers Used by Nurses

The area of interest in nursing informatics are nursing information, nursing data and nursing knowledge. The present state of knowledge related to these phenomena proposes four implications for the development of systems to assist nursing. First, research suggests that experience and knowledge is linked to the quality of nursing assessment, diagnosis or clinical inference, and planning of nursing care, and also that knowledge is task-specific Information technology can provide access to a variety of information resources, such as knowledge bases and decision support systems, to enhance the level of knowledge of the nurse decision-maker. Second, organized patient assessment forms with linkages to knowledge bases of diagnoses have the capability to improve the quality of the patient check up and the accuracy of the diagnosis. Third, studies on planning care have demonstrated the complexity of the task when a number of options are potentially appropriate Model-based decision…

Bibliography

Cornell University. 2012. Retrieved from Medical calculators:  http://www-users.med.cornell.edu/~spon/picu/calc/medcalc.htm 

Evidence-based medicine_BMJ Journals. Evidence_based Medicine for primary care and internal Medicine . 2012

Nursing Informatics for BSN Nursing students. (n.d.). Retrieved from Data Analysis Nursing Informatics:  http://www.nursing-informatics.com/kwantlen/nrsg4120.html 

Online journal of nursing informatics. (n.d.). Online journal of nursing informatics .

Ga DOA OC Radio Pharmaceutical

Neuroendocrine tumors (NE) are neoplasms characterized by tissue immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine differentiation markers, appearance as a small mass that can be off white to yellow often in submucosa and prevalence throughout the body but typically found in the intestine or lungs (Oberg2011). he tumors can be malignant and are typically detected through hormone markers in a first diagnosis (Arnold 2003). Because of the diffuse nature of this type of tumor, detecting and imaging NEs requires scanning and typically requires a contrast agent to detect the location of tumors in tissue (an 2011). Many NE cells possess an overexpression of somatostatin receptors on their surface (Kwekkeboom 2005, VenEssen 2007). Somatostatin receptors are cell surface proteins that bind to somatostatin, a growth hormone inhibiting hormone that regulates the endocrine system and affects neurotransmission and cell proliferation (Florio 2002). he overexpressed somatostatin receptors can be used to both…

Tan, E.H.; Tan, C. (2011). Imaging of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, World Journal of Clinical Oncology 2 (1) 28.

VanEssen, M. Krenning, EP., DeJong, M., Valkema, R., Kwekkeboom, D.J. (2007) Peptide receptor radionucleotide therapy with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues in patients with somatostatin receptor positive tumors, Acta Oncology 46, 723-734

Veliklyan, I. Xu, H. Nair, M. Hall, H. Robust labeling and comparative preclinical characterization of DOTA-TOC and DOTA TATE. Nuclear Medicine Biology 18, 123-128.

infer an answer to a particular section, then you must so state and JUSTIFY your statement.

DO NOT LEAVE ANY SECTION BLANK.

Caution:

Do not provide a "Yes" or "no" answer without an EXPLANATION. YOU MUST JUSTIFY ALL YOUR RESPONSES

ALL responses must be written in YOUR OWN WORDS. Do NOT use quotes.

Morike Adekemi

Full and Complete Reference for the Article: Hagan, Teresa L, BSN, RN., B.A., & Donovan, Heidi M, Phd., R.N. (2013). Ovarian cancer survivor's experiences of self-advocacy: A focus group study. Oncology Nursing Forum, 40(2), 140-7. Retrieved from http://searchproquest.com/docview/1325739253?accountid-35812

You must submit the full article in PDF form. Critiques submitted without the PDF will not be accepted.

Problem

What is the problem the study was conducted to address? (1)

Response: The problem this study was conducted to address was self-advocacy in clinical research as well as practice. Despite self-advocacy being cited as a trait desirable among…

" (AAF, nd)

The Health Maintenance Organization further should "…negotiate with both public and private payers for adequate reimbursement or direct payment to cover the expenses of interpreter services so that they can establish services without burdening physicians…" and the private industry should be "…engaged by medical organizations, including the AAF, and patient advocacy groups to consider innovative ways to provide interpreter services to both employees and the medically underserved." (AAF, nd)

One example of the community healthcare organization is the CCO model is reported as a community cancer screening center model and is stated to be an effective mechanism for facilitating the linkage of investigators and their institutions with the clinical trials network. It is reported that the minority-based CCO was approved initially by the NCI, Division of Cancer revention Board of Scientific Counselors in January 1989. The implementation began in the fall of 1990 and the program was…

Principles for Improving Cultural Proficiency and Care to Minority and Medically-Underserved Communities (Position Paper) (2008) AAFP -- American Academy of Family Physicians  http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/policy/policies/p/princcultuproficcare.html 

Volpp, Kevin G.M. (2004) The Effect of Increases in HMO Penetration and Changes in Payer Mix on In-Hospital Mortality and Treatment Patterns for Acute Myocardial Infarction" The American Journal of Managed Care. 30 June 2004. Issue 10 Number 7 Part 2. Onlineavaialble at:  http://www.ajmc.com/issue/managed-care/2004/2004-07-vol10-n7Pt2/Jul04-1816p505-512 

Darby, Roland B. (2008) Managed Care: Sacruificing Your Health Care for Insurance Industry Profits: Questions You must ask before joning an HMO. Online available at: http://www.rolanddarby.com/br_managedhealth.html

Internal and external consistency was tested. A pilot study showed that there was internal consistency. However, the results of the larger study indicate that more work on the KAESAD to improve the internal consistency of the scales used to measure the responses was needed. Data were statistically analyzed with an accepted value of statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Also, some data that was found to be statistically significant was determined by the authors to be clinically insignificant. How this was determined by the authors was not explained in the procedure.

The results were presented in several helpful tables and also interpreted by the authors. The authors discussed the results of each aspect of their research questions. None of the research questions were left out. The tables that were used were helpful, easy to read and agreed with the interpretations that the authors made about their results. The discussion…

References

Jezewski, M.A., & Feng, J.-Y. (2007). Emergency nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and experiential survey on advance directives. Applied Nursing Research, 20, 132-139. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2006.05.003

Jezewski, M.A., Brown, J.K., Wu, Y.-W., Meeker, M.A., Feng, J.-Y. & Bu, X. (2005). Oncology nurses' knowledge, attitudes and experiences regarding advance directives. Oncology Nursing Forum, 32(2), 1-9.

Estimates of cost savings from the reduction in film costs as well as through reduced work hours needed for the creation of images and the reading of images by physicians will lead to an average annual cost savings of between five hundred- and seven hundred and fifty-thousand dollars a year, leading to an overall cost benefit of one hundred- to three hundred and fifty-thousand dollars a year compared to traditional film production techniques (Hoffman 2008; ath 2010). A ten percent reduction in costs could be achieved through increasing the competitiveness of a the bidding process amongst companies that produce the technologies necessary for a successful PACS, as well as through reducing the time and personnel involved in training programs. This latter is not especially advisable, however, as indirect costs will likely be created though reductions in the efficacy of the adoption and a reduced improvement in treatment efficiencies and speeds…

References

Cannavo, M. (2005). "The new PACS puzzle: Cost and technological change." Imagining economics (July). Accessed 20 October 2010. http://www.imagingeconomics.com/issues/articles/2005-07_04.asp

D'Asseler, Y.; Koole, M.; Van Laere, K.; Vandenberghe, S.; Bouwens, L.; Van de Walle, R.; Van de Wiele, C.; Lemahieu, I. & Cierckx, R. (2000). "PACS and multimodality in medical imaging." Technology and health care 8(1), pp. 35-52.

Jackson, P. & Langlois, S. (2005). "Introduction of picture archiving and communication system at The Townsville Hospital." Australasian radiology 49(4), pp. 278-82.

Kalyanpur, A.; Singh, J. & Bedi, R. (2010). "Practical issues in picture archiving and communication system and networking." The Indian journal of radiology & imaging 20(1), pp. 2-5.

With our progressing knowledge in molecular biology and the increasing understanding of the various signaling pathways there is no question of doubt that in the near future the prognosis for OSCC would be considerably improved. As with any other disease, prevention is better than cure. Avoiding the well-known risk factors, a well-balanced nutritional plan and regular dental health checkups are the most effective means of preventing Oral cancers.

ibliography

1) Michael King, Kourt Chatelain & Dustin Farris et.al, 'Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma proliferative Phenotype is modulated by Proanthocyanidins: a potential prevention and treatment alternative for Oral Cancer', MC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2007, 7:22, 19 June 2007 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/22

2) M. Chidzonga, L. Mahomva, 'Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, maxillary antrum and lip in a Zimbabwean population: A descriptive epidemiological study, Oral Oncology, 2006, Volume 42, Issue 2, Pages 184-189

3) National Cancer Institute, 'Oral Cavity', Accessed Jan 15th…

Bibliography

1) Michael King, Kourt Chatelain & Dustin Farris et.al, 'Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma proliferative Phenotype is modulated by Proanthocyanidins: a potential prevention and treatment alternative for Oral Cancer', BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2007, 7:22, 19 June 2007  http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/7/22 

2) M. Chidzonga, L. Mahomva, 'Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, maxillary antrum and lip in a Zimbabwean population: A descriptive epidemiological study, Oral Oncology, 2006, Volume 42, Issue 2, Pages 184-189

3) National Cancer Institute, 'Oral Cavity', Accessed Jan 15th 2010, available online at,  http://oralcancerfoundation.org/dental/pdf/oral_cavity.pdf 

4) Keyvan Nouri, 'Skin Cancer: Oral Cancer', McGraw-Hill Professional, 2007

In the daily diet; (5) Include cruciferous vegetables in the diet. (russels sprouts, kohlrabi and cauliflower); (6) Consume alcoholic beverages only moderately; and (7) Only moderately consume salt-cured, smoked and nitrate cured foods. (American Cancer Society, 1984, pp. 122-123) What little was understood about nutrition as it relates to cancer rates is summed up in the following specific food categories by the American Cancer Society in its 1984 report:

Food Additives -- chemicals of a variety are added to foods for improving the color and flavor of the foods and to preserve the foods. While some of these have been banned due to having been shown to cause cancer in animals others are believed to protect against carcinogens.

Vitamin E -- Vitamin E is an oxidant and while it may prevent cancer in animals more research is needed of the role Vitamin E plays in preventing cancer in humans.

Selenium…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

American Cancer Society.: Nutrition for the Person with Cancer: A Guide for Patients and Families. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, Inc., 2000.

Brown, J. (2001) Nutrition During and After Cancer Treatment A Guide for Informed Choices by Cancer Survivors. Ca Cancer J. Clin. 2001; 551: 153.

Doyle, Leonard (2009) New Film Exposes Unsavory Side of U.S. Food Industry. 14 Jun 2009. Telegraph online available at:  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/5533075/New-film-exposes-unsavoury-side-of-U.S.-food-industry.html 

Jemal, A. et al. (2009) Cancer Statistics, 2009. Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 27 May 2009.

Based upon the fact the baby boomers are all approaching retirement age, it would be a good idea for the organization to pursue programs that are geared towards seniors. Programs that are geared towards seniors are a great way to produce quality comprehensive health care for those in the community that need it. The organization might pursue the idea of opening a PACE program. " The Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) is a capitated benefit authorized by the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA) that features a comprehensive service delivery system and integrated Medicare and Medicaid financing" (Program of All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), 2009). The PACE program features complete medical and social services that rely on an interdisciplinary team approach in an adult day health center that includes in-home and referral services depending on the person's needs (Program of All Inclusive Care for the…

References

Baker, J. Judith & Baker, R.W. (2006). Healthcare Finance, Basic Tools for Nonfinancial

Managers. Maryland: Aspen Publications, Inc.

Bury, Elizabeth, Carter, Kara S., Feigelman, Masha and Grant, Jennifer M. (n.d.). Retrieved June

2, 2009, from Web site:

(2009, March). omen's Health Law eekly, 34. Retrieved March 1, 2009 from Research Library database. (Document ID: 1651848781).

CNSs need skills in mental health. (2009). Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(1), 6. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete database. (Document ID: 1651343051).

Lance Armstrong Foundation. (2009). Official ebsite.

Retrieved March 1, 2009. http://www.livestrong.org/site/c.khLXK1PxHmF/b.2660611/k.BCED/Home.htm

Heyman, Patrick & Sandra olfe. (2001). Neuman's System's Model. University of Florida.

Retrieved March 1, 2009, at http://www.patheyman.com/essays/neuman/short.htm

Okamura, Masako Shigeto Yamawaki, Tatsuo Akechi, Koji Taniguchi, & Yosuke

Uchitomi. (2005). Psychiatric disorders following first breast cancer recurrence:

Prevalence, associated factors and relationship to quality of life. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 35(6), 302-9. Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest

Medical Library database. (Document ID: 876421851).

Quinlin, Patrick. (2001). Beating cancer with nutrition. Nutrition Times Press.

Pengelly, Michele & Diana Purnell. (2009). An audit of levels of psychological support referrals for cancer patients. Cancer Nursing Practice,…

Works Cited

Agnew, Thelma. (2009). Acting with confidence. Cancer Nursing Practice, 8(1), 18-20.

Retrieved March 1, 2009, from ProQuest Health and Medical Complete database. (Document ID: 1651343111).

Baker, Maggie Koerth-Baker. (2008). The power of positive thinking: Truth or myth?

Special to LiveScience. Retrieved March 1, 2009.  http://www.livescience.com/health/080829-happy-thoughts.html

One of the primary role of the nurse, notes the authors, is to help educate the patient about the parameters of his or her disease. Part of the education process is teaching patients about the drugs recommended to them by their doctors or the pharmaceuticals they are already taking to alleviate symptoms. urses can use their knowledge to make patients feel more comfortable about their treatments, more well-informed, and therefore more in control of their course of treatment. Patients who are cognizant of the possible side-effects and benefits of the drugs they take to manage their disease are more likely to comply with guidelines for treatment because they understand the motives behind them. The authors also claim that patient education is an integral part of healing. The article's impact on the nursing profession is broad and extends beyond the limited subject matter they address in "Bisphosphonate therapy for metastatic bone…

Nursing

In "Bisphosphonate therapy for metastatic bone disease: the pivotal role of nurses in patient education," authors Fitch & Maxwell (2008) focus on the importance of nurse awareness of oncology treatments. Nurse awareness of existing and cutting-edge oncology treatments fosters deeper patient trust and understanding. The more comfortable nurses are with their knowledge of bisphosphonates, the better their patients can understand the drugs as a part of their treatment. Fitch & Maxwell (2008) outline the different types of bisphosphonates, various methods of administration, and also detail their role in treating metastatic bone diseases and cancer with the ultimate objective of creating a more well-informed nursing and patient community.

The Fitch & Maxwell (2008) article is not an experiment related to bisphosphonates or bone disease. Rather, the article is a meta-analysis, a summary of existing and prior research on how bisphosphonates can help patients with metastatic bone diseases. The authors explain the use of bisphosphonates and their role in aiding recovery. Most importantly, Fitch & Maxwell (2008) urge nursing professionals to learn about and understand bisphosphonates. One of the primary role of the nurse, notes the authors, is to help educate the patient about the parameters of his or her disease. Part of the education process is teaching patients about the drugs recommended to them by their doctors or the pharmaceuticals they are already taking to alleviate symptoms. Nurses can use their knowledge to make patients feel more comfortable about their treatments, more well-informed, and therefore more in control of their course of treatment. Patients who are cognizant of the possible side-effects and benefits of the drugs they take to manage their disease are more likely to comply with guidelines for treatment because they understand the motives behind them. The authors also claim that patient education is an integral part of healing. The article's impact on the nursing profession is broad and extends beyond the limited subject matter they address in "Bisphosphonate therapy for metastatic bone disease: the pivotal role of nurses in patient education."

" In the process, one learns to see oneself as strong and resilient, courageous, and empowered. Whether the individual can get up and go on and have a happy life after the loss depends on how the person views self

Is he or she a victim or a survivor? A strong person making spiritual progress or weak and debilitated? Whiting & Bradley (2007) argue that there must be an outcome for every loss. Whether the outcome is "reconciliation" or "vulnerability" or "victimization" depends on successful and positive identity reconstruction.

It used to be believed that the grieving individual had to achieve detachment from the person who had died. This was Freud's theory, that "grieving people need to break free from the deceased, let go of the past and reassert their individualism by charting a new course for life.

A healthy grief experience, according to Freud [was] one in which the…

References

Anderson, R.A. (2006). Immunity and grief. Townsend Letter: The Examiner of Alternative Medicine, 276, 128.

Briggs, C.A. And Pehrsson, D. (2008). Use of bibliotherapy in the treatment of grief and loss: A guide to current counseling practices. Adultspan Journal, 7 (1), 32-43.

Bush, H.K. (2007). Grief work: After a child dies. The Christian Century, 124 (25), 36-40.

Care of the elderly - bereavement: An essential guide (2006). The Practitioner (June 29), 22-29.

That is largely a function of the fact that the adult diabetes clinic emphasizes the patient counselling and patient education roles of nurses in clinical practice (Hamric, Spross, & Hanson, 2009).

Over the long-term, the outcomes of diabetes clinic practices depend substantially on the abilities of nurses to achieve high levels of patient compliance. This aspect of nursing practice is highly amenable to the osswurm-and-Larrabee concept because clinicians have the regular opportunity to evaluate and compare various methods of motivating patient compliance with protocols necessary to maximize the effectiveness of their clinical care. In that environment, clinicians can apply different approaches with different groups of patients, continually compare the relative degrees of compliance and to quantify the results of those differences in outcomes that lend themselves directly to objective empirical measurement. In principle, these elements are the principal conceptual components of the osswurm-and-Larrabee model for identifying necessary changes, designing appropriate…

References

Donovan, C. And Knobf, T. "An Evidence-Based Project to Advance Oncology Nursing

Practice." Oncology Nursing Forum, Vol. 36, No. 6 (2009): 619 -- 622.

English-Long, L., Burkett, K., and McGee, S. "Promotion of Safe Outcomes:

Incorporating Evidence into Policies and Procedures." Nursing Clinics of North

International Clinical Harmonisation

PROPER SYSTEMS IN PLACE

The International Congress Harmonisation

WHO Principles of Good Clinical Practice

Clinical research is conducted to insure the safety and efficacy of health and medical products and practices (WHO 2002). In the past, randomized controlled trials gave most of the information about the safety and efficacy of these products and treatments. Randomized clinical trials were considered the foundation of evidence-based medicine but reliably only when conducted according to principles and standards. These principles and standards comprise good clinical research or GCP. The guidelines were created to help national regulatory authorities, sponsors, investigators and ethics committees to implement GCP for overall clinical research. These were based on the guidelines provided by major international organizations, such as the International Conference on Harmonization or ICH GCP, and used as reference (WHO).

GCP incorporates accepted and established ethical and scientific quality standards complied with for the design, conduct,…

For instance when patients who have lost plenty of blood are brought in a hospital ER room, the clinical officers may actually administer the wrong solutions to patients as they attempt to save their lives Stoker ()

. The volume of the IV fluid to be administered should always be followed with precaution and be based on medical directions of the hospital's protocol as well as the patient's response to the fluid being administered. Another precaution is that all IV fluid bags should always be well labeled since the labels provide important information that is needed during administration of the fluids.

hen administered to the wrong and in appropriate IV fluid solutions, a patient's health may be put at severe risk and other fatalities. This may result to legal and disciplinary action to the medical practitioner. Thus, an IV fluid bag should always be read correctly as they also have…

Works Cited

Biology, American Society for Cell, HighWire Press, and National Institutes of Health . PubMed Central. Molecular Biology of the Cell. American Society for Cell Biology, 2003. Print.

De Vita, V. And Theodore, S. "Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology." Annual advances in oncology 1 (2010). Print.

Galvagno, S.M. Emergency Pathophysiology: Clinical Applications for Prehospital Care. Teton NewMedia, 2003. Print.

Michael, J., and S. Sircar. Fundamentals of Medical Physiology. Thieme, 2010. Print.

A more definitive explanation is; "... A proposed explanation for a phenomenon." (Scientific Reference) a hypothesis should be able to be tested and functions as a directive for further research.

In my research study for example, the hypothesis that was explored was that certain circumstances in different historical periods affect the development of the areas of expertise and their application to project activities. These circumstances include social and cultural movements; the development of scientific and technical knowledge, among others. This hypothesis provides the incentive for further research and determines to a large extent the direction or trajectory of the research outcomes.

5. Explain briefly why applied research instead of basic research will typically be done in industry and commerce, and describe two examples of applied research

The answer to this question becomes clear when the looks the difference between basic and applied research. Basic research is theoretical and is aimed…

What Is Scientific Knowledge? Web.

What is the difference between observation and measurements?

Web.

homever recommended that the authors employ such a tactic simply needs to return to a 'two-tier" education program wherein the primary objective is to increase one's content knowledge of statistics. Although the authors also make mention of using an ANOVA to garner statistical value nowhere in the report as these values reported other than on a cursory basis. Again, when statistical values are produced they must, at all time be aligned with the null hypotheses previously stated if the conclusions presented are to be accepted.

Substantive orth. There are those who would argue that any word placed on paper is of value, now or in the future. However, when it comes to healthcare and for those responsible for its delivery, that which is most important is to provide all healthcare practitioners the ways and means to deliver unto the medical consumer that which is effective, that which is holistic, and…

With respect to other qualitative aspects of the research article being review there are both positive and negative comments. The article, although showing a need for additional nursing education, presented supportive research that was rather aged. Whether this indicates a lack of current research or the authors' unwillingness to cite current research finding is not know. The rule of the thumb, however, is to use supportive data that is no more than five years old - unless a breakthrough or classic theory is being reported upon. Lastly, as there exist no real basis for the conclusion, based on faulty sampling and data analysis it is only fair to conclude that the intent of the article has a great deal of merit, but the findings and conclusions are scientifically empty.

Retrieve from University of California, Berkeley library database on May 11, 2005:

Results for 'Vallerand, a., Riley-Doucet, C. Hasenau, S. And Templin, T. (2004). Improving cancer pain management

Onion Root Tips

Since a plant root is always looking for water and nutrients, it is in a continual state of growth and is ideal for studying cell division. The information presented in the table that follows shows the subjective cell cycle phases that an onion root tip undergoes. This particular cell spends more than half of the time in the first stage -- interphase, and in the following phase -- prophase the time spent is just over a quarter of the time, while the remaining two phases show a dramatic decrease in the total time.

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Total

number of cells percent of cells

Healthy cell division replaces old or dead cells and is a normal process of life. Meanwhile, unrestrained cell division is cancerous, which is responsible for more than 100 diseases that exhibit this characteristic. If a healthy cell's DNA becomes mutated whether by…

Works Cited

Black, Joyce M., Hawks, Jane Hokanson, Keene, Annabelle M. Medical-Surgical Nursing, Clinical Management for Positive Outcomes, 6th Edition. Meier, Patricia. Perspectives in Oncology. Pennsylvania: W.B. Saunders Company, 2001, 1997, 1993, 1987, 1980, 1974. 349-362.

'Online Medical Dictionary." The Cencer WEB Project. 1997-2004. Dept. Of Medical Oncology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. 1997-2004 .

'Cancer (medicine)." Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Standard 2004. CD-ROM. 1993-2003 Microsoft Corporation.

(eport of the brain tumor progress review)

Conclusion:

It must be stated at this point that although it is indeed unfortunate that young children may be diagnosed with brain tumors, it is a fact that cannot be avoided. These tumors, which occur in about 1,500 to 2,000 children who are diagnosed with malignancies every year in children in the United States of America can be of various different types, and may occur in anybody. The prognosis for a child is definitely better than for an adult, and this can mean that with the proper treatment, the child can hope to live a long and fulfilling life. This paper is about the necessity of effective communication for a health care professional or a clinician with a child with brain tumor and his parents, and it is important to note that unless there is excellent communication between them, the therapy would in…

References

Bhat, Sundeep R; Goodwin, Tress L, et. al. Profile of Daily Life in Children With Brain Tumors:

An Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life. Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol 23, no 24, August, 2005. pp. 5493-5500.

Cure Search.org, a valuable resource for the childhood cancer journey.  http://www.childhoodbraintumor.org/CureSearch.pdf 

Deatrick, Janet a; Thibodeaux, Annaka G. Family management style framework: a new tool with potential to assess families who have children with Brain Tumor, Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, Jan-Feb 2006, vol. 23, no.1, pp: 19-27.

Job

There are a number of really wonderful employers in the United States; companies that are consistently known for their excellent treatment of their employees. Fortune Magazine identifies the top 100 companies to work for each year and gives various details about each company. The company I would like to work for is Methodist Hospital System, Houston. It has consistently been identified as one of the best employers in the country, with a reputation for treating its employees fairly and establishing a great atmosphere. Moreover, this career would be in the healthcare industry, which is projected to be a growth area for the foreseeable future, so it is an excellent field.

Create a brief job description for a position within the company you research that you would like to fill.

The job that I would like is Senior Marketing Specialist. Marketing specialists with the Methodist Hospital System have a unique…

References

Amalraj, S., Starkweather, C., Nguyen, C. & Naeim, A. (2009). Health literacy, communication, and treatment decision-making in older cancer patients. Oncology 23(4).

Retrieved February 6, 2012 from Psychiatric Times website:  http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/depression/content/article/10165/1401317?pageNumber=1 

Beehr, T.A., Bowling, N.A., Bennett, M.M. (2010). Occupational stress and failures of social support: When helping hurts. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(1), 45-59. doi: 10.1037/a0018234

Meyer, J.P., Becker, T.E., Vandenberghe, C. (2004). Employee commitment and motivation: A

professional fields that confirm, through studies and other means, the effective use of evidence-based practices. The field of education, business, technology, and especially the medical field all, to varying degrees, use the concept of evidence-based practices to improve the manner in which solutions to problems are sought and implemented. It is important that studies are conducted that allow for quantitative and qualitative methodologies to confirm that the practices being touted are acceptable to the audience to which they are presented.

One such study was recently published in a peer-reviewed publication; the objective of the study was to make evidence-based recommendations to medical professionals. The study specifically targeted those physicians, medical professionals, nurses, and administrators that in one form or the other deal with patients diagnosed with cancer, or cancer related diseases. The study wished to affirm and confirm the importance of effective communications between the medical personnel and the patient…

References

Duong, L.M.; Wilson, R.J.; Ajani, U.A.; Singh, S.D.; Eheman, C.R.; (2011) Trends in endometrial cancer incidence rates in the United States: 1999 -- 2006. Journal of Women's Health (15409996), Vol. 20, Issue 8, pp. 1157-1163

Nicholls, K.; Chapman, K.; Shaw, T.; Perkins, A.; Sullivan, M.M.; Crutchfield, S.; Reed, E.; (2011) Enhancing response rates in physician surveys: The limited utility of electronic options, Health Services Research, Vol. 46, Issue 5, pp. 1675-1682

Rodin, G.; Zimmermann, C.; Mayer, C.; Howell, D.; Katz, M.; Sussmann, J.; Mackay, J.A.; Brouwers, M.; (2009) Clinician-patient communication: Evidence-based recommendations to guide practice in cancer, Current Oncology, Vol. 16, Number 6, pp. 42 -- 49

Simpson, M.; Buckman, R.; Stewart, M.; et al. (1991) Doctor-patient communication: The Toronto consensus statement, BMJ, Vol. 303, pp. 1385-1387

he researcher was able to pull up information on Venous hromboembolism hospitalizations by utilizing ICD-10 (Maynard & Stein, 2010)

Diagnosis

he clinical diagnosis of Venous hromboembolism is defective; people that are suffering with signs and symptoms of Venous hromboembolism, just 20% have thrombosis confirmed by diagnostic testing.13Clinical prediction rules have been developed to improve the probability of an accurate diagnosis. he most widely used model classifies patients into a high, moderate, or low probability of deep vein thrombosis (Maynard & Stein, 2010). When joined with research laboratory and radiological imaging tests, this method is superior to the old-style method of executing a diagnostic test in all patients with suspected Venous hromboembolism (Martinez- 2008).

Prognosis, broken down by risk groups

A lot of the Deep Vein hrombosis is occult and most of the time resolves instinctively without there being a problem. he main longstanding illness from Deep Vein hrombosis is PS,…

Takahashi, H., Yokoyama, Y., Iida, Y., Terashima, F., Hasegawa, K., Saito, T., . . . Wada, a. (2012). Incidence of venous thromboembolism after spine surgery. Journal of Orthopaedic Science, 17(2), 114-7.

Wolowacz, S.E., Hess, N., Brennan, V.K., Monz, B.U., & Plumb, J.M. (2008). Cost-effectiveness of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in total hip and knee replacement surgery: The evolving application of health economic modelling over 20 years. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 24(10), 2993-3006.

Zalavras, C.G., Giotopoulou, S., Dokou, E., Mitsis, M., & al, e. (2002). Lack of association between the C677T mutation in the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene and venous thromboembolism in northwestern Greece. International Angiology, 21(3), 268-71.

commendation and for improvement in the paragraph regarding the availability of computers. The author has a fairly transparent degree of verve and enthusiasm for the subject, which is sometimes a key component of an insightful article (Turnquist, 2009, 437). However, he or she has the tendency to make some emotional appeals instead of relying on empirical evidence to make points. Doing so is a crucial component of scholarly writing, and one of the areas in which the author could use some improvement.

The primary strength associated with this article is the author's logic. The author elucidates a number of crucial points that reinforces the paper's thesis: that computers enjoy a current degree of availability that they previously did not. However, in attempting to demonstrate his or her enthusiasm about this subject, the author has actually written about this issue from a decidedly biased viewpoint. A close analysis of the diction…

References

No author. (2012). "Avoiding Bias: Using Sensitive Language and Avoiding Bias in Scholarly Writing." Walden University Writing Center. Retrieved from  http://writingcenter.waldenu.edu/Documents/Scholarly-Writing/Avoiding_Bias.pdf 

Tornquist, E. (2009). Advancing Oncology Nursing Science. Oncology Nursing Society. Retreived from  http://www.ons.org/Publications/CJON/media/ons/docs/publications/science_chpt20.pdf

Participants filled out a Short-Form McGill Questionnaire, an Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire in order to measure their levels of pain over the past few weeks. What the researchers found through statistical analysis was self-management strategies that reduced pain over time were most effective in the group that was exposed to guided imagery techniques. The level of guided imagery therapy was not itself significant, but more of the fact of whether or not it was present in the patient's therapy or not. This helps illustrate the effectiveness of guided imagery in managing long-term chronic pain when there are no fundamental cures present within traditional therapeutic practices. Pain management symptoms improved, but the symptoms overall remained. This shows that guided imagery is not a cure in and of itself, but rather an effective way to reduce and manage the pain that is present in chronic conditions like fibromyalgia.

Weydert,…

References

Ferrell, Betty R., et al. "Pain management for elderly patients with cancer at home." CANCER-PHILADELPHIA- 74 (1994): 2139-2139.

Menzies, V., Taylor, a.G., & Bourguignon, C. (2006). Effects of guided imagery on outcomes of pain, functional status, and self-efficacy in persons diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 12(1), 23-30.

Weydert, J.A., Shapiro, D.E., Acra, S.A., Monheim, C.J., Chambers, a.S., & Ball, T.M. (2006). Evaluation of guided imagery as treatment for recurrent abdominal pain in children: a randomized controlled trial. BMC pediatrics, 6(1), 29.

Confidence is a golden tait that can povide useful if not in all, than at least most situations any single peson may expeience. Confidence essentially includes having the ability to successfully negotiate any given task with gace, pecision and tact. This acquied skill is theefoe obviously extemely useful in the health cae industy.

Nuses ae integal in the healing pocess and maybe moe impotant than the physician in many instances of medical teatment. Nuses need not only technical skills but also social skills that will seve both thei own caee aspiations but also simultaneously assist in the pactical application of thei pofession. The pupose of this poposal is to convince the eade that the poblem of lack of confidence in nusing, and specifically thei communication methods with patients, is significant and the ensuing plan will benefit the stakeholdes involved.

This plan will fist explain how aising confidence levels can contibute…

references for APA format.

Barrere, C.C. (2007). Discourse analysis of nurse-patient communication in a hospital setting: implications for staff development. J Nurses Staff Dev, 23(3), 114-122; quiz 123-114. doi: 10.1097/01.NND.0000277180.47829.8d

Chapman, K.B. (2009). Improving Communication Among Nurses, Patients, and Physicians. AJN The American Journal of Nursing, 109(11), 21-25-10.1097/1001.NAJ.0000362013.0000353342.0000362017.

Finke, E.H., Light, J., & Kitko, L. (2008). A systematic review of the effectiveness of nurse communication with patients with complex communication needs with a focus on the use of augmentative and alternative communication. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(16), 2102-2115. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02373.x

Heaven, C., Clegg, J., & Maguire, P. (2006). Transfer of communication skills training from workshop to workplace: the impact of clinical supervision. Patient Educ Couns, 60(3), 313-325. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2005.08.008

Body Surface Area-Based Dosing

Flat- Fixed Dosing vs. Body Surface Area-Based Dosing of Anticancer Drugs in Adults: Does It Make a Difference?

Explain Body-Surface-Area-based dosage

Body Surface Area-based dosing is a critical formula applicable in the calculation of drug doses in the case of two types of patient groups. These two types of patient groups include cancer patient under the aspect of chemotherapy and pediatric patients. DuBois and DuBois derived the formula in the case of 1916 in a research which nine individuals took part (DuBois & DuBois, 1916). It is ideal to note that the average or normal adults have a BSA of about 1.73 m2. It refers to the current standard of care applicable in the determination of the dose of various chemotherapy drugs in relation to the body surface area of the patients on chemotherapy drugs. It is critical to understand that BSA-based dosing is a 'one…

References

DuBois D, DuBois EF. (1916). A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight were known. Arch Intern Med; 17:863 -- 871.

Boyd E. (1935). The Growth of the Surface Area of the Human Body. Minneapolis:

Gehan EA, George SL. (1970). Estimation of human body surface area from height and weight. Cancer Chemother Rep; 54:225 -- 235.

Scripture CD, Figg WD. (2006). Drug interactions in cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer; 6:546