Shortly after the towers fell, Americans witnessed the horror and tragedy of those that had lost loved ones first hand. News spread quickly and within days, the event had reached the folkloric status of the assassination of JFK (McAlister, par. 3). As one recalls these horrific tales, the "ar on Terror" appears to be a logical step. This is the perspective of one category of "oral account" of the events of September 11, 2001.

Shortly after the announcement of the U.S. response to the events of September 11, 2001, Vice President Richard Cheney stated, "It [the war] is different than the Gulf ar was, in the sense that it may never end. At least, not in our lifetime. This statement could be interpreted in a number of ways. Interpretation of this statement has changed over the years, especially considering that the war continues to drag on without an end in sight.…...

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Works Cited

Appleby, R. Scott, "History in the Fundamentalist Imagination." The Journal of American History 89.2 (2002): 35 pars. Available from   Internet; Accessed July 26, 2007.http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/89.2/appleby.html .

Clark, Mary Marshall, "The September 11, 2001, Oral History Narrative and Memory Project: A First Report." The Journal of American History 89.2 (2002): 33 pars. Available from   Internet; Accessed July 26, 2007.http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/89.2/clark.html .

Cullather, Nick, "Damming Afghanistan: Modernization in a Buffer State." The Journal of American History 89.2 (2002): 51 pars. Available from   Internet; Accessed July 26, 2007.http://www.historycooperative.org/cgi-bin/justtop.cgi?act=justtop&url=http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/jah/89.2/cullather.html .

Dillon, Pattie, "Teaching the Past through Oral History." The Journal of American History 87.2 (2000): 10 pars. Available at  

historians know about slave experience?
African slavery in America is one of the most controversial subjects that still spark a debate among the people. The historians over the years have interpreted different stories but a lot of the viewpoints of the writers have not been successful as they have not considered the systematic documented records of the people of that time. The historians mostly have taken into consideration the opinions and views of different people but they have neglected the testimonies provided by the victims. Narratives of the slaves are one important source of writing history that has been underestimated by the historians over the years. Many former slaves have written their autobiographies and recorded their narratives which have been an important source for the historians (Gibson 2015).

What difficulties exist for historians in recreating the slave past?

In American history, the act of freeing more than four million slaves is an…...

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Bibliography

Ebron, Paulla A. Beyond the Written Document: Looking for Africa in African-American Culture. n.d.   (accessed september 30, 2015).http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/freedom/1609-1865/essays/aaculture.htm 

Gibson, Robert A. Slave Narratives: Black Autobiography in Nineteenth-Century America. 2015.   (accessed September 30, 2015).http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1985/5/85.05.02.x.html 

James, Davidson West, and Hamilton Lytle Mark. The View From the Bottom Rail. n.d.

Making Sense of Oral History. n.d.   (accessed September 30, 2015).http://historymatters.gmu.edu/mse/oral/what.html 

Original transcripts from the Flint Sit-Down Strike were used to write this essay. The benefits of using transcripts from the Flint Sit-Down Strike are the pure honesty that the workers spoke with. Most of the interviews took place in the 1970s and 1980s, but the strike took place in 1936 and 1937. Hearing and reading about the strike worker's experiences in their own words was very interesting.

The drawbacks of using such transcripts are that they weren't always audible, so important information may have been missed during transcription. The transcripts are not edited, so the information is presented to the reader exactly how it was spoken, which can sometimes be difficult to follow (and understand what the speaker was trying to say).

Most of the history that's discussed by the men and women who worked at the GM plant are memories of personal experiences. There are a lot of negative experiences that…...

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Reference Points

1. James Spohn. "Flint Sit-Down Strike Transcript." Flint Sit-Down Strike. Michael Van Dyke. June 30, 1980.  http://www.historicalvoices.org/flint/transcript_browser.html 

2. Arthur Smith. "Flint Sit-Down Strike Transcript." Flint Sit-Down Strike. Michael Van Dyke. 2002.

Race and Gender
Many of the course issues we've looked at were addressed in the interview that I engaged in with a woman named Anne Demars, an African-American woman who grew up on the Southside of Chicago. Born in 1970, Demars had just missed the bulk of the civil rights era, and was entering a world that her parents had hoped would afford her greater opportunities and a greater shot at equality. Unfortunately this interview revealed that racism has left a true legacy in the United States, one which will take hundreds of years to fully undo. Much of the interview with Demars was spent trying to pinpoint the unique experience and perspective that Demars has had in the world as a result of the fact that she's both a woman and an ethnic minority. However, as Demars consistently reminded me, she can't comment upon how her experience has been unique…...

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Works Cited

Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. 1990. website. December 2013.

Davis, Angela. Racism, Birth Control and Reproductive Rights. 1982. website. December 2013.

Lorde, Audrey. History is a Weapon. 1979. website. December 2013.

McIntosh, Peggy. White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. 1990. website. December 2013.

Svetlana and Suny Svetlana Alexievich provides the reader of Secondhand Time with a personal, intimate glimpse into the real life experiences of a Russian during the Soviet Era and during the post-Soviet Era. The glimpses are often chaotic and disordered, but they have the feeling of being authentic and of showing an unfiltered, raw side of life that does not come across in more staid and structured productions, such as Suny’s The Soviet Experiment, which reads more like a text book or a typical history book—dry, free of emotion, sentiment, personality and intimacy. While undoubtedly equally authentic in its approach, Suny’s Experiment wields a more sophisticated air and exudes a scholarly perspective that does not always deliver to the reader the kind of immediate sensations that people in the 21st century are used to having. In the Digital Era, senses have become used to instant gratification, to jumping from tidbit of…...

I grew up on the edge of the city. It's hard to imagine today, but across the road was all farmland. Our block was the last one with houses, at least for a few years. But those were the years when I was first allowed to go out exploring. There was this large pond. It's a church now, but when I was little it was a pond, and my brother Martin and I would go down there to catch tadpoles. He showed me how to catch them, and once I got the hang of it, I think I must have spent an entire summer at that pond catching tadpoles.
My younger brother still lives in that house, and when I go out there now I'm amazed at how far you have to drive to get to the farms. The built this highway when I was in high school, and you thought…...

Blackness was not an unremittingly negative quality, as it would be seen later on, but the associations of blackness and other stereotypes that would be attached to 'Negroes' began fairly early.
The development of colonies based upon cash crops, including those in the Southern United States, necessitated a large enslaved labor force, larger than whites could provide. As the economic need for slave labor increased, so did negatively expressed views of Africans and blackness in general. Indentured servitude of whites grew more controversial, thus replacing then with Africans who were justified as being 'natural' slaves became an accepted solution. Even Thomas Jefferson would eventually see 'Negros' as existing at the end of a chain of being, the beginning phase of a kind of evolutionary 'erasure' of color, and erasure of the 'mark of Cain' of blackness, as Christian missionaries used to think the Africans possessed.

Jordan believes if there had not…...

I believe this is one of the smartest moves I have ever made. I learn so much in the first class I took and one of the first things I learned was that my professor would not tolerate me interrupting people while they had the floor. After about two warnings, she told me she would have me removed from the class and I knew she meant business. She did me a favor by shutting me up because it taught me how to listen. At first, I couldn't listed to whomever was speaking because I was too busy concentrating on what I would say. but, a funny thing happened. I learned that when I listened to other's opinions, even if they were different from mine that it opened my mind to new ways of thinking and seeing things.
Throughout my college years, I learned how to be an effective communicator. However,…...

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References

Shaw, B., Sheufele, D.A., and Catalano, S. (2007). The role of presence awareness in organizational communication: An exploratory field experiment. Behavior and Information Technology. 26(5), 377-384.

History Of the Media in America
Media America, a History

Media incorporates mediums such as advertisements, magazines, newspapers, radio, television, and now -- the Internet. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, it was only in the 1920s that people began to actually talk about 'the media,' and a generation later, in the 1950s, of a 'communication revolution,' however, the art of oral and written communication was actually quite important in ancient Greece and ome. It was studied in the Middle Ages, and with greater enthusiasm in the enaissance.

Until Johannes Gutenberg invention of the moveable type in 1450, information was spread primarily orally. That is, it was town criers, ministers from the pulpit, and bartenders who disseminated information or news. "Town criers, for example, broadcast royal edicts, police regulations, and important community events, such as births, marriages of princes, war news, and treaties of peace or alliance."

Less than a century after Gutenberg's invention…...

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References:

Breen, T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American

Independence. Oxford University Press, 2005.

Briggs, Asa. Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet. Polity; 3rd

edition, 2010.

Moreover, nurses are in a position to identify cases of poor oral health among patients visiting the primary care unit of a healthcare center. For this reason, Kaylor et al. (2011) recommend nurses as an intervention measure in improving oral health in the community, since they can identify women at risk of poor oral health. They identify that nurses can work with low-income women in the community and educate the population on oral health. The review of literature advocates that oral health can be improved in the community by mobilizing community resources like local government, healthcare providers, and primary care providers like nurses in educating the population on the importance of oral health. This is through making contact with at risk populations in the healthcare set up and providing education on oral health. Nurses also can reach out to at risk populations through community-based programs that promote public health.…...

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References

Formicola, a.J., Ro, M., Marshall, S., Derksen, D., Powell, W., Hartsock, L., & Treadwell, H.M. (2004). Strengthening the Oral Health Safety Net: Delivery Models That Improve Access to Oral Health Care for Uninsured and Underserved Populations. American Journal of Public Health, 94(5), 702-704.

Kaylor, M., Polivka, B.J., Chaudry, R., Salsberry, P., & Wee, a.G. (2011). Dental Insurance and Dental Service Use by U.S. Women of Childbearing Age. Public Health Nursing, 28(3), 213-222.

Krisberg, K. (2004). Prevention key to rural oral health outreach programs. Nation's Health, 34(4), 11-12.

Zabos, G.P., Northridge, M.E., Ro, M.J., Trinh, C., Vaughan, R., Howard, J., & ... Cohall, a.T. (2008). Lack of Oral Health Care for Adults in Harlem: A Hidden Crisis. American Journal of Public Health, 98, S102-S105.

"y the end of the 1980s many departments had set up detailed procedures to ensure equality and had employed full-time and specialist staff to promote and pursue such policies." (Heidensohn, 1995, p. 60)
The number of females in law enforcement was to increase rapidly and in 1986 about 9 per cent of U.S. officers were female. (Adler 1990) One of the key issues that had to be overcome was the concern about women policemen on patrol. In 1968 "Indianapolis sent two women out on patrol... ut the decision of Washington, DC to deploy eighty-six women on patrol in 1972, and to evaluate their performance, is perhaps the best-known example." LOCH P, and ANDERSON D., et al. 1973)

With these advances of women's rights and the continual evidence of female ability and accomplishment in the field of law enforcement, women were able to apply for all specialist posts in the Unites States.…...

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Bibliography

ADLER Z. (1990), a Fairer Cop, U.S. Police Record on Equal Opportunities, Wainwright Trust Study Tour Report No. 1 (Wainwright Trust: London).

BLOCH P., and ANDERSON D., et al. (1973), Policewomen on Patrol: Major Findings: First Report, (Police Foundation: Washington, DC)

Baksys G. Montrose names first woman as police chief. Retrieved 16 December from Daily Gate City.  http://www.dailygate.com/articles/2004/11/17/news/news2.txt 

FEINMAN C. (1986), Women in the Criminal Justice system (2nd edn., Praeger: New York).

33). Slavery was an institution, and as such, it had become outmoded in modern society of the time. Elkins feels slavery could have been viewed less emotionally and more realistically as an institution, rather than an ethical or moral dilemma, and this is one of the most important arguments in his book, which sets the stage for the rest of his writing.
In his arguments for his theses, Elkins continues, "To the Northern reformer, every other concrete fact concerning slavery was dwarfed by its character as a moral evil - as an obscenity condemned of God and universally offensive to humanity" (Elkins, 1959, p. 36). Slavery was a moral evil, and it is still seen as such. Elkins indicates society was becoming disillusioned with it at the time (at least Northern society), and that the institution needed to change or disappear.

Another of the important points Elkins attempts to make is…...

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References

Elkins, S.M. (1959). Slavery: A problem in American institutional and intellectual life. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Raboteau, a.B. (1978). Slave religion: The 'invisible institution' in the Antebellum South. New York: Oxford University Press.

African-Americans History And Culture
The false and misleading notion that "African-Americans created themselves" completely ignores and invalidates the rich history of those whose ancestry lies in the great African continent. While African-Americans have adopted and incorporated many cultures into their own (not unlike any other cultural group in America) that in no way signifies that African-American's have no culture or history of their own.

"Black people have no history, no heroes, no great moments," this was told to a young Arthur Schomburg by his 5th grade teacher. Schomburg, with both African and Puerto ican ancestry went on to become a great historian and curator of African-American history; helping to dispel the very "truth" that his teacher tried to feed him about his own history and culture many years prior. The statement that "African-Americans created themselves" simply means that the Black American is devoid of history and a culture to call his own.…...

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References

Bascom, L.C. (1999). A renaissance in Harlem: Lost voices of an American community. New York, NY: Bard.

Painter, N.I. (2006). Creating Black Americans: African-American history and its meanings, 1619 to the present. London: Oxford University Press.

This stated, "Black Kings brothers must join as one to resist the oppression that faces all black youth. With this oath you have found a new family, a brotherhood that will always be with you" (Venhatesh & Levitt, 2000, p. 439).
Evaluation:

One of the most interesting facets of Venhatesh and Levitt's (2000) research is their unique access to the financial records of the Black Kings, for four years. This research positions gangs beyond simple criminal actors and instead sees them as outlaw corporatists. Furthermore, credit is given to the complexities of Chicago's street gangs. These are not only the loosely connected groups of hooligans often associated with gangs, but instead these are well-run, highly organized groups that are excellent examples of the changes that were being made in American businesses. Hierarchical administration, rational management procedures, and increased attention to revenues and profit margins shed light on the modern street gang…...

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References

Venkatesh, S. & Leviit, S. (2000). "Are we a family or a business?' History and disjuncture in the urban American street gang." Theory and Society, 29. p. 427-462.

Knight in History by Frances Gies. Specifically, it will explain the author's purpose and main points in writing the book. "The Knight in History" is a detailed look at how knights functioned in society, how they lived, worked, and added to the economy. These larger than life figures have been romanticized in hundreds of films and books, but Gies attempts to show readers what they really were like, and how the reality differed from the romantic notions of gallant knights in armor roaming the countryside on their trusty steeds. The role of knight was vital in medieval history, Gies' book shows the reader exactly why, and why their role in society should not be ignored.
Author Frances Gies, a respected historian, wrote this book as a chronicle of knighthood and chivalry at a time when there were not many resources available on the realities of knights and their role in…...

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References

Gies, Frances. The Knight in History. New York: Harper & Row, 1984.

1. The origins and development of Norman theory in Russia
2. The controversial debate surrounding the Norman theory of Russian history
3. The impact of the Norman theory on Russian national identity and historiography
4. The influence of Norman theory on Russian political discourse and foreign relations
5. The significance of the Varangian Rus' in Russian history and culture
6. Comparing and contrasting the Norman theory with alternative theories of Russian origins
7. The role of archaeology in shaping our understanding of the Varangian Rus' and Norman theory
8. The portrayal of the Varangians in Russian literature and folklore
9. The connection between the Norman theory and the....

Academic and Social Practices for Community Upliftment

Introduction

Empowering communities requires a holistic approach that incorporates both academic and social practices. These practices can foster knowledge, skills, and social connections necessary for sustainable development and well-being. This essay explores how academic and social practices can contribute to community upliftment, providing specific examples and outlining their transformative potential.

Academic Practices

Education and Training:

Providing access to quality education and vocational training equips individuals with the knowledge and skills to pursue fulfilling careers and contribute to the local economy.
Community colleges, adult education programs, and job training initiatives can offer flexible and relevant educational opportunities for....

Exploring individual stories in oral histories can provide us with a deeper understanding of personal experiences and perspectives that may not be captured in traditional historical accounts. By listening to and analyzing these stories, we can gain insights into:
1. Personal emotions and feelings: Oral histories often provide firsthand accounts of how individuals experienced particular events or periods in history, offering insights into their emotions, fears, hopes, and joys.
2. Unique perspectives and viewpoints: Each individual's story is shaped by their unique background, beliefs, and experiences, giving us a more diverse and nuanced understanding of historical events and movements.
3. Everyday life and....

Exploring the Nuances of Human Experience: Insights from Oral Histories

Oral histories, accounts of personal experiences relayed through spoken narratives, offer a unique window into the human condition. By delving into the complexities of individual stories, we can glean invaluable insights into various aspects of society, culture, and the human experience. Here are some key insights that can be gained from exploring individual stories in oral histories:

1. Uncovering Hidden Narratives:
Oral histories often provide a platform for marginalized voices and perspectives that may have been overlooked or excluded from traditional historical accounts. By listening to personal narratives, we can gain a more....