Treatment of osteoporosis revolves around specific calcium and vitamin D medication programs but first and foremost in importance is the institution of regular, healthy and appropriately strenuous exercise. This helps to strengthen both muscle support for fragile bones and improves ambulatory abilities to the end of helping to reduce the likelihood of accidents. Additionally, a lifestyle of activity can have decidedly positive preventative properties as well, serving as one of many imperatives to commit to regular exercise.

So is this also the case with respect to nutrition. Dietary habits are both a significant part of prevention and treatment. ith respect to the latter, sources on dealing with osteoporosis indicate that there are specific eating patterns which one can commit to as a way of fighting the conditions effects. Accordingly, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2004) indicates that "since many nutrients are important for bone health, it is important…...

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Works Cited:

Raisz, L.G. (2005). Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 115(12), 3318-3325.

U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2004). Bone Health and Osteoporosis: A Report of the Surgeon General. Office of the Surgeon General. Online at  http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/content.html 

World Health Organization (WHO). (2003). Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis. WHO Technical Report Series.

Osteoporosis
In a healthy adult the skeleton is maintained through a process of complementary bone resorption and deposition (Das & Crockett, 2013). The two cell types responsible for this process are the multinucleated osteoclasts derived from the blood and resident osteoblasts. In the course of normal living the skeleton will develop localized, stress-induced microfractures, which trigger resident osteocytes to signal for help from the osteoclasts. The osteoclasts arrive and begin to degrade old bone, while osteoblasts engage in the regeneration process.

As people age the balance between mineralized bone resorption and deposition can become skewed to favor resorption over deposition (Das & Crockett, 2013). This is especially true for post-menopausal women because estrogen has been shown to be essential for maintaining a healthy balance between osteoclast and osteoblast activity. This case study examines a 65-year-old woman who has been diagnosed with osteoporosis using a bone density scan. The meaning and implications of…...

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References

ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). (2013). ACOG releases practice bulletin on osteoporosis. American Family Physician, 88(4), 273-275.

Baim, S. & Leslie, W.D. (2012). Assessment of fracture risk. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 10(1), 28-41.

Das, S. & Crockett, J.C. (2013). Osteoporosis -- a current view of pharmacological prevention and treatment. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 7, 435-448.

FRAX: WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool. (n.d.) World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, UK. Retrieved from  http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/tool.jsp?locationValue=9 .

Osteoporosis
Pathophysiology: Osteoporosis

Presentation of the disease

Osteoporosis is a disease in which the body fails to regenerate enough bone to replace the bone mass that is lost when the body reabsorbs the tissue as part of the natural cycle of bone regeneration. "Bone is living tissue, which is constantly being absorbed and replaced" (Osteoporosis, 2011, Mayo Clinic: Definition). "When you're young, your body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone and your bone mass increases. Most people reach their peak bone mass by their early 20s" (Osteoporosis, 2011, Mayo Clinic: Causes). Initially, the disease may not present any symptoms for many years. Some patients do not know they have the condition until they experience an unexpected bone break after a minor trauma or during daily activities. Other symptoms include loss of height, back pain from degeneration of the bone of the vertebrae or stooped posture (Osteoporosis, 2011, Mayo Clinic:…...

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References

Kanis JA. (2002). Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet, 359(9321):1929-36.

Osteoporosis. (2011), Mayo Clinic. Retrieved:

 http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/osteoporosis/DS00128 

Virginia Henderson's need theory. (2012). Nursing Theories. Retrieved:

More than half of all men who undergo a hip fracture go from the hospital to a nursing home, and 79% of those who endure for one year still live in nursing homes or transitional care facilities.
Osteoporosis is a major threat to more than 2 million men in the United States. In spite of these facts, as per a 1996 Gallup Poll, many men still view osteoporosis as a women's disease. Only very few men know that this disease is a major threat to their mobility and freedom. For a majority of the people, bone mass increases during the third decade of life. Men naturally have gathered more bone mass by this age in comparison to women. After this point, the amount of bone in the skeleton naturally starts declining slowly as removal of old bone surpasses the creation of new bone. Men in the 50s do not undergo…...

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References

Fast Facts on Osteoporosis. Accessed 16 September 2005; available at  http://www.osteo.org/newfile.asp?doc=fast&doctype=HTML+Fact+Sheet&doctitle=Fast+Facts+on+Osteoporosis 

Golde, B. New clues into the etiology of osteoporosis: the effects of prostaglandins (E2 and F2 alpha) on bone. Medical Hypotheses. Vol: 38; No: 2; pp: 125-131. June, 1992. Accessed 17 September 2005; available at  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1326711&dopt=Abstract 

Health care topics: Osteoporosis. Accessed 16 September 2005; available at  http://www.doctorsforadults.com/topics/dfa_oste.htm 

Medications to Prevent & Treat Osteoporosis. Accessed 17 September 2005; available at  http://www.nof.org/patientinfo/medications.htm

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become fragile and are, therefore, more likely to break (NOF, 2004). Thus, the common perception that bones are inert structures, like wooden beams, is incorrect. For, a bone is actually a living tissue, which is constantly being remodeled. After age 35, however, on the average a little more bone is lost each year than is gained during this remodeling. Between 40 and 50, men characteristically lose 0.5 to 0.75% of bone mass yearly, while women lose it at more than twice that rate. Bones that were once sturdy may become lighter and fragile, with their interiors resembling lacy honeycombs. The rate of natural loss increases substantially after age 50. If its severe enough, the thinned-out bones become porous, and osteoporosis develops, which literally means bone porosity (Walford, 2000, p. 131).
Consequences and Implications: Osteoporosis is often called the "silent disease" because bone loss occurs…...

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References

BBC. (2004, November 25). World Osteoporosis Day: 20 October 2004. BBC Health page.

Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004: http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/awareness/worldosteoporosis.shtml#managing

NOF. (2004). Fast Facts. National Osteoporosis Foundation Web site.

Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004:  

This study was a "randomized population-based open trial."
The group in this study (287 women) received cholecalciferol 800 IU plus calcium 1,000 mg for 3 years. The women were all between the ages of 66 to 71 years. The "control group" (306 women) received nothing, no vitamins or calcium. The authors of this article assert in a "working hypothesis" that "daily vitamin D and calcium supplementation have a positive effect on the skeleton in ambulatory postmenopausal women" (Karkkainen, p. 1).

The total body bone density mass increased "significantly more in the intervention group than in the control group," the author conclude, and hence the evidence shows that by taking Vitamin D daily -- and by taking calcium as well -- can have a positive effect on the skeleton, for women who are postmenopausal.

Osteoporosis in Younger omen: In her book, omen's Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nadya Swedan explains that some young females…...

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Works Cited

Karkkainen, M., Tuppurainen, M., and Salovaara, K. (2010). Osteoporosis Int: effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in women aged 65-71

years: a 3-year randomized population-based trial. Alternative Medicine Review, 15(2),

175. Retrieved from General OneFile.

Lubna. (2010). A survey of osteoporosis risk factors and practices among Jordanian women.

esearch has shown that resistive exercise in strength training increases strength in the extensor lumbar muscles and reduces the incidence of vertebral fractures (Lirani-Galvao & Lazaretti-Castro, 2010). This demonstrates that resistive strength training prevents the loss of bone mass, maintains bone mass, improves balance and reduces the likelihood of falls (Lirani-Galvao & Lazaretti-Castro, 2010). Strength training exercise that is high impact and intense can reduce back pain and improve bone mineral density in the hips and spine for women in their early post-menopausal years that are at high risk of developing osteoporosis (Lirani-Galvao & Lazaretti-Castro, 2010).
However, other types of exercise have been shown to potentially more effective than strength training for the maintenance of bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. Stengel et al. (2005) investigated the difference between strength training and power training in their effectiveness as interventions for the maintenance of bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. These…...

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References

Lirani-Galvao, a.P. & Lazaretti-Castro, M. (2010). Physical approach for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia, 54(2).

Nikander, R., Sievanen, H., Heinonen, a., Daly, R.M., Uusi-Rasi, K., Kannus, P. (2010). Targeted exercise against osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis for optimizing bone strength throughout life. BMC Medicine, 8(47).

Stengel, S.V., Kemmler, W., PIntag, R., Beeskow, C., Weineck, J., Lauber, D., Kalender, W.A., Engelke, K. (2005). Power traiing is more effective than strength training for maintaining bone mineral density in post-menopausal women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 99(1), 181-88.

cohort was divided into halves based on median intakes for protein and calcium. Those with high protein intakes would have tended to be high in both meat and dairy, and those with high calcium intakes would have been high specifically in dairy. Potassium absorption was separately analyzed in those above and below the median intakes for the 2 nutrients. Potassium absorption remained above 90% on both sides of the protein and calcium medians (Table 1), and the small differences between them were not statistically significant. From the failure to find a difference at low and high meat and dairy intakes, it can be concluded that potassium is uniformly well absorbed regardless of dietary source.
A notable feature of the calcium economy is that adjustments of calcium absorption and excretion can diminish the impact of a high calcium intake or compensate for a low calcium intake. Quantifying various nutrient and whole-food…...

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References

Frassetto, R., Morris, R.C., Sellmeyer, D.E., & Sebastian, a. (2008) Journal of Nutrition 138(1): 419S-425

Rafferty, K. & Heaney, R.P. (2008) Economy: Emphasizing the potassium controversy.

Journal of Nutrition 138(1): 166S-172

Tylavsky, F.A., Spence, L.A., & Harkness (2008). Importance of calcium and acid-base homeostasis in bone health and osteoporosis. Journal of Nutrition 138(1): 164S-166

They are most effective in the spine, which is the most common site of osteoporotic fracture. The role of adequate calcium intake has always been mentioned as most essential in the growth and development of all normal tissues, including bone. A low-calcium diet restricts the intake of dairy products, has low amounts of fruits and vegetables, and includes a high intake of low-calcium beverages. Other dietary factors can also affect bone health and accrue to the development of low bone density. Among these are a high-sugar diet, refined grains and flours, caffeine, alcohol and excessive intake of calcium, phosphorous and sodium. Soy has been attracting interest for its likelihood in producing positive effect on bone health. Soybeans contain phytoestrogens called isoflavones and diadzein. Soy is the only dietary source of daidzein. Soy appears to increase the length of the menstrual cycle by one to five days and thus assert…...

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Bibliography

1. American Family Physician (2004). Osteoporosis. American Academy of Family Physicians

2. AORN Journal. (2004). Many Women Don't Take Precautions Against Osteoporosis. Association of Operating Room Nurses, Inc.

3. Ference, J.D. (2006). Ibandronate for Treatment and Prevention of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women. American Family Physician: American Academy of Family Physicians

4. French, L. et al. (2002). Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Journal of Family Practice: Downden Health Media, Inc.

Therefore, bone density may increase. The goal of treatment with antiresorptive medications is to prevent bone loss and lower the risk of breaking bones (Osteoporosis what is it?, 2008).
Teriparatide, a form of parathyroid hormone, is the first osteoporosis medication to increase the rate of bone formation in the bone remodeling cycle and is in a distinct category of osteoporosis medications called anabolic drugs. This is currently the only osteoporosis medication in the U.S. that rebuilds bone. The goal of treatment with teriparatide is to build bone and lower the risk of breaking bones (Osteoporosis what is it?, 2008).

Other drugs available to help reduce the risk of osteoporosis in older individuals are Alendronate, Risedronate, Raloxifene, and Boniva.

Medicare Fracture Prevention and Osteoporosis Testing Act of 2009

In an effort to protect access to osteoporosis testing, legislation was introduced to reverse the drastic cuts in Medicare reimbursement for DXA. Medicare reimbursement for DXA…...

The symptoms become clear when an individual experiences dull pain in the neck and lower back. As the disease develops in an individual, the individual becomes more prone to experiencing sudden pains which cause intense pain in this disease. The pain may continue for more than a couple of months. The disease is also likely to spoil the structure of the body. It is responsible for causing spinal compression and stooped posture. The disease mainly affects the lower back and the waist; people suffering from this disease are likely to facture either their hip or the waist. This usually occurs because of a fall and results in the facture of the hip or the waist. This would not happen in an individual who is not affected by the disease, in the sense that a fall would not be as devastating in an individual who is not suffering from this…...

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References

Osteoporosis Causes. In E-Medicine Health. Retrieved on 11 December 2008 at  http://www.emedicinehealth.com/osteoporosis/page2_em.htm 

Osteoporosis. In Elder Web. Retrieved on 11 December 2008 at http://www.elderweb.com/home/topics/Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis. In FORE. Retrieved on 11 December 2008 at  http://www.fore.org/patients/osteo_and_osteo.html 

Prevention and treatment of Osteoporosis. In Duke Health. Retrieved on 11 December 2008 at  http://www.dukehealth.org/HealthLibrary/AdviceFromDoctors/YourChildsHealth/osteoperosis_in_children

Osteoporosis
Approximately 8 million people in the United States are affected by osteoporosis (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al., 1997). Of these, 80% are older women (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al., 1997). In addition to this problem, another 17 million people in this country have low bone mass, which puts them at an increased risk for developing osteoporosis as they get older (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al., 1997). Every year, 1.5 million broken bones, 500,000 of them spinal fractures and 300,000 of them broken hips, are caused by the disease (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al., 1997). It has been predicted that 50% of women and 20% of men who are over the age of 65 will have a fracture or broken bone related to osteoporosis at some time throughout their lives (Ray, Chan, Thamer, et al., 1997). The population of the world is increasing, and the life expectancy for people in many…...

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Works Cited

Ray, NF, Chan, JK, Thamer, M, et al. (1997). Medical expenditures for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures in the United States in 1995: Report from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Endocrine Practice, 12: 24-35.

Riggs, BL, Melton, LJ, III. (1995). The worldwide problem of osteoporosis: insights afforded by epidemiology. Bone, 179(Suppl 5): 505S-11S.

Neer, RM. Osteoporosis. (1995). In: DeGroot LJ, ed. Endocrinology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, Co: 1228.

Kanis, JA & Pitt, FA. (1992). Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Bone, 13(Suppl 1): S7-S15.

5 SD below Osteoporosis > 2.5 SD below Severe osteoporosis and fragility fracture > 2.5 SD below BMD = bone mineral density; SD = standard deviation
Beck and Shoemaker (2000) state that "calcium consumption alone is not considered adequate protection against osteoporosis" however calcium does play "an important role in the prevention and management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. " Optimal calcium intake as stated by the National Institutes of Health are those stated for the age and intake as follows:

Hormone Status Age in Years Recommended Daily Calcium Intake (mg)

Premenopausal 11-24 1,400

Premenopausal 25-50 1,000

Premenopausal, pregnant

or lactating 25-50 1,400

Postmenopausal, taking

Estrogen 65 1,500

Calcium intake effectiveness is dependent upon the proper levels of calcium being absorbed by the human body. Vitamin D must be present in the body in sufficient levels in order for the body to absorb calcium. Sunlight results in the synthesis of vitamin D in the body however, even after exposure to sunlight,…...

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71+ 600 IU (15 micrograms)

Also important to combat osteoporosis is estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) and as well bisphosphonates including: (1) alendronate sodium; (2) etidronate disodium; (3) pamidronate disodium; and (4) risedronate sodium, also decrease bone resorbption. Of these, alendronate is stated to show the "greatest efficacy in increasing BMD and preventing fractures and is the only FDA-approved bisphosphate for osteoporosis." (Beck and Shoemaker, 2000) Prevention dose is stated at 5 mg and treatment of established osteoporosis dosage is stated at 10 mg.

The work of Hellekson (2002) states that a consensus statement released by the National Institutes of Health states that Although residents of nursing homes and other long-term care facilities are at particularly high risk of osteoporosis-related fracture, men and women experience an age-related decline in bone mineral density (BMD) starting in midlife. Women experience more rapid bone loss in the early years after menopause, which places them at earlier risk for fractures. An important risk factor in men is hypogonadism. Men and perimenopausal women with osteoporosis more commonly experience secondary osteoporosis than do postmenopausal women." (Hellekson, 2002) Hellekson additionally states: "The bone mass attained early in life is perhaps the most important determinant of lifelong skeletal health. Individuals with the highest peak bone mass after adolescence have the greatest protective advantage. Nutrition, exercise, gonadal steroids, and growth hormone and body composition all play a role in bone density. Building good eating habits early in life is important. In particular, getting enough calcium and vitamin D is crucial. Exercise, particularly resistance-based and high-impact exercise, is also beneficial because it helps increase bone density. In addition, sex steroids (estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor I) secreted during puberty substantially increase BMD and peak bone mass." (2002) Conclusions related to osteoporosis stated by the National Institutes of Health include the following: (1) Osteoporosis occurs in all populations at all ages; (2) Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake are crucial to develop optimal peak bone mass and to preserve bone mass throughout life; (3) Gonadal steroids are important determinants of peak and lifetime bone mass in men, women, and children; (4) Regular exercise contributes to development of high

Osteoporosis is a disease which effects bone density in the human body. This increases the risk of fracture. Osteoporosis, means "porous bones," and is essentially a condition that arises when the amount of calcium necessary for bone density and structure slowly decreases and therefore makes the body more vulnerable to fractures. (Osteoporosis) This disease affects a large number of people every year. While commonly those over the age of fifty are most at risk, osteoporosis can also affect much younger people. Statistic show that In the U.S. today,
million individuals already have osteoporosis and 18 million more have low bone mass, placing them at increased risk for this disease. One out of every two women and one in eight men over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime."

(Osteoporosis Overview)

.

Osteoporosis does not affect the organs as such but affects the bone structure and density of skeleton. This may however have…...

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Bibliography

Bennett, B. The Low-Down on Osteoporosis. 2003. August 15, 2005. http://www.nih.gov/news/WordonHealth/dec2003/osteo.htm 

Osteoporosis. Brown University. August 14, 2005.  http://www.brown.edu/Student_Services/Health_Services/Health_Education/general_health/wh_osteoporosis.htm 

Osteoporosis Overview. August 13, 2005.  http://www.osteo.org/osteo.html 

Veracity D. Bone density sharply enhanced by weight training, even in the elderly. News Target, August 15, 2005. http://www.newstarget.com/010528.html

Therefore, differences caused by calcium supplementation may not be notices. Differences that are more noticeable may be found in a population of women that is calcium deficient prior to the supplementation program.
The Wallace & Ballard study concluded that physical activity and calcium intake could increase bone mass. However, in absence of clinically significant dosage, the results of the study remain subjective. It is not known if patients were able to assess accurately their calcium intake accurately, or if they accurately reported their physical activity.

Both of these studies have merit, even though they reached opposing conclusions about the importance of calcium intake and BMD. Both studies contained numerous confounding variables that could have affected the results and that could have influenced interpretation of the results. From a clinical standpoint, the experimental design is more conclusive. However, these results may have been influenced by a number of confounding variables, such as…...

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References

Wallace, L. & Ballard, J. (2002). Lifetime Physical Activity and Calcium Intake Related to Bone

Density in Young Women. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 11

(4): 389-398.

Winters-Stone, K. & Snow, C. (2004). One Year of Oral Calcium Supplementation Maintains

1. Comparison of Red Bone Marrow and Yellow Bone Marrow: Structure, Function, and Clinical Significance:

Comparative analysis of the cellular composition and histological features of red and yellow bone marrow.
Elaborate on the functional differences between red bone marrow (hematopoiesis) and yellow bone marrow (energy storage).
Discuss the clinical implications of red bone marrow disorders (e.g., anemia, leukemia) and yellow bone marrow disorders (e.g., fatty marrow infiltration).

2. Red Bone Marrow Transplantation: Mechanisms, Applications, and Challenges:

Provide an overview of the process of red bone marrow transplantation, including donor selection, harvesting techniques, and conditioning regimens.
Explore the mechanisms of engraftment and....

1. Menstrual cycle regulation: Birth control can help regulate the menstrual cycle, reducing symptoms of irregular or heavy periods, and potentially decreasing the risk of conditions like endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome.

2. Acne treatment: Certain types of birth control can help improve acne by regulating hormone levels that contribute to breakouts.

3. Reduced risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers: Birth control can lower the risk of developing ovarian and endometrial cancers by regulating hormone levels and reducing the number of menstrual cycles a person has over their lifetime.

4. Treatment of menstrual pain: Birth control can help alleviate symptoms of menstrual pain,....

Health Benefits of Piezoelectricity towards Individuals with Underweight and Overweight BMI Levels

Introduction

Piezoelectricity, the ability of certain materials to generate an electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress, has gained significant attention in the healthcare industry due to its potential therapeutic benefits. This essay delves into the literature to explore how piezoelectricity impacts health for underweight and overweight individuals, highlighting its potential role in addressing the health concerns associated with these conditions.

Piezoelectricity and Underweight Individuals

Underweight individuals often struggle with decreased bone density and muscle mass, leading to an increased risk of fractures, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia. Piezoelectricity can stimulate osteogenesis, the formation....

1. The physiological changes and symptoms associated with menopause
2. The emotional and psychological impact of menopause on women
3. The cultural and societal attitudes towards menopause
4. The role of hormone replacement therapy in managing menopausal symptoms
5. The significance of menopause in the aging process
6. The potential health risks and benefits associated with menopause
7. The importance of self-care and self-compassion during the menopausal transition
8. The impact of menopause on relationships and sexuality
9. The role of diet and lifestyle in managing menopausal symptoms
10. The challenges and opportunities that menopause presents in the workplace.
11. The impact of menopause on mental health and cognitive function
12.....