Protective Service Essays (Examples)

Protective Service Operations

Comparison and Contrast of the considerations and special problems the protective service agent

Providing security or protection to VIPs is still in its initial phase and has been occupied by groups and agencies, which differ in quality as well as dependability. The security provided to VIPs such as, politicians and diplomats are handled and governed by trained and skillful personnel having a uniform code of ethics and operations. While, these groups are well outfitted to do their job efficiently, they are quite dissimilar compared to those who offer security to the business executives and celebrities. As these later agencies are usually owned and governed by the ex-army-men or ex-police recruits. Whereupon, these agencies look on this area of business as a great opportunity to mature and grow as it has been their core career skills. But what these agencies lack are high technology equipments and skilled employees…

References

Cox, D. (2001). Close Protection: The Politics of Guarding Russia's Rulers. Westport, CT.

Oatman, R.L., (1999). The art of executive protection. Baltimore, Noble House.

Protective Function Privilege -- Definition / Description

A definition of "protective function privilege" is offered by Michael Kennedy, a Law Clerk for District Judge Shira A. Scheindlin (in the U.S. District court for the Southern District of New York). Published in the Northwestern University Law Review, Kennedy's scholarly piece explains that a deliberative process privilege is a "…shield with which the executive branch deflects public scrutiny into its internal processes" (Kennedy, 2005, 1769). Basically the protective function privilege (PFP) includes any "deliberative material" -- recommendations, advice, and opinions -- which can be kept out of public view in instances of litigation.

The PFP applies in the event a "Freedom of Information Act" request is made for certain information; and PFP is designed so it can rebuff Congressional requests for internal materials, when the release of certain sensitive materials would jeopardize legitimate government discussions or policies, according to the author. Kennedy…

Works Cited

Johnson, N.H. (1998). From U.S. District Judge's Holloway's Order.

Kennedy, M.N. (2005). Escaping the Fishbowl: A Proposal to Fortify the Deliberative Process

Privilege. Northwestern University Law Review, 99(4), 1769-1782.

Lane, C. (1998). Unprotected. The New Republic, page 6.

Although there has been some movement away from the legalistic mode of child protection favored in the 1980s and 1990s, there is still a focus on forensic investigation of child abuse, which does not allow for sufficient between high risk families and low risk families, decreasing the chances that truly at risk children will receive protection, as well as increasing the risk of intervention in functioning families. Currently, Australia is taking a public health approach to child protective services. "In most states child protection services are part of a broader department of human services" (Lamont & Bromfield, 2010).

The dramatic increase in services to children in danger has come with a very high price tag. "Nationally, approximately $2.8 billion was spent on child protection and out-of-home care services in 2010-11, which was an increase of $137.7 million from 2009-10. Of this expenditure, out-of-home care services accounted for the majority (64.9%…

References

Bromfield, L. & Holzer, P. (2008). A national approach for child protection: Project report.

Retrieved March 26, 2013 from New South Wales Government website:  http://www.community.nsw.gov.au/docswr/_assets/main/documents/childprotection_report.pdf 

Bromfield, L., Holzer, P., Lamont, A., Kovaks, K., Richardson, N., & Scott, D. (2013). How

much does Australia spend on child protection? Retrieved March 27, 2013 from Australian Institute of Family Studies website:  http://www.aifs.gov.au/cfca/pubs/factsheets/a142118/index.html

The hope appears to be that deinstitutionalization will lead to human services that are more inclusive and that do not marginalize disadvantaged and minority groups in the same way that centralized institutionalized care did. However, this leads me with the question of who is establishing the standards of care for the smaller groups? Are those standards established locally? If not, then how can the standards possibly reflect the concerns of different subgroups in society. On the other hand, if they are established locally, bias and prejudice can still impact the provision of care, and those local biases and prejudices may not be apparent to any non-local oversight agencies.

eferences

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2001). Deinstitutionalization: The move towards community-based care. In Australia's Welfare 2001: The Fifth biennial welfare report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (pp.96-139). Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

Fine, M. (Year).…

References

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2001). Deinstitutionalization: The move towards community-based care. In Australia's Welfare 2001: The Fifth biennial welfare report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (pp.96-139). Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.

Fine, M. (Year). Defining and claiming care. In A caring society? Care and the dilemmas of human services in the twenty first century (pp. 26-51). City: Palgrave McMillan.

Litwak, E. (1985). The theoretical bases for primary-group networks and formal organizations in modern industrial society. In Helping the elderly: The complementary roles of informal networks and formal systems (pp.6-30). New York: Guilford.

Mason, J. & Noble-Spruell, C. (1993). Child protection policy in New South Wales: A critical analysis. In Jan Mason (Ed)., Child welfare policy: Critical Australian perspectives (pp.25-36). Sydney: Hale & Iremonger.

The way that this can be accomplished is by forming boards that are similar to Long-Term Care Committees. The only difference is that they would severe a similar role as a medical control board. Where, they will have the responsibility for determining how all of the different health care solutions should be integrated on the local level. In this case, these committees could follow the state's integration plans and then augment the various services that are being provided with a structure that will work well for each community. (Fisher, 2009, pp. 219 -- 231)

For example, the state could provide guidelines about how the different health care solutions need to be integrated together as one single plan. The way that this occurs on the local level, will determine the kinds of services that are offered by the various organizations. At the same time, it will depend upon how the community…

Bibliography

Integration of Acute and Long-Term Care. (2011). DMAS. Retrieved from:  http://www.dmas.virginia.gov/altc-home.htm 

Cutler, D. (2010). How Health Care Reform must Bend the Cost Curve. Health Affairs, 29 (6), 1131 -- 1135.

Darkins, C. (2008). The Impact on Parents. Intensive and Critical Care, 25 (2), 72 -- 79.

DeCicci, P. (2008).Cigarette Taxes and Older Adults Smoking. Journal of Health Economics, 27 (4), 918 -- 929.

Anxiety, poor school performance and suicidal conduct have been among the frequent signs of sexual abuse. Excessive masturbation and other unusual sexual activities are also associated with sexual abuse. Symptoms of emotional abuse, on the other hand, are loss of self-esteem, sleep disturbances, headaches or stomach aches, refusal to go to school and running away from home. Neglect can be more visibly detected when the child's normal physical, social, emotional and mental development is hampered. Symptoms can be underweight, slower acquisition of language skills and emotional neediness. Child abuse inflicts lifelong consequences (aker 1999). These include poor school work, emotional problems, the formation of an antisocial personality, promiscuity, drug or alcohol abuse and suicide attempt. Abused children often find difficulty in establishing intimate relationships as adults (aker).

The economic, cultural, and social revolution 50 years ago changed the scenario for everyone. Young women joined the workforce even when they became…

Bibliography

Baker, H. (1999). Child abuse. 3 pages. Encyclopedia of Medicine: Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine.

Bower, B. (1996). Mom-child relations withstand day-care attachment behavior in infants. 3

Pages. Science News: Science News Service, Inc.

Grooms, a. (2007). Quality child care expensive. 2 pages. La Crosse Tribune: ProQuest

Protective service operations are of the utmost importance when considering the impact that leadership and those who are being protected have upon the environment. The sacrifices made by secret service agents demonstrate the essence of teamwork, faith and dedication to the American way. Protective operations are complex however, and require some in-depth study to truly appreciate these practices that contribute to the general good.

The purpose of this essay is to explain the conducting of a protective service operation for an employee who is at high risk for targeting. This essay will describe in detail the specific 3 phases that are necessary to be successful in this procedure. The essay will first discuss phase I which includes the research, reconnaissance and counter surveillance operations contained in protective operations. Phase II will then be discussed which focuses on the planning aspect of the operation. Execution is the third phase of these…

References

Department of Homeland Security. (2008, October). Active shooter: How to respond. Retrieved from  http://www.alerts.si.edu/docs/DHS_ActiveShooterBook.pdf 

Fein, R.A. & Vossekuil, B. (1998). Protective intelligence and threat assessment Investigations: A guide for State and local law enforcement officials. U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. Retrieved from  http://www.secretservice.gov/ntac/PI_Guide.pdf 

The Free Dictionary. "Surveillance." Viewed 5 May 2014. Retrieved from  http://www.secretservice.gov/usss_strategic_plan_2008_2013.pdf 

Hayes, B. (2010). Protecting people at risk. Security, 47(12), 40-40. Retrieved from H-PU library Proquest criminal justice  http://search.proquest.com/docview/846781971?accountid=136858

Overly Protective Parents

All parents care about their children; about their education, food, security etc. But sometimes this concern can be transformed into something almost obsessive that compels some parents to constantly monitor every movement of their children and be over controlling. Some children of overprotective parents can end up being aggressive, but can also develop a withdrawn or anti-social personality. Such children also tend to be insecure, have low self-esteem because they never feel safe without their parents. They have no experience dealing with stress and do not know how to do it when they really need to start living on their own. In this paper an introduction of overly protective parents is given discussing the reasons why some parents are over protective. Then the effects of over protection on children are discussed and then the counseling of such children is recommended.

The Overly Protective Parents

Introduction

Overprotective parents…

References

Clinton, T., & Sibcy, G. (2006). Loving your child too much: Staying close to your kids without overprotecting, overindulging, or overcontrolling. Nashville, TN: Integrity Publishers. ISBN: 1-591-45045-4.

Cloud, H. & Townsend, J. (2001). Boundaries with kids. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. ISBN: 0-310-24315-7.

Emler, N. (2001) Self-esteem: The Costs and Causes of Low Self-worth. York: York Publishing Services/Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

Fletcher, A.C., Steinberg, L. And Williams-Wheeler, M. (2004) 'Parental influences on adolescent problem behaviour: revisiting Stattin and Kerr', Child Development, Vol. 75, pp. 781 -- 96.

Internal evenue Service's Use of Circular 230 to egulate Tax Preparers

An oft repeated maxim in American history states sardonically that "in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except for death and taxes" (Franklin, 1840), and under the modern statutes of federal tax code that observation has never been more prescient. With taxes imposed by local, state and federal governments throughout the entirety of our natural lives, Americans living in 2012 may be facing the most extensive excises ever levied by one nation on its citizenry. Considering the dreaded annual income tax, the sales taxes added to the cost of consumer goods, and property taxes attached to home valuations, the average person is compelled to contribute thousands of dollars annually to support the revenue shortages of a mismanaged federal government. Even the choice to gift a sum of money to your child, spouse or lifelong friend, perhaps…

References

Franklin, B. (1840). Letter to m. le roy on the affairs of france. In J. Sparks (Ed.), The works of Benjamin Franklin: containing several political and historical tracts not included in any

former edition, and many letters, official and private, not hitherto published; with notes and a life of the author (Vol. 10th). Retrieved from  http://books.google.com/books?id=weTtwiiGUYQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ 

ge_summary_r&cad=0

Fraud in income tax return preparation. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the Committee on Ways and Means, 109th Cong. 1 (2005).

According to the Secret Service, it is important to understand the important aspects of protective operations. The information on the website noted that "The protection of an individual is comprehensive and goes well beyond surrounding the individual with well-armed agents. As part of the Secret Service's mission of preventing an incident before it occurs, the agency relies on meticulous advance work and threat assessments developed by its Intelligence Division to identify potential risks to protectees,"[footnoteef:4] [4: United States Secret Service, home web page, viewed 11 April 2014. ]

Protective operations must make full use of both human and non-human resources. In many cases these aspects are secret. Part of the job of those offering protective services, is ensuring that safety and security is maintained at all times. Secrecy and deceit are hallmarks of these operations and is extremely necessary to accomplishing the many risky tasks that contribute to such efforts.…

References

Mcgovern, G. (2011). Protective Operations: A Handbook for Security and Law Enforcement. CRC Press 22 March 2011.

Stratfor (2010). How to Look for Trouble a Stratfor Guide to Protective Intelligence. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (March 22, 2010)

United States Secret Service (nd). How Protection Works. Viewed 11 April 2014. Retrieved from  http://www.secretservice.gov/protection_works.shtml

applying: safeguard protective clothing manufacturers bulletproof vests -- apply strategies • Definition marketing (U1 DB) • Introduction product/service (U1 DB) • Situation Analysis - marketing environment forces impacting product/service (U1 IP) • Marketing Strategy - target market(s) positioning (U2 DB & U2 IP) • Product/Service overview strategies (U3 DB) • Pricing Strategy (U4 DB) • Distribution Channels (U3 IP) You add Abstract, Introduction, Conclusion, Integrated Marketing Communications Mix, including: • Overview integrated marketing communications • Promotion Mix Strategy - explain a push pull strategy • Message Strategy - decide general message communicated target market promotional tools • Promotion Mix - choose (3) promotional tools (advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, public relations direct marketing).

Bulletproof Vests Plan

Abstract

The objective of this paper relies on discussing the importance of marketing strategies. The following pages focus on developing a marketing plan for a company that produces bulletproof vests. The introductory section is…

Reference list:

1. Jain, S. (2008). Integrated Marketing Communication. Global India Publications. Retrieved August 17, 2011 from  http://books.google.ro/books?id=4g3M61Oo38QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=integrated+marketing+communications&hl=ro#v=onepage&q=integrated%20marketing%20communications&f=false .

2. Porter, M. (1998). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. Retrieved August 17, 2011 from  http://books.google.ro/books?id=QN0kyeHXtJMC&pg=PA127&dq=push+pull+strategy&hl=ro#v=onepage&q=push%20pull%20strategy&f=false .

3. Dolak, D. (2010). The Marketing Communications or promotional Mix. Retrieved august 17, 2011 from http://www.davedolak.com/promix.htm.

Clandestine Drug Labs and the Fire Service

hat are the risks and inherent dangers when firefighters are facing a blaze that resulted from a meth lab? hat should firefighters do when they suspect a fire has been caused by the existence of a meth lab? Are clandestine meth labs more prevalent then they were a few years ago? These questions and others will be addressed in this paper.

hat States' Firefighters have the biggest Threats from Meth Labs?

According to the U.S. Department of Justice (and the Drug Enforcement Agency) the states with the most meth labs (as of 2011) are Missouri (2,684 busts in 2011), Indiana (1,364 busts in 2011), Kentucky (with 1,084 busts) and Tennessee (1,130 busted meth labs). Other states that have a great deal of meth lab activity include Oklahoma (916), Michigan (365 labs busted), Mississippi (269 labs shut down) and Iowa (380 labs busted) (DOJ,…

Works Cited

Hadlock, Tim. (2010). Clandestine Drug Labs Present Hidden Dangers for Firefighters.

Fire Engineering. Retrieved September 14, 2012, from  http://www.fireengineering.com .

Jordan, Larry P. (2011). Calhoun firefighters lean about dangers of meth labs. The Times and Democrat. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from  http://thetandd.com .

Lindsey, William, and DeNicola, Michael. (2010). Trust Your Instincts. Fire Chief. Retrieved September 15, 2012, from  http://firechief.com .

Kevin Golden v. Town of Collierville 06a0062n.06; 167 Fed. Appx. 474; 2006 U.S. App.

Plaintiff firefighter appealed a decision of the United States District Court for the estern District of Tennessee, which granted summary judgment in favor of defendants, a town, its administrator, a fire chief, and an assistant fire chief, on his procedural due process and equal protection claims under 42 U.S.C.S. § 1983. The district court also dismissed the firefighter's claims for civil conspiracy under state law.

The firefighter, who was white, claimed that he was offered but then denied a promotion to the position of fire lieutenant because of his race. Instead, another firefighter who was black was promoted to the position. Defendants argued that the black firefighter was promoted because he ranked above the white firefighter in the testing and interview process. On appeal from the district court's decision, the court held: the district court properly…

Works Cited

Biondo v. City of Chicago 2002 U.S. Dist.

Columbus Civil Service Commission v. McGlone 82 Ohio St. 3d 569; 1998 Ohio 410; 697

N.E.2d 204; 1998 Ohio

Gary L. Knapp et al. v. City of Columbus 06a0472n.06; 192 Fed. Appx. 323; 2006 U.S. App.

Clearly the Secret Service is expanding it's investigative arm; in 2010 the Service established it's second overseas Electronic Crimes Task Force (ECTF), this one in London (in 2009 the Service established an ECTF in Rome, Italy). The point of the ECTF is to provide an avenue through which European and American law enforcement agencies -- along with private sector and academia -- can work together to investigate, suppress and prevent computer-related criminal activity (USSS).

Again and again in the 72-page Fiscal Year 2010 Report readers are reminded of one of the main missions of the Secret Service -- to hunt down and arrest counterfeiters. In 2010 the Secret Service -- along with local authorities -- arrested four Colombian counterfeiters (in Bogota Colombia) that had been printing U.S. currency and distributing it in the United States. Columbia is one of the most prolific producers of counterfeit American money, the report explains,…

Works Cited

Ambinder, Marc. (2011). Inside the Secret Service. The Atlantic. Retrieved August 11, 2011,

from  http://www.theatlantic.com .

Department of Homeland Security. (2011). Total Budget Authority by Organization. Retrieved August 10, 2011, from http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/budget_bib_fy2011.pdf.

Kessler, Ronald. (2010). In the President's Secret Service: Behind the Scenes with Agents in the Line of Fire and the Presidents They Protect. New York: Random House Digital, Inc.

Clandestine Drug Laboratories and Fire Service

The menace of clandestine drug labs has been in existence for decades now and is a widespread issue over all the states across the country. The labs are established in homes, backyards, stores, apartments, hotel rooms, covered boats and even trunk homes.

The police departments and the concerned authorities do invade on intelligence information, several of these clandestine drug labs but the worrying this is the contamination that remains once the found equipment and substance is confiscated.

These materials that remain behind can contaminate porous walls and floor covers, the house heating vents as well as the air conditioning system, let alone the furniture that is daily exposed to the elements. Lots of times the next occupants are not aware of the activities of the previous occupants and even if they are aware, they may not know the dangers that lie therein.

Without proper…

References

Asia & Pacific Amphetamine-Type stimulants Information Centre, (2009). Clandestine

Labs. Retrieved March 9, 2011 from  http://www.apaic.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=85 

David P, (2011). Clandestine Drug Labs. Retrieved March 9, 2011 from http://cms.firehouse.com/content/article/article.jsp?id=12333&sectionId=18EmerEgency Film Group, (2011). Meth Labs -- A to Z. Hazards for Emergency Responders.

Retrieved March 9, 2011 from http://www.efilmgroup.com/AtoZ.html

human services organizations are involved in policy advocacy (one organization should be from the video carousel and one from your area of interest). Then explain one benefit and one limitation of engaging in policy advocacy. Be specific and provide examples.

One of the most interesting of policy advocacy examples associated with the transcript is the employment barriers issue that has to do with criminal history, where individuals are barred from employment or even fired after many years of service simply because they have a criminal record, and usually one that has little if any impact on the job they are or could be hired to do. The Michigan Organizing Project adopted this issue as one that required policy advocacy and went local to do so.

"We took that question to the city commission elections last year at this time in September, October of 2009. And were very persistent in talking…

Recognizing the local concern in Kalamazoo regarding employment barriers and well as post offender challenges to employment is a significant opportunity for policy advocacy and local change that has a significant impact on many people, not just the offenders themselves but their families and their whole communities. Offenders who serve time and then are simply returned to society with no resources return to the patterns of criminality that made them offenders to begin with, and many do this simply because they see no other way to survive in the community (Jenson & Reed, 2006, p. 81-89). It has been shown in countless examples as well as a significant amount of research that recidivism is reduced by the involvement of offenders and ex-offenders in gainful employment. That employment is contingent of training, education and in this case policy advocacy as individuals never given an opportunity are unlikely even if they are educated and trained for the job to get a job after incarceration or offense. This is a lasting problem that should be addressed in policy advocacy as well as client advocacy.

The issue of domestic violence similarly allows opportunities for policy advocacy, be it advocating for local policy change that allows funding to domestic violence shelters or opportunities that empower domestic victims by supporting their needs (an example of client advocacy). One of the paramount organizations in the fight against domestic violence is the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence.

The organization serves as a policy advocate on the national and local levels to develop funding for domestic violence shelters and programs for those affected. The organization also serves as an advocate for those organizations that are responding to client need on the local level, creating coalitions and local support as well as demonstrative change for programming where it is needed. As a national partner organization the NCADV also lobbies on the federal and state level for mandating services and protective laws that allow domestic violence victims shelter from both

country approaches a contemporary human services issue in comparison to your own. Include in your comparison historical, political, social, and economic factors that affect the country's approach. Finally, provide two insights you had and/or conclusions you drew about how other countries approach contemporary human services issues as a result of your comparison.

Domestic Abuse Services: The United States VS. Mexico

According to the United States Centers for Disease Control, approximately 4.8 women experience domestic abuse, or intimate partner violence (IPV), each year in the United States. The National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and local and state authorities and public agencies offer a variety of legal, health and advocacy services to encourage victims of domestic abuse to end abusive relationships and seek safe and healthy ending to these often deadly situations (CDC, 2011). In a report discussing domestic abuse services for victims in a variety of countries,…

References

Abramsky, T. et al. 2011. What Factors Are

Society Feels About Animals

As a first order primate, humans have a natural affinity with animals of all types that has contributed to their mutual relationships throughout history. In fact, animals of different types have been since the time of the ancient Greeks to improve the emotional and functional status of humans (Mccauley, 2006, p. 358). Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has grown in popularity in recent years based on its proven efficacy in treating a wide range of healthcare and mental health conditions. Although dogs and cats are most commonly used in AAT settings, horses, rabbits and even fish can also be used. For instance, according to Macauley, "The use of animals ranges from companion animals that provide camaraderie and emotional support to assistance animals that provide direct physical-functional support to therapy animals that aid with the habilitation-rehabilitation in physical, occupational, speech-language, and recreation therapy" (2006, p. 358). Moreover, some researchers…

References

Becker, D. (2013, August 26). "Four-Legged Therapy for Military Veterans with PTSD."

Healthy Pets. [online] available:  http://healthypets.mercola.com/sites/healthypets  / archive/2013/0.

Bleich, A. (2004, October 1). "Mental Disability." The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related

Sciences, 41(4), 235-237.

Baker. She is serving in the position of the egional Director. The agency is governed based on protocols that are established in Title IV of the Social Security Act and the CAPTA. To achieve its objectives, the agency is organized into a number of different positions to include: directors, counselor and managers. The way social workers fit into the organization, are they maintain these different titles when investigating and monitoring what is happening. This is accomplished by having the more experienced case workers serving in a supervisory role. They will teach less experienced social workers how to effectively interact with clients. This is when they will learn how to deal with a host of situations and address possible challenges in the future. The combination of these areas is designed to ensure the DFPS is able to achieve their larger organizational objectives. ("Child Placing Agency Administrators," 2012) (Burstain, 2012)

Evaluation of…

References

About the Texas Department of Family Protective Services. (2012). DFPS. Retrieved from:  http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/About/About/ 

Child Placing Agency Administrators. (2012). DFPS. Retrieved from:  http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/CHILD_CARE/Information_for_Providers/administrators.asp?r=3&admtype=LCPA 

DFPS 2010 Data Book. (2010). DFPS. Retrieved from:  http://www.dfps.state.tx.us/documents/about/Data_Books_and_Annual_Reports/2010/2010databook.pdf 

Burstain, J. (2012). Child Protective Services in Texas. Centers for Public Policy Priorities.

Moreover, it is unclear whether Jim has attempted to reestablish any meaningful contact with his children; rather, his entire focus has been on becoming a better person. While there is certainly nothing wrong with that goal in and of itself (it is, after all, a universal human quality), he appears to have pursued this goal to the total exclusion of making any substantive reparations to his family. Finally, it is interesting that Jim somehow feels compelled to tell others -- including potential employers -- about his criminal past and his current status in treatment, as if this ongoing commitment to all-out honesty somehow absolves him from a deceptive and duplicitous history, or at least helps to explain it (which it does if one is interested). According to Jim, "Entering into society again was very difficult. I had lost my business, my friends and was now divorced. After leaving jail, I…

References

Black's law dictionary. (1991). St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.

Bryant, J.K. (2009, June). School counselors and child abuse reporting. Professional School

Counseling, 12(5), 130-132.

Bryant, J. & Milsom, a. (2005, October). Child abuse reporting by school counselors.

First and foremost, response in the event of sexual abuse allegations should truly be within the first 24 hours so as to intervene immediately where these allegations may be substantiated. This means conducting an immediate interview with the child, followed by an interview with a spouse of the accused where such may exist, followed by an interview with the accused.

Of crucial importance and distinction in cases where sexual abuse within the family has been alleged is the understanding that the state will not seek reconciliation but will seek the immediate and long-term removal of the child from the household. Inter-familial sexual abuse is rarely viewed from the perspective of Child Protective Services as being treatable insofar as mitigating the threat to the child.

orks Cited:

Child elfare Information Gateway (CIG). (2009). Investigation of Child Sexual Abuse. eNotAlone. Online at http://www.enotalone.com/article/9940.html

Works Cited:

Child Welfare Information Gateway (CWIG). (2009). Investigation of Child Sexual Abuse. eNotAlone. Online at  http://www.enotalone.com/article/9940.html

The victim is often put into situations where they are physically deprived of the things they need to make appropriate decisions. For instance they may be deprived of sleep or food so that they can be more easily manipulated. Mental abuse may also involve teasing or name calling. In many cases the perpetrator is very aware of the victim's weaknesses and uses them to humiliate or subjugate the victim.

Sexual Abuse

The sexual abuse of children is increasing throughout the world and has increased drastically in recent years. Sexual abuse can include the molestation and/or rape of a child. In many cases children are sexually abused by someone that they know, rather it be a neighbor, a parent or an acquaintance. Sexual abuse can also have lasting effects on the psyche of an individual. Studies have found that children who experience sexual abuse are more likely to become promiscuous as…

References

Bolen, Rebecca M. 2003. Child Sexual Abuse: Prevention or Promotion?. Social Work 48, no. 2: 174+.

Cochrane, John, Gaynor Melville, and Ian Marsh. 2004. Criminal Justice: An Introduction to Philosophies, Theories and Practice. London: Routledge. Book online.

Child Abuse. National Institutes of Health. Available at  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/childabuse.html 

Child Abuse Statistics. Available at http://www.childhelp.org/resources/learning-center/statistics.Internet

Placement Proposal

Prospective field agency in social work:

Child, Youth & Family Services Department of the Government of Newfoundland, Canada

My decision to enter the field of social work is directly related to my personal experiences. I am a First Nations person and currently live on a reservation in Newfoundland, Canada. First Nations peoples strive to retain their cultures while still interacting with the rest of Canadian society. I believe that when dealing with problems relating to healthcare, child services, job placement, and other areas with which social workers can be helpful, there must be cultural sensitivity to the perspective of the individual who is being assisted. I believe that growing up as part of a bi-cultural environment will make me uniquely attuned to the needs of my future clients. I grew up with a profound need and belief that I was put on the earth to help people, and…

Lost Boy

David Pelzer's autobiography The Lost Boy (1997) is a very moving and disturbing account of his childhood experiences of severe abuse by his mother and abandonment by his father. He was removed from his mother's custody at age 12 by Child Protective Services and ended up in a series of foster homes for the next six years. He rarely spent more than a few months in each one, and did not receive the necessary psychological counseling that would have helped him resolve the issues of abuse and abandonment. Although David was grateful to the foster care system and believed it had literally saved his life, he recognized that it was often overwhelmed with the sheer volume of abuse cases and lacked a sufficient number of social workers and foster homes. On the whole, though, he was very satisfied with the social worker who saved him from his alcoholic…

What changes within law or case planning/assessment would you say have created a more effective and efficient outcome for Dave? Now, present a discussion on what all of us as child welfare advocates and leaders might do individually and collectively to prevent foster care drift and further abuse/trauma to the children we serve?

One of the central problems that David Pelzer faced was the sheer number of child abuse reports and the incapacity of the system to deal with these numbers. This situation is worse today than in the 1970s, and Child Protective Services received 5.9 million reports of child abuse and neglect in 2010 or that over 2 million claims were investigated. If anything, these are probably underestimates and the true number of parents who abuse and neglect children but never get caught or investigated is probably much higher. At least 60% of complaints were made by teachers, police, lawyers and social workers, rather than by parents, friends and relatives, and the normal response to child abuse and neglect is still to ignore, deny or conceal it unless that is part of the job of the person making the report (Child Maltreatment, 2010, p. viii). About 78% of all reports were of neglect, compared to 17.6% physical abuse and 9.2% sexual abuse, although I wonder in the latter two are being underreported, as are the estimated 1,500 deaths per year due to child abuse and neglect (Child Maltreatment, p. x). Children younger than four made up nearly 80% of reported abuse and neglect victims, which seems to be a well-established pattern, while 81.2% of the abusers were parents and 6.1% other relatives (Child Maltreatment, p. 4). Child Protective Services are often overwhelmed by the caseload, although their average response time is 78 hours or 3.3 days, and even shorter than that in emergencies (Child Maltreatment, p. 8). In some states, their average caseload is over 100 per year, and as high as 184 in Rhode Island and 211 in Utah, which may well leave many cases improperly investigated or resolved, or wrongly classified as unsubstantiated (Child Maltreatment, p. 18).

In addition, the police and school authorities were too slow to recognize that David was the victim of severe and systematic abuse and neglect, although this was more of a problem in the past than it would be today. As C.H. Kempe pointed out in his pioneering work sixty years ago, the parent who seemed the more 'normal' in the sense of being well-spoken, alert, well-groomed and

These measures included laws, which denied services to undocumented residents, alerted police to assume ICE functions, penalized for employers who hired the aliens, and made English the official language. In Arizona, ordinary citizens were encouraged to report businesses, which hired suspicious foreign-looking persons. Hispanics were the major targets of this xenophobia because they were believed to be the major law violators. Statistics showed that there were approximately 12 million undocumented immigrants, most of them Latinos or Hispanics, in the U.S. The national bias against them showed up in studies, which considered only them in determining how much they were costing the country in services. ut did they really drain the economy? A spokesman for the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission did not think so. A 2004 study on "foreign-born" citizens of Virginia alone concluded that Asians outnumbered Hispanics. The Commission found that these "foreign-born" citizens were not a huge…

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Galuszka, P. (2008). Hispanics bearing the brunt of xenophobia. Diverse Issues in Higher

Education: Cox, Matthews & Associates. Retrieved on March 24, 2009 from  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_mWMX/is_1_25/ai_n2491956?tag=content;col1 

ICE (2008). About ICE. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved on March 24, 2009 from http://www.ice.gov/about/index.htm

Marcucci, M.R. (2007). Marchers call for immigration reform. Oakland Tribune: ANG

Community Analysis: Columbus, Ohio - Hilltop Area/Franklinton

Identification and History

The Franklinton/Hilltop area of Columbus, Ohio is located on the west side of the greater metropolitan area. Franklinton is in a river valley next to the Scioto iver and the Hilltop area is just west of that on a rise. The Hilltop area is defined as the area between I-70 on the north, the B & O. railway to the east and south, and the I-270 outerbelt to the south and west (Greater Hilltop Area Commission, 2011). Its main street is West Broadstreet, otherwise known as U.S. route 40. There are welcome signs to the area near Mound Street and Hague Avenue. Franklinton is bordered by the Scioto iver on the north and east, Hague Avenue on the east, Stimmel oad and Greenlawn Avenue on the South, and I-70 on the West. The main street in this area is also…

References

Bush, Bill (2011). Census shows Columbus' growth was uneven. February 11, 2011. The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved from  http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2011/03/11/census-shows-columbus-growth-was-uneven.html 

City-data.com (2011a). Franklinton neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio. Retrieved from  http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Franklinton-Columbus-OH.html 

City-data.com (2011b). Greater Hilltop neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio. Retrieved from  http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Greater-Hilltop-Columbus-OH.html 

City of Columbus (2003, July). The Franklinton Plan. Department of Development, Planning Division. Retrieved from  http://development.columbus.gov/UploadedFiles/Development/Planning_Division/Document_Library/Plans_and_Overlays_Imported_Content/franklinton.pdf

(Colorado Department of Human Services (CDHS), 2011)

ecommendations

Even though, the services provided by the Colorado division of child welfare are of satisfactory quality but there are certain areas on which the Colorado division of child welfare has to work in order to enhance the quality of its programs and services. The Colorado division of child welfare shall opt for a more facilitated and properly administered organizational structure as this would enable the management to work in a more effective and efficient manner. (Policy Studies Inc., & American Humane, 2009)

The Colorado division of child welfare shall also work on properly assigning the responsibilities to the staff members on the basis of their functionality, position, skill and abilities. In addition to that, Colorado division of child welfare shall also work on the communication gap that prevails in the organization and shall facilitate communication between the staff and shall explicitly state…

References

City and County of Denver (2013). Rules Regulating Child Care Centers. [report] Denver: City and County of Denver, pp. 1-8.

Colorado Department of Human Services (CDHS) (2011). Child And Family Services Review Performance Improvement Plan. [report] Alamosa: Colorado Department of Human Services (CDHS), pp. 1-39.

Colorado Department of Human Services (CDHS) (2011). 2011 Annual Evaluation Report The Division of Child Welfare. [report] Alamosa: Colorado Department of Human Services (CDHS), pp. 1-25.

Colorado.gov (2013). Division of Child Welfare. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/CDHS-ChildYouthFam/CBON/1251586904497 [Accessed: 17 Jul 2013].

Protection Discipline

The art and science of protection has evolved and transformed over the past decades where new levels of its requirements are in high demand. This structural shift in the needs for protection have also created the environment where stark contrasts between approaches and industry becomes rather evident. These noticeable differences need to be addressed in order to successfully and truly understand how this process can be maximized for effectiveness, efficiency and economics.

The purpose of this essay is to highlight and describe the different requirements, limits of authority, limits of force, material assets, ethics and best practices of three differing and distinct realms of protection. The essay will first examine physical protection be highlighting aspects of its use in the U.S. Federal Government. The essay will then explain information protection highlighted how the U.S. Military uses this type of protection and how it is reflected in their practices.…

References

Chen, D., & Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. In Computer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on (Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE.

Gordon, P. (2013). What to Expect when Force Protection Conditions Change. U.S. NAVY.Mil, Navy Public Release, 21 Feb 2013. Retrieved from  http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=72213 

Hertig, C. (2001). The Evolving Role of Protection Officers. Security Solutions, 1 Nov, 2001. Retrieved from http://securitysolutions.com/mag/security_evolving_role_protection/

Markon, J. (2014). Can the Federal Protective Service meet new demands for heightened security? The Washington Post, 30 Oct 2014. Retrieved from  http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/wp/2014/10/30/can-the-federal - protective-service-meet-new-demands-for-heightened-security/

Child Therapy

The author of this report has been asked to assess the situation of a single mother of three kids. The mother is very paranoid about losing her children but there are some very real concerns in terms of what the mother is apparently doing and how some of the children are acting. The author is asked to answer a number of questions. These include how the professionals could and should collaborate so as to best serve both the mother and the children involved in the situation, from an ethical and legal standpoint of course. The role of each professional in the situation will be discussed in detail. The function that each professional would serve will be discussed. The author is also going to place one's self as the "lead" person on the team and will then describe what could and should happen in relation to this situation and…

References

Fabia-czyk, K. (2011). Decision making on ambiguous stimuli such as prosody by subjects suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, alcohol dependence, and without psychiatric diagnosis. British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology, 64(1), 53-68.

doi:10.1348/000711010X492366

Lo, C. C., Monge, A. N., Howell, R. J., & Cheng, T. C. (2013). The Role of Mental Illness in Alcohol Abuse and Prescription Drug Misuse: Gender-Specific Analysis of College

Students. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 45(1), 39-47.

Step 3: Discuss the Precipitating Event

After relationship is recognized, the emphasis goes to the family insights of the condition, the sequence of proceedings leading up to the predicament, and the issue that started out the sequence of events (Graham-Bermann, S.A., 2002). Consultations inspect when and how the disaster happened, the causal conditions, and how the family endeavored to covenant with it.

Step 4: Assess Strengths and Needs

The Family valuation of strengths and needs start right after and the goes on throughout crisis intervention. The crisis worker will start to draws conclusions that will regard the family's needs and strengths that are related to the present disaster and, with the family, assesses the prospective for recovery (Edleson, J.L.,1999). Client strong suit are tapped in order to make self-esteem better, while also providing skills and energy that is for problem-solving.

Step 5: Formulate a Dynamic Explanation

This next step really…

REFERENCES

Appel, a.E., & Holden, G.W. (1998). The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse: A review and appraisal. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 578-599.

Babcock, J.C., Green, C.E., & Robie, C. (2004). Does batterer's treatment work? A meta-analytic review of domestic violence treatment. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, 1023-1053.

Beeman, S.K., Hagemeister, a.K., & Edleson, J.L. (1999). Child protection and battered women's services: From conflict to collaboration. Child Maltreatment, 4, 116-126.

Bragg, H.L. (2003). Child protection in families experiencing domestic violence. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved October 3, 2005, from http://nccanch.acf.hhs.gov/profess/tools/usermanual.cfm

ocial Work and Burnout

Providing psychiatric and other forms of social work has been the chosen field of many generations of social workers and a major source of services in mental health facilities. ince psychiatric services are a subset of a larger career field of the health care profession, when the definition of social worker was expanded to health care professionals, it can be understood that the issue of burnout in the health care fields is of increasing importance. The health care professional is responsible for the well-being of others, and when the health care worker spends their time and energy giving to the well being of others without monitoring, or attending to their own needs, not only is the health care worker affected, but so is the entire health care profession, and client base. This research is designed to investigate, and determine some of the factors which contribute to…

Spector, P.E., & O'Connell, B.J. (1994). The contribution of personality traits, negative affectivity, locus of control, and type A to the subsequent reports of job stressors and job strains. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 67, 1-12.

Ullmann, A., Goos, M., Davis, M., & Mushinski, M. (1971). Activities satisfaction and problems of social work in hospital settings: A comparative study. Social Service Review, 45, 17-29.

Weismann, C., Alexander, C., & Chase, G. (1980). Job satisfaction among hospital nurses: A longitudinal study. Health Services Research, 15, 341-364.

Vermont's Junior Senator, Bernard Sanders introduced to the Senate the Stop Outsourcing Security Act S. 2398. The Stop Outsourcing Security Act will help solve the lack of oversight of contractors in Iraq by requiring that by June 2008, "the President shall submit to each specified congressional committee a report on the status of planning for the transition away from the use of private contractors for mission critical or emergency essential functions by January 1, 2009, in all conflict zones in which Congress has authorized the use of force" (s 2398). This bill will examine contractor activities and ensure that renewals will only happen if the president certifies that contractors have undergone background checks and are clear of any crimes that could lead to additional problems with their work in the future. It will also allow congress to have access to information of private military companies including, the number of persons…

Works Cited

Addicott, Jeffrey F. "Contractors on the "Battlefield": Providing Adequate Protection, Anti-Terrorism Training, and Personnel Recovery for Civilian Contractors Accompanying the Military in Combat and Contingency Operations." Houston Journal of International Law 28.2 (2006): 323. Questia. 16 July 2008  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5015737160 .

Broder, John M. "Report critical of guard firm; Blackwater sought to cover up Iraq shootings, study finds." 3 October 2007: 4. Lexis Nexis 13 June 2008.  http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T3963560559&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T3963560562&cisb=22_T3963560561&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8357&docNo=5 

Greenwald, Robert "Iraq for Sale" (Documentary Film) 2005 Information Website: http://iraqforsale.org/

Krugman, Paul. "Hired Gun Fetish." The New York Times. A29. 28 September 2007. Proquest. 5 July 2008.  http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1343375061&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1215612063&clientId=27893

Older Americans Act (OAA) was first passed in 1965, alongside Medicare and Medicaid. Whereas Medicare and Medicaid offered extended insurance benefits through the federal government, the OAA established "the foundation for a system of services and supports that enables millions of older adults in this country to continue to live independently as they age," ("The Older Americans Act: Aging Well Since 1965," (The Older Americans Act: Aging Well Since 1965," n.d.). Along with its federal provisions, the OAA freed up grant money for the states to develop " community planning and social services, research and development projects, and training personnel in the field of aging," (The Older Americans Act: Aging Well Since 1965," n.d.). Basically, the OAA created an actual infrastructure to support America's aging population.

The OAA is currently comprised of seven titles:

• Title I: Declaration of Objectives

• Title II: Administration on Aging (Aoa)

• Title III:…

Mission of a High School Counselor

Most of us have memories of a high school counselor -- and for most of us those memories are good ones. Especially in a large school -- as so many are these days -- the counselor may serve as an important, indeed vital, safety net for students who do not see a clear path through this challenging period of life. School counselors help students adjust to the pressures of school and the many stresses of family life, validating the experiences of students while also helping them to adjust to the requirements of growing up and the expectations of the adults in their lives, from parents to teachers to employers. In an era in which many students have few responsible adults to turn to help them engage in the demanding, confusing, and sometimes dangerous process of growing up, school counselors are more important than ever.…

References

Dollarhide, C. & Lemberger, M. (2006, April). Professional school counseling.

Holcomb-McCoy, C. (2007). School counseling to close the achievement gap: A social justice framework for success. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Lapan, R.T., Gysbers, N.C., & Kayson, M.A. (2007). Missouri school counselors benefit all students. Jefferson City, MO: Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education.

Lee, C. (2001). Culturally responsive school counselors and programs: Addressing the needs of all students. Professional School Counseling, 4, 163-171.

Social Work

Under the California Child Abuse and Neglect eporting Law, counselors, teachers, and other professionals are legally obliged to report suspected abuse or neglect. The legal obligation to report instances of child abuse or neglect to a local, state or federal social services agency is generally a good idea because it ensures reporting by teachers, counselors, and others who are in contact with the child. It is assumed that mandatory reporting means immediate and beneficial intervention. The reality is more complicated than this. Alerting child protective services can have unwanted detrimental effects on the child. As Lough (n.d.) points out, "nagging doubts about how the person suspected of abusing a child will react, what the outcome will be, and whether or not the report will put the child at greater risk" are what make the mandatory reporting laws controversial.

Theoretically, with a legal obligation, the individual is more motivated…

References

County of Riverside (2013). How do I report child abuse? Retrieved online: http://dpss.co.riverside.ca.us/childrens-services-division/child-abuse-reporting/how-to-report

Lough, P. (n.d.). California Department of Social Services Office of Child Abuse Prevention. The California Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Law. Retrieved online:  http://www.dominican.edu/academics/resources/facultyresources/file/childabuselaw.pdf 

State of California Department of Social Services (2013). Report abuse. Retrieved online:  http://www.cdss.ca.gov/cdssweb/PG20.htm

However, from 2008 the number began to decrease slightly. The rate of increase in the number of children aging out of the United States foster care system from 1998 to 2007 is 71.7%. Whereas the rate declined by 0.71% in the year 2008. In the year 2009, there was again a decline of 0.33%. In the year 2010, the number of children aging out of foster care system declined by 5.4%. It can be concluded from the above figure that there was a significant increase in the number of children aging out of foster care system from the year 1998 to 2007. Whereas, this number started declining from the year 2008 and it is still following a declining trend. (McCoy-oth, DeVoogh & Fletcher, 2011)

Challenges Faced by the youth aging out of Foster Care System

Children who age out of the foster care system generally face many problems in relation…

References

Browne, K. Save the Children, (2009). The risk of harm to young children in institutional care. Retrieved from Save the Children website:  http://www.crin.org/docs/The_Risk_of_Harm.pdf 

Children's Bureau, Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2012). Foster care statistics 2010. Retrieved from Children's Bureau website: https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/foster.pdf

Gardner, D. National Association of Counties (NACo), (2008). Youth aging out of foster care identifying strategies and best practices. Retrieved from National Association of Counties (NACo) website:  http://www.dshs.wa.gov/pdf/ca/YouthAgingoutofFoster.pdf 

Hancock, B.R. FaithBridge Foster Care, (2009).Changing foster care in America: From crisis to community. Retrieved from FaithBridge Foster Care website:  http://www.faithbridgefostercare.org/media/1210/faithbridge_white_paper_042009.pdf

Given this priest is able to coax and created situations where boys are with him alone is even worse. In short, the counselor in this situation has no choice but to step in and say/do something.

To make a final decision, it would normally be wise to do some information gathering and to truly find out for sure whether or not this man has offended or not. However, the only real way to do that is to prod the priest even more and/or to ask the children and/or parents what is going on, if anything, and that would probably not be the best idea, at least in the latter case. Any querying of children would have to be done with the full knowledge and consent of the parents, and this is true both ethically and legally, and even if such permission was not garnered it would get back to them…

Works Cited

Brown, Francesca, and Mark R. Kebbell. "Policing Indecent Images of Children. What Are the Critical Issues Surrounding Police Risk Assessment?." Sexual Abuse in

Australia & New Zealand 5.1 (2013): 52-59. SocINDEX with Full Text. Web. 5

Apr. 2014.

DeYoung, Mary. "The World According to NAMBLA: Accounting for Deviance." Journal

I am motivated to continue with my volunteering experience because of a caller I had one night when I had hotline duty.

The caller had been raped several years before and was a repeat caller, who just needed to talk when the nightmares came. In the morning, at the end of my volunteer shift, she phoned me back to thank me and to tell me that, after talking to me, she had been able to sleep through the night for the first time in years.

Journal Entry 5: Partner Abuse

Take the Domestic Violence Screening Quiz at http://psychcentral.com/dvquiz.htm. andshare your thoughts on living with domestic violence. How could you help, and what would you say to a friend who was experiencing domestic abuse?

My domestic violence screening score was a 3. I am not in an abusive relationship and have committed myself to never being a victim or perpetrator of…

Life Scenario -- Decision to Divorce

Lot of Life Scenario

Setting the Scene

Dear Maria,

Because you and I have always been so close, I wanted to let you know about an impending event in our family's lives. Because of our past conversations, you are aware that Mario and I have had many disagreements about how to raise Dominic. The situation has not improved much, although I know that Mario is trying to be a better parent. But I can no longer ignore the impact that Mario's interactions with Nicky are having. Mario continually loses his temper with Nicky and is now swatting Nicky on the head, in addition to smacking him on his bottom. Nicky now flinches whenever Mario comes near him.

Your brother is usually on his best behavior when his family or when friends are around, but I know you have seen Mario lose his temper with…

References

Chang, J.J., Theordore, A.D., Martin, S.L. And Runyan, D.K. (2008 August). Psychological abuse between parents: associations with child maltreatment from a population-based sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 32(8), 819-929. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.11.003. Retrieved  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18752849 

Gerlock, A.A. (2004). Domestic violence and post-traumatic stress disorder severity for participants of a domestic violence rehabilitation program. Retreived  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3912/is_200406/ai_n 

Martin, S.L., Gibbs, D.A., Johnson, R.E., Clinton-Sherrod, M., Walters, J.L., and Sullivan, K. (2009). Male soldier family violence offenders: spouse and child offenders compared to child offenders. Violence and Victims, 24(4), 458-68. Retrieved  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19694351 

Newton, C.J. (2001, April). Child Abuse: An Overview" Mental Health Journal. Find.Counseling.com. Retrieved  http://www.findcounseling.com/journal/child-abuse/emotional-abuse.html

Cradock's 2004 study of a correlation between population categories and child abuse lead to the development of an assessment tool that allowed social workers to determine when children were at risk for child abuse and when to intervene and what actions would be seen as an over-intervention. By using this assessment, social workers will not only know how to identify the serious danger of child abuse and what children are at-risk for being abused, but also the assessment makes it possible for social workers to determine when intervening in the situation may be dangerous or unnecessary for the children involved. Of similar importance are the tools developed to assess and evaluate those convicted of both child physical and sexual abuse. In Milner and Murphy's 1995 study, the methods of assessment and evaluation are discussed and critiqued. These methods, including interview, observation, personality tests, and offender-specific assessments, are all studied in…

Works Cited

Arad-Davidzon, Bilhah, and Benbenishty, Rami. "The role of workers' attitudes and parent and child wishes in child protection workers' assessments and recommendation regarding removal and reunification. Children and Youth Services Review. 30.1 (2008): 107-121.

Bray, James H. "Family Assessment: Current Issues in Evaluating Families." National

Council on Family Relations. 44.4 (1995): 469-477.

Buckner, Lynn P. And Salts, Connie J. "A Premarital Assessment Program." Family

This drives a value system that makes our work preventative by one intent. ith a clear understanding that some intervention will require a removal of the child from his or her parents' care, the value of family togetherness will direct the strategy of community involvement on the part of the agency.

Specialised knowledge:

The practice framework is guided by specialized knowledge on the patterns and trends dominating the landscape of abuse cases. The breakdown of major abuse categories reported by Bromfield & Horsfall finds that 39% of abuse cases are of the emotional abuse category, 29% in the category of neglect, 22% in the category of physical abuse and 10% in the category of sexual abuse. (p. 3)

Moreover, a major thrust of the report by Bromfield & Horsfall is that reports of all types of cases are on the rise, but also attributes this to certain realities including the…

Works Cited:

BBC News. (20009). Australia 'Sorry' for Child Abuse. Bbc.co.uk.

Bromfield, L. & Horsfall, B. (2010). Child Abuse and Neglect Statistics. National Child Protection Clearinghouse.

Department for Child Protection (DCP). (2010). Homepage. Government of Western Australia. Online at http://www.community.wa.gov.au/DCP/

Early Childhood Australia (ECA). (2006). Statistics Show Child Abuse in Australia is Getting Worse. Early Childhoodaustralia.org.

Importance

he lack of advance work done in the 1963 assassination of president John F. Kennedy is an empirical example of how the lack of advance work is destructive. Advance work failed at the highest levels and as a result the greatest failure in protective services was witnessed on that day. Advance work becomes an obvious focal point for protective service agents everywhere who are dedicated to serving the mission to their best extent.

he importance of advance work is also seen in the ability to take a total and whole strategy and apply it to minor aspects of its execution. Advance work is teamwork in action and the ability to coordinate this type of operation certainly demonstrates the overall capabilities of the protective unit. In other words, advance work is a skill that all protective agents must have a high level of proficiency.

he rapid and ever-changing scenarios that…

The lack of advance work done in the 1963 assassination of president John F. Kennedy is an empirical example of how the lack of advance work is destructive. Advance work failed at the highest levels and as a result the greatest failure in protective services was witnessed on that day. Advance work becomes an obvious focal point for protective service agents everywhere who are dedicated to serving the mission to their best extent.

The importance of advance work is also seen in the ability to take a total and whole strategy and apply it to minor aspects of its execution. Advance work is teamwork in action and the ability to coordinate this type of operation certainly demonstrates the overall capabilities of the protective unit. In other words, advance work is a skill that all protective agents must have a high level of proficiency.

The rapid and ever-changing scenarios that protective agents are often exposed to, requires that these agents are able to conduct advance operations on the fly. This skill must be done when time and circumstances are not optimal. Due to these time constraints the ability for protective agents must be highly detailed and thorough in their efforts to provide a safe and secure environment for the ones they are protecting.

Being a parent isn't easy, offer a helping hand so parents can rest or spend time together. 3) Help yourself. When things pile up take time out so you don't get to the point of feeling overwhelmed or out of control. 4) Don't get frustrated if your baby cries. 5) Get involved, assist in community efforts to develop services to meet the needs of healthy children and families. 6) Promote programs at school to teach children, parents, and teacher's strategies to be safe. 7) Help develop parenting recourses at your local library. 8) Monitor your child's television and video viewing, watching violent behavior can harm children. 9) Volunteer at a local child abuse prevention program. 10) eport suspected abuse or neglect. Education, community involvement and cooperation are significant factors in the effort to prevent children from suffering maltreatment.

eferences

Levi, B.H. & Portwood, S.G. (2011, Spring). easonable suspicion of child…

References

Levi, B.H. & Portwood, S.G. (2011, Spring). Reasonable suspicion of child abuse: Finding a common language. Journal of law, medicine & ethics. Vol. 39, Issue 1, 62-69. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=cf7e5f19-4670-42ea-b115-83ef3ac5d27b%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=112

Patton, W.W. (2011). Child protective services -- Histirical overview. State University.com. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from  http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1828/Child-Protective-Services.html 

Ten Ways to Help Prevent Child Abuse. (NDI). Prevent child abuse America. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from  http://www.preventchildabuse.org/publications/parents/downloads/ten_ways_to_prevent.pdf 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2010). Child maltreatment 2009. U.S. department of health and human services. Retrieved April 2, 2011 from  http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm09/cm09.pdf

The second includes verbal and emotional assaults including persistent patterns of belittling, denigrating, scapegoating, and other nonphysical, but clearly hostile or rejecting behaviors, such as repeated threats of beatings, sexual assault, and abandonment. The third, residual, category includes other forms of emotional abuse such as attempted sexual or physical assaults; throwing something at a child but missing; withholding shelter, sleep, or other necessities as punishment, and economic exploitation (p.11).

According to ighthand, Kerr, and Drach (2003), psychological abuse can be technically defined as:

1. Verbal or emotional assault, exemplified by persistent patterns of belittling, denigrating, scapegoating, or other nonphysical but rejecting, hostile, and degrading behaviors.

2. Terrorizing the child, exemplified by threatening to physically hurt, kill, or abandon the child, or by exposing the child to chronic or extreme partner abuse or other forms of violent behaviors.

3. Exploiting or corrupting the child, exemplified by modeling criminal or antisocial behavior;…

References

Barnett, D., Manly, J.T., and Cicchetti, D. (1994). Defining child maltreatment: the interface between policy and research. Child abuse, child development, and social policy: advances in applied developmental psychology, 8,7-73. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

Calam, R. & Franchi, C. (1987). Child abuse and its consequences. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Grapes, B.J. (2001). Child abuse. California: Greenhaven Press.

Parton, N. (1979). The natural history of child abuse: a study in social problem definition. British Journal of Social Work, 9, 427-51.

Promoting the understanding of cultural differences is crucial, because a large number of child abuse and neglect cases involve allegations against minorities.

As a result, in some areas a psychologist may interview the involved caregivers and children to help the courts decide whether parents have behaved abusively and to determine their children's placement. However, sometimes the psychologists' unfamiliarity with a culture leads to unfair decisions. In some Hispanic cultures, for example, parents may not be socialized to express anger directly. Sometimes a child's action may cause that repressed anger to erupt. In such instances, parents may need training in anger management and discipline, instead of a prison sentence and denied access to children.

Because of this situation, the American Psychology Association offers assessment standards for culturally varied populations:

Learn about the culture of the person being assessing. Consult with others who know the culture because there is not always literature…

References

Besharov, Douglas J. Recognizing and Reporting Child Abuse: Protecting Children from Abuse and Neglect. Washington, D.C. University of Maryland's Welfare Reform Academy, 2000.

Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 1974. 23 November 2006.  http://laws.adoption.com/statutes/child-abuse-prevention-and-treatment-act - capta-of-1974.html.

Dershowitz, Alan. M. Contrary to Popular Opinion. New York: Pharos Books, 1992.

Murray, Bridget. Cultural insensitivity leads to unfair penalties. Monitor 30.9, October

MFT Psychology of Violence; A critical Analysis of Child Abuse

A rather disturbing threat growing increasingly in today's society is child abuse. There is no agency that can appropriately and thoroughly address the issue. The development of an independent agency provided with legal mandate, appropriate material and human resources, trained to efficiently tackle legal cases of child abuse is essential. While a clear set of laws exists in relation to child molestation and abuse, physical as well as sexual abuse of children is continually on the rise; governments of many nations report astonishing annual increases in rates of child abuse cases. The American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy reports that around 3 million kids are annually endangered or harmed due to maltreatment; this includes neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and physical abuse. Further, statistics indicate that 30% of child victims end up dying on account of disease, malnutrition, or…

References

AAMFT .(2015) Child Abuse and Neglect, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy,  http://www.aamft.org/imis15/AAMFT/Content/Consumer_Updates/Child_Abuse_and_Neglect.aspx  {Retrieved; 8/11/2015}

Al-Shail. E, Kattan, H, Aldowaish .A, (2014) The cultural Reinforces of Child Abuse, Intech open,  http://www.intechopen.com/books/child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach/the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse#article-front  {Rwetrieved:8/11/2015}

CDC. (2015) Child Mistreatment: Risk and Protective Factors, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention,  http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childmaltreatment/riskprotectivefactors.html  [Retrieved; 8/11/2015]

Farley. R, (2008) Understanding and investigating child physical abuse, Police one  http://www.policeone.com/police-products/investigation/articles/1689287-Understanding-and-investigating-child-physical-abuse  / {Retrieved;8/11/2015}

There are many of these individuals, and it is time that this is changed.

Parents often look away from these kinds of problems, or they spend their time in denial of the issue because they feel that their child will not be harmed by parental involvement with drugs or alcohol. Some parents have parents that were/are addicts themselves, and some are so busy with their lives that they do not actually realize that their child has any kind of problem with the lifestyle of the parent until it becomes so severe that it cannot be overlooked, or until it is brought to their attention by police, the school, or someone else that has seen it first hand. Parents are not the only ones that overlook this issue, though.

Sometimes siblings and friends also see problems that they ignore, do not understand, or do not talk to anyone about, and the…

Bibliography

Aleman-Padilla, L. 2002. Babies First gets last word on infant care Hundreds recognize groups contribution at fourth annual event. The Fresno Bee.

Anderson, D. 2004. Funding cuts impact health services. Precinct Reporter.

Anderson, S.A. (2000). How parental involvement makes a difference in reading achievement. Reading Improvement.

Baker, P.L. (2000). I didn't know: discoveries and identity transformation of women addicts in treatment. Journal of Drug Issues, 30, 863-881.

They cannot ignore the socioeconomic issues of adversity so often present and, where necessary, need to act as advocates, mediators and social brokers (Compton, Galaway, & Curnoyer, 2005).

The concern is that the issue of healthcare for culturally diverse individuals is so complex, there are no exact rights and wrongs. For example, in Fadiman's book, no person(s) can be said to be ultimately correct or incorrect in his/her behavior or actions; everyone did what he/she thought was right. In order to help others who have different cultural backgrounds and experiences, as the Hmong, it is essential to be 1) proactive. That is, to forecast the transforming demographics in the U.S. over the coming decades and put plans into place that will best serve these individuals and 2) collaborative. The best results occur when professionals from different backgrounds and expertise share best practices and learn from each other. What could have…

References

Compton, B., Galaway, B., & Curnoyer, B.R. (1994). Social work processes (7th ed.).

Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Fadiman, Anne (1997) the Spirit Catches You, and You Fall Down. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Gladwell, M. (2002). The tipping point: How little things can make a big difference. Boston: Little Brown

parameters given that the child is not being actively abused nor is the neglect on purpose. To be sure, the mother has an illness and the father is support all three of them. This leads to the child being observed now getting neglected due to lack of attention. However, there is no malice intended. This is probably a situation where the parents just need a helping hand in the form of bill money and money for the mother. If the mother could get assistance with her medications and her treatment, then the child would be cared for at a much higher level. That all being said, Child Protective Services and other relevant agencies need to be involved in the process as the neglect of the child needs to be stopped right now. While dirty clothes and unkempt appearance are not the end of the world, it is something that can…

References

NAEYC. (2014, September 27). National Association for the Education of Young

Children | NAEYC. National Association for the Education of Young Children |

NAEYC. Retrieved September 27, 2014, from  http://www.naeyc.org/ 

NYC. (2014, September 28). Overview. Publications. Retrieved September 28, 2014,

Social workers try to help people make the most of their environment, their relationships, and any struggles they might have with money or family. A lot of social workers deal with people who face life-threatening circumstances, such as criminal activity or substance abuse. Other issues that social workers try to tackle are inadequate housing, unemployment, illness, disability, or difficulties around childbirth (Social Work Professions: Summary of the Social Worker Fields, 2010).

There are various social work specializations, but the larger categories include child, family, and school social workers, who provide social services and assistance to children and their families; medical and public health social workers who provide support for people with illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, or AIDS; mental health and substance abuse social workers who deal with people who struggle with psychological issues; and social workers who deal with the intricacies of social policy and planning (Social Work…

References

Social Work Practice. (n.d.). Retrieved August 31, 2010, from Web site:

 http://www.naswdc.org/practice/standards/NASWHealthCareStandards.pdf 

Social Work Professions: Summary of the Social Worker Fields. (2010). Retrieved August 31,

2010, from Education Portal Web site: http://education-

This section lists my express recommendations and my reasons for presenting them.

First, Faith Community Hospital should cut its fixed costs by 10% by next year, at which point we will reassess our financial situation. The main way to cut costs at Faith Community Hospital will be through working more closely with our partners. Not only will working with our partners in the community improve our reputation and public relations, our teamwork will allow us to share equipment costs and services. Several organizations in the community share "the same vision and values" in offering optimal patient care. Therefore, we can trust our partners to assume their responsibilities, whether they include testing or care services. Specialists such as a hospice, burn center, addiction and recovery center, and midwifery services can all cooperate with Faith Community Hospital to prove a true "continuum of services." In fact, we might find that increasing our…

Psychology Treatment

For most of U.S. history up to the time of the Community Mental Health Act of 1963, the mentally ill were generally warehoused in state and local mental institutions on a long-term basis. Most had been involuntarily committed by orders from courts or physicians, and the discharge rate was very low. Before the 1950s and 1960s, there were few effective treatments for mental illnesses like depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, which were commonly considered incurable. Only with the psycho-pharmacological revolution in recent decades and new anti-depressant and anti-psychotic medications has it been possible for the severely mentally ill to be treated on an outpatient basis through community mental health centers. Of course, as the old state hospitals have emptied many of the mentally ill have ended up homeless, since they are unable to hold maintain regular employment or continue on a medication regimen without supervision. According to present-day…

REFERENCES

Bacon. H. "Book Review: Jonathan Willows, Moving On after Childhood Sexual Abuse: Understanding the Effects and Preparing for Therapy in Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. (15)1 January 2010, pp. 141-42.

Bartels, S.J., A.D. van Citters and T. Crenshaw (2010). "Older Adults" in Levin, B.L., J. Petrila and K. Hennessy Mental Health Services: A Public Health Perspective. Oxford University Presss: 261-82.

Behar, E.S. And T.D. Borkovec. (2003). "Psychotherapy Outcome Research" in I.B. Weiner et al., eds. Handbook of Psychology: Research Methods in Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Carron, V.G. And K. Hull. (2009). "Treatment Manual for Trauma-Exposed Youth: Case Studies." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 15(1) 13 November 2009, pp. 27-38.

For example, Leventhal (2001) analyzed different intervention methodology and implementation of home-based services aimed at preventing abuse and neglect as well as promoting the health and development of the infant and mother, by specifically looking at the Healthy Families Olds' models.

Kass and colleagues (2003) from Fight Crime: Invest in Kids argue that the cycle of violence can be prevented with intervention methods including parenting education. oberts, Wolman and Harris-Looby (2004, p. 101) state that "teaching students parenting skills may be the most cost-effective way to reduce violent and abusive behaviors and prevent the transfer of violent behaviors from generation to generation." They found that for less than $1,000, Project Baby Care, a parental training program developed for adolescents proved successful in improving parental knowledge and skills and attitudes toward caring for an infant.

Another study (Hughs & Gottlieb, 2004), regarding the effects of the Webster-Stratton parenting program on parenting…

References

Belsky, J. & Vondra, J. (1989), 'Lessons from child abuse: The determinants of parenting', in D. Cicchetti & V. Carlson (Eds), Child Maltreatment: Theory and Research on the Causes and Consequences of Child Abuse and Neglect, New York: Cambridge University Press, 153-202.

Chalk, R. & King, P.A. (Eds) (1998), Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs, Washington DC: National Academy Press,

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) (U.S.), Administration on Children, Youth, and Families (ACF). Child maltreatment 2003. Washington (DC): Government Printing Office; 2005. Website retrieved May 10, 2007 www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/pubs/cm03/index.htm.

Fine, M.J. (1980), Handbook on Parent Education, Academic Press, New York.

Child abuse and neglect is a highly discussed issue in the present day. For a long time now, the detrimental impacts of child abuse and neglect have been acknowledged. There are significant implications from child abuse and neglect in the United States and it is imperative to come up with the necessary ways of dealing with it. The solution is to have a propagating state program that encompasses poor and underprivileged children. There is also need for family programs that educate and teach households on better child treatment and attaining the necessary skills. Such programs should also be expanded to schools to determine their vulnerabilities and needs.

Child abuse and neglect is a highly debated issue in the contemporary. For a lengthy period now, the detrimental impacts of child abuse and neglect have been acknowledged. Adverse childhood events (ACEs) have been experientially demonstrated to be linked to an assortment of…

Bibliography

Child abuse and neglect recurs with children at home after intervention. (2005, May 23). The Free Library. (2005). Retrieved February 03, 2017 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Child abuse and neglect recurs with children at home after...-a0133049592

A research study undertaken by McMaster University Medical Facility steered Professor Harriet Macmillan, Professor of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences and Pediatrics showed that children that continue being in their homes subsequent to being abused or neglected by their parents, or are taken back to those homes subsequent to intervention by social service institutions are at a high risk for more abuse or neglect in a period of within three years. The conclusion made from examining 163 families with a long-established history of child abuse or neglect is that there is no intervention confirmed or established to decrease the rise of abuse or neglect when the children who have experienced such harsh conditions remain in the home.

The magazine article is pertinent to my paper as it indicates the recurrence of child abuse and neglect.

Cost of child abuse and neglect takes large toll. (2001, May 10). Columbus Medical Association.

Beyond the ability of the individual to carry out daily activities, there is the issue of quality of life. So a person who can get up and go to work but finds no pleasure in normal activities is someone whose symptoms still merit concern from the mental health professional (Hood & Johnson, 2006, pp. 27-9.)

Psychiatrists: The Medical Model of Treatment

For many people the most obvious professional to seek treatment from when faced with the symptoms of mental disorders is a psychiatrist. (Maybe because we've grown up reading the psychiatry cartoons in The New Yorker!) Psychiatrists are medical doctors and so their basic response to the symptoms of mental disorders will tend to be a medical one. This encompasses an overall examination of the person's health. (For example, a psychiatrist might run a series of thyroid function tests to determine if a patient's depressive symptoms were related to thyroid…

References

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR Fourth Edition.

Davies, T. (1997, 24 May.). ABC of mental health: Mental health assessment. BMJ: 314.

Groth-Marnat, G. (2009). Handbook of psychological assessment. New York: Wiley.

Hood, A. & Johnson, R. (2006). Assessment in counseling: A guide to the use of psychological procedures. Washington DC: American Counseling Association.

Suspected or Alleged Child Abuse

ights: Suspected or Alleged Child Abuse

More than three million reports of child abuse and neglect will be filed in the United States this year (Children's ights 2012). In many states, reporting suspected or alleged child abuse is mandatory in which certain steps must be followed to ensure the immediate safety of the child and the confidentiality and privacy of the accused family. Sadly, at least four children die from abuse or neglect every day -- many in homes that are already known to child welfare agencies, and some in foster care placements made by the child welfare agencies themselves. Moreover, children and their families still have rights that must be honored during an investigation (Big Brothers 2009).

Parent's ights When Investigated

Whenever the department completes an investigation of a child abuse or neglect report, the department must notify the alleged perpetrator(s) of the report…

References

Arizona Department of Economic Security, 2011, Safeguarding rights, Available from:  https://www.azdes.gov/main.aspx?menu=154&id=2030  [5 January 2012]

Big Brothers Big Sisters Christchurch, 2009, Dealing with suspected or alleged child abuse policy,  http://www.bbbschch.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/dealing-with-suspected-or-alleged-child-abuse-policy.pdf  [5 January 2012]

Children's Rights, 2012, Child abuse and neglect,  http://www.childrensrights.org/issues-resources/child-abuse-and-neglect  / [5 January 2012]

Washington State Department of Social and Health Services, 2003, Parent's guide to child protective services,  http://www.dshs.wa.gov/pdf/publications/22-484.pdf  [5 January 2012]

free range parenting." Child Protective Services in Maryland, acting on a report from law enforcement, investigated a couple for neglect, based on the fact that they allowed their children to walk home from a park without parental supervision. For the Maryland couple, the charge was "unsubstantiated child neglect." This is not a criminal charge, but it is typically a precursor to a criminal charge (Nye, 2015). The couple was charged by Maryland Child Protective Services, rather than the police. The charge means that, operating within the confines of their mandate, Maryland CPS has the right to monitor the parents for the next five years. The CPS may, if it chooses, recommend criminal neglect charges that would go through the standard criminal justice processes. The CPS responded to an alert that the children were walking alone, and brought about their own investigation of the parents in this case. Thus, the effort…

Analysis

Parents need to be given back the right to raise their children as they see fit. There are two main premises in this argument. The first is that parents have in recent years seen such rights eroded, replaced by increasing government involvement in what used to be parental decisions. It is known and agreed that in the 1980s and earlier, children were able to walk freely in their own neighborhoods, play in parks unsupervised, and to walk to and from school. Today, parents can be charged with neglect and face other legal actions if they allow their children unsupervised in public, even at a playground or walking to/from school. As Pimentel (2012) notes, there has been a shift in the way that both government agencies and courts have interpreted the standard of care that parents need to provide their children. External intervention in parenting is typically only exercised when neglect is suspected; it is the interpretation of the concept of neglect that has shifted over time that results in cases like that in Maryland.

There have been considerable study of this issue, by ethicists, legal scholars, sociologists, public administrators and, of course, by parents. The first support to the thesis is that the erosion of parental rights is a recent phenomenon. Pimentel (2012) examines the issue from a legal perspective, and notes that laws regarding child neglect have increasing been interpreted, especially since the turn of the millennium, to include strict provisions for constant supervision. The Supreme Court affirmed that the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment protects the right of parents to make decisions regarding the care of their children in 2000, and it is only in the interim that the statutes and legal interpretation of those statues has begun to change (Pimentel, 2012). He notes that the degree to which these changes have occurred varies between states. Thus, the issue is not the advent of "free range parenting," but that the statutes and interpretations in law of the concepts of neglect and the standard of care expected of parents have changed. The vagueness of existing laws -- which also

Victimology and the Problem of Elder Abuse
Part 1
Introduction
Just as criminology is the study of crime and the criminal’s role in crime, victimology is the study of victimization and how victims are impacted by crime and how they in turn also impact crime. There are five typologies of victimization, each one illustrating different ways in which the perpetrator and the victim (if there is one) interact in the crime. For the specific population of elderly people, one problem in victimology is the focus on elder abuse, which is defined as “a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person” (Jackson, 2016, p. 265). According the World Health Organization (2002), elder abuse tends to be manifested in a variety of forms: (a) physical abuse, (b) psychological abuse, (c)…

(Stasz, and Bodilly, 2004)

In the press release by Mike Bowler and David Thomas (2005), High School Students Using Dual Enrollment Programs to Earn College Credits, New eports Say. According to this report, the federal budget proposes to increase access to "dual enrollment" programs for at-risk students. Out of the approximately 2,050 institutions with dual enrollment programs, almost 110 institutions, or 5% (about 2% of all institutions) offered dual enrollment programs specifically aimed toward high school students "at risk" for failing academically. Two new reports by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics also confirm that high school students currently take advantage of programs to earn college credits. The High School Initiative, designed to help prepare high school students to graduate with skills needed to succeed, permits states and districts to utilize funding for:

individual performance plans, dropout prevention efforts, demanding vocational and technical courses, college awareness…

References www.eric.ed.gov:80/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=ERICSearchResult&_urlType=action&newSearch=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=au&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=%22Ahola+Sakari%22Ahola, Sakari & www.eric.ed.gov:80/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=ERICSearchResult&_urlType=action&newSearch=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=au&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=%22Kivela+Suvi%22Kivela, Suvi. (2007). "Education Is Important, but..." Young People outside o Schooling and the Finnish Policy of "Education Guarantee." Routledge. Retrieved March 5, 2008, at  http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&eric_viewStyle=listERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=high+school+vocational+courses&searchtype=basic  & RICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&pageSize=10&eric_displayNtriever=false&eric_dis ayStartCount=11&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b801cf28f&accno=EJ 73348&_nfls=false

Bowler, Mike & Thomas. David. (2005). "High School Students Using Dual Enrollment Programs to Earn College Credits, New Reports Say." Retrieved March 5, 2008, at  http://www.ed.gov/news/pressreleases/2005/04/04062005a.html  www.eric.ed.gov:80/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=ERICSearchResult&_urlType=action&newSearch=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=au&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=%22Cavanagh+Sean%22Cavanagh, Sean. (2006). Perkins Bill is Approved by Congress; Editorial Projects in Education. RetrievedMarch 5, 2008, from:  http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&eric_viewStylelist&EICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=high+school+vocational+courses&searchtype=bas  & ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&pageSize=10&eric_displayNtriever=false&eric_ isplayStartCount=11&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b8015ea43&accn =EJ748517&_nfls=false www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5020969480

Chang, E.S., Chen, C., Greenberger, E., Dooley, D., & Heckhausen, J. (2006). What Do They Want in Life?: The Life Goals of a Multi-Ethnic, Multi-Generational Sample of High School Seniors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 321+. Retrieved March 5, 2008, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5020969480  www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5024401870

Christle, C.A., Jolivette, K., & Michael, N.C. (2007). School Characteristics Related to High School Dropout Rates. Remedial and Special Education, 28(6), 325+. Retrieved March 5, 2008, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5024401870  www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5023042611

Dymond, S.K., Renzaglia, a., & Chun, E. (2007). Elements of Effective High School Service Learning Programs That Include Students with and without Disabilities. Remedial and Special Education, 28(4), 227+. Retrieved March 5, 2008, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5023042611  www.eric.ed.gov:80/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=ERICSearchResult&_urlType=action&newSearch=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=au&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=%22Gentry+Marcia%22Gentry, Marcia; www.eric.ed.gov:80/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=ERICSearchResult&_urlType=action&newSearch=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=au&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=%22Peters+Scott+J.%22Peters, Scott J.; www.eric.ed.gov:80/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=ERICSearchResult&_urlType=action&newSearch=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=au&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=%22Mann+Rebecca+L.%22Mann, Rebecca L. (2007). Differences between General and Talented Students' Perceptions of Their Career and Technical Education Experiences Compared to Their Traditional High School Experiences. Prufrock Press Inc. Retrieved March 5, 2008, at  http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal?_nfpb=true&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=high+school+vocational+courses&searchtype=keyword&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=kw&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&objectId=0900019b801cbe46&accno=EJ773183&_nfls=false  www.questiaschool.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5002014218