protection human participants, data collection, data analysis, problem statement, interpretation findings. Each study analysis 750-1,000 words submitted document.
CITICAL APPAISAL: QUANTITATIVE STUDY

Protection of Human Participants

• Identify the benefits and risks of participation addressed by the authors. Were there benefits or risks the authors do not identify?

The subjects of the quantitative study were children who had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, "an intensive therapy used to improve survivorship and cure various oncologic diseases. However, this therapy is associated with high mortality rates and numerous negative side-effects" (Chamorro-Vina 2012: 1). The participants had already elected to go through the procedure before the study began.

• Was informed consent obtained from the subjects or participants?

Consent was obtained from the legal guardians; the children were not cognitively impaired and the children had to give their verbal agreement to participate (Chamorro-Vina 2012: 4).

• Did it seem that the subjects participated voluntarily in the study?

Yes, given they…...

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Reference

Chamorro-Vina, C. (et al. 2012). Exercise in pediatric autologous stem cell transplant patients.

BMC Cancer, 12, 401.

led by Venkatesan Prem conducted a research on nurses' knowledge regarding palliative care. This research was influenced by the fact that inadequate knowledge of a palliative care among these professionals is well-documented across various studies on palliative care. The lack of sufficient knowledge by nurses and other health care professionals regarding this health issue is considered as one of the major hindrances in providing high-quality palliative care services. This cross-sectional quantitative research provides important information that may be used in nursing practice through effective measures of enhancing the knowledge of these professionals in providing palliative care.
Summary of the Study:

One of the major obstacles to the provision of high-quality and effective palliative care in the recent past is inadequate knowledge by nurses and other health care practitioners. There are various reasons attributed to the lack of adequate knowledge on the issue such as deficiencies in nursing education, lack of curriculum…...

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References:

Prem et. al. (2012, August). Study of Nurses' Knowledge about Palliative Care: A Quantitative

Cross-Sectional Survey. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 18(2), 122-127. Retrieved from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3477365/ 

Qadire, M.A. (2014, February). Nurses' Knowledge About Palliative Care: A Cross-Sectional

Survey. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 16(1), 23-30.

Running Head: PROPOSAL8PROPOSALTen Strategic PointsBroad Topic AreaMetabolic Syndrome/Pre-diabetes Early Awareness Education and Its Effects on BMILiterature ReviewBackground of the problem/gap;There is gap in the literature regarding how patients response to DSME that ought to be applied to acquire the advantages; and also on what these patients plan to do with the newfound knowledge gained via DSME intervention. (Brown, 2017; Islam et al., 2014). The demand for interventions aimed at enhancing patients understanding about diabetes is increasing (Islam et al., 2014). The population that stands the greatest risk of developing diabetes is between the ages of 25 to 65 years. If there are no proper interventions to reduce pre-diabetes occurrence there is a possibility that the lack of educational interventions may lead to a bigger financial burden in the health sector including a rise in morbidity (National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014, para 8).a. Theoretical foundations (models and theories to be foundation…...

Running Head: STRATEGIC POINTS QUANTITATIVE STUDY EXTRACTION 110 STRATEGIC POINTS QUANTITATIVE STUDY EXTRACTION 810 Strategic Points Quantitative Study ExtractionArticle CitationPointDescriptionLocation(Page #)Broad Topic AreaThe relationship that exists between the personality traits of a learner and the transactional distance (TD) within an electronic learning environment.Not found-Deduced from the introductionLit ReviewThe author elaborates the focus of the study and its background and examines the theoretical foundation effectively describing historical literature, theories related to the topic and the research outcomes of topics significantly related to the research in question.Some of the significant revelations found in this chapter are that learning entails relevant activities which improve learning in an environment of a class. Further the chapter finds evidence that psychological constructs like self-efficacy, learner attitude, and motivation influence a variety of learning engagement aspects required for effective learning. The psychological constructs are assessed as being related to personally traits of the learner.Page 44 to 110Problem…...

Quantitative Study Review Abstract
This paper provides a review of a quantitative study and determines the purpose, sample, method, findings and credibility of the study. It also examines the interventions and whether there was any clinical significance to the findings. By examining the significance and credibility of the study it shows its value in nursing research.
The purpose of the study by Gonzales et al. (2017) was to describe graduate entry nursing students' learning styles. The research question was: “What are the predominant learning styles of graduate entry nursing students?” (Gonzales et al., 2017, p. 56). The study did not make any hypothesis prior to conducting the Index of Learning Styles (ILS) survey.
The sample for the study was obtained by recruiting 202 graduate entry nursing student volunteers at a southwestern university. This was essentially a convenience sample. No inclusion or exclusion criteria were discussed in the study, but in order to participate in…...

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References

AbuAssi, N. E., & Alkorashy, H. A. E. (2016). Relationship between learning style and readiness for self-directed learning among nursing students at king Saud university, Saudi Arabia. International journal of advanced nursing studies, 5(2), 109-116.

Brannan, J. D., White, A., & Long, J. (2016). Learning styles: Impact on knowledge and confidence in nursing students in simulation and classroom. International journal of nursing education scholarship, 13(1), 63-73.

Gonzales, L. K., Glaser, D., Howland, L., Clark, M. J., Hutchins, S., Macauley, K., ... & Ward, J. (2017). Assessing learning styles of graduate entry nursing students as a classroom research activity: a quantitative research study. Nurse education today, 48, 55-61.

McKenna, L., Copnell, B., Butler, A. E., & Lau, R. (2018). Learning style preferences of Australian accelerated postgraduate pre-registration nursing students: A cross-sectional survey. Nurse education in practice, 28, 280-284.

Vizeshfar, F., & Torabizadeh, C. (2018). The effect of teaching based on dominant learning style on nursing students' academic achievement. Nurse education in practice, 28, 103-108.

leadership is understood today is in the dichotomy between transactional leadership and transformational leadership. Where the former focuses on execution of tasks, the latter has become more popular in the knowledge economy. The basic theory of transformational leadership is said to "transform followers' personal values and self-concepts and move them to higher level of needs and aspirations" (Gumusluogu & Ilsev, 2009, 1). In essence, transformational leadership encourages both individual transformational, and by way of that, transformation of the organization as a whole. Since the concept was first developed, transformational leadership has been studied extensively, and there is evidence to support the idea that transformational leadership is associated with superior performance at both individual and organizational levels (Wang et al., 2011). However, there remains a need to understand the way by which this process works. In other words, we know that transformational leadership often has a positive influence on an…...

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References

Avolio, B., Walumbwa, F. & Weber, T. (2009). Leadership: Current theories, research and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology. Vol. 60 (2009) 421-449.

Gumusluogu, L. & Ilsev, A. (2009, 1). Transformational leadership, creativity, and organizational innovation. Journal of Business Research. Vol. 62 (2009) 461-473.

Gumusluogu, L. & Ilsev, A. (2009, 2). Transformational leadership and organizational innovation: The roles of internal and external support for innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management. Vol. 26 (2009) 264-277.

Harms, P. & Crede, M. (2010). Emotional intelligence and transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analysis. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies. Vol. 17 (1) 5-17.

Consider how qualitative and quantitative research methods complement one another, and consider the role of mixed methods designs. Quantitative and qualitative social science study techniques have, for long, remained discrete, barely overlapping, spheres. But, of late, innovations have shed light on quantitative and qualitative techniques’ complementarity (Maxwell, 1998). Complementarily employing both methods offers broader understandings besides facilitating research findings’ confirmation or triangulation using different techniques, thus improving overall result validity and making the research more useful for targeted entities. However, the quest for genuinely complementary research techniques is also a greatly challenging task as it implies extra expenses, in terms of human as well as monetary resources, in addition to the development of ethical quandaries pertaining to follow- up and a need for collaboration and respecting diverse epistemological and methodological stands (Maxwell, 1998).
Using a qualitative process prior to engaging in survey work is, without a doubt, the most widely considered form…...

Critique of esearch Part Quantitative article Critique esultso Data analysisOf the fifty- seven patients undergoing hemodialysis through the use of central venous catheter (CVC), three- quarters were men aged 20 - 59 years; fifty- seven percent of subjects belonged to the Christian Catholic church and sixty-four percent were married. With regard to their educational qualification, forty- six percent of subjects had completed primary education while one in five patients was uneducated. With respect to CVC implant, seven out of ten implants were noted to have been installed within patients internal right jugular veins, whereas twelve percent were within their right femoral veins. Concerning causes for removal of implants, seventy percent were on account of maturation of AVF, while twenty percent were account of infection. Concerning hemodialysis dosage (gauged in terms of Kt/ V), eighty- two percent depicted > 250 ml/ min blood flow while seventy percent showed values ranging from…...

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Referencesde Lima Guimarães, G., Goveia, V. R., Quispe Mendonza, I. Y., dos Reis Corrêa, A., Silqueira de Matos, S., & Oliveira Guimarães, J. (2017). NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS THROUGH CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER. Journal of Nursing UFPE/Revista de Enfermagem UFPE, 11(3).Jeffs, L., Saragosa, M., Law, M. P., Kuluski, K., Espin, S., & Merkley, J. (2017). The role of caregivers in interfacility care transitions: a qualitative study. Patient preference and adherence, 11, 1443.Loiselle, C. G. (2011). Canadian essentials of nursing research. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Sampling Data Analyses the single-study critique paper 2 individual assignment. Develop individual response Single-Study Paper 2 IOM topic area. Use article Single Study Critiques 1-2. It a requirement a quantitative study paper.
Quantitative article analysis

The Nursing esearch article "Effectiveness of an Aspiration isk-eduction Protocol" addresses a proposed method to reduce the risk of aspiration in critically ill patients through a three-pronged intervention strategy. The intervention strategy components include "maintaining head-of-bed elevation at 30 degrees or higher, unless contraindicated; inserting feeding tubes into distal small bowel, when indicated; and using an algorithmic approach for high gastric residual volumes" (Metheny, Davis-Jackson & Stewart 2010: 1). It used a two-group quasi-experimental design of critically ill, mechanically ventilated adult patients receiving tube feedings. 329 were in the control population, 145 in the experimental group (Metheny, Davis-Jackson & Stewart 2010: 1). The patients were all drawn from the same five ICUs at a Level I trauma…...

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References

Metheny, Norma A., Jami Davis-Jackson & Barbara J. Stewart. (2010). Effectiveness of an Aspiration Risk-Reduction Protocol. Nursing Research, 59(1): 18 -- 25. Retrieved: doi:10.1097/NNR.0b013e3181c3ba05.

Value of Shifting from Qualitative to Quantitative and Back Again
Qualitative research is considered hypothesis generating, whereas quantitative research is designed to test hypotheses. Based on this perspective, the natural direction of research flow would be from qualitative to quantitative study designs (Black & Fauske, 2008). Qualitative research tends to focus on experiences, rather than the measuring and tracking of objective factors, but there are times when it makes sense to base a qualitative study on quantitative findings. This essay will examine the value of transitioning from qualitative to quantitative study designs and vice versa.

Qualitative to Quantitative

A qualitative study is traditionally conducted when little is understood about a phenomenon, such as the experiences of patients during treatment. For example, Black and Fauske (2008) were interested in understanding the experiences and practices of case managers during advanced care planning. A focus group design was used to conduct semi-structured interviews, which resulted…...

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References

Black, K. & Fauske, J. (2008). Measuring case managers' advance care planning practice: Translating focus group findings to survey development. Care Management Journals, 9(4), 166-76.

Ullman, S.E. (2005). Interviewing clinicians and advocates who work with sexual assault survivors: A personal perspective on moving from quantitative to qualitative research methodologies. Violence Against Women, 11(9), 1113-39.

esponses may be 'coded' so that some numerical data can be amassed but overall, the most important part of the research is the lived 'experience' that is recorded. In contrast, with quantitative research, it is the data that is more significant. However, quantitative studies can provide the springboard for qualitative studies, as they point out phenomena in the general population that needs to be studied in more 'micro-level' detail. Similarly, qualitative studies can act as early fact-finding expeditions that provide the basis for quantitative analysis, to see if the study of the smaller population is reflective of a larger phenomenon. Neither one type of research needs to come before the other.
A good example of a comparison of qualitative and quantitative research from translation studies can be found in the field of "research in second language learning that identifies learners' problems in composition and attempts to explain them by referring…...

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References

Connor, Ulla. (1996). Contrastive rhetoric: Cross-cultural aspects of second-language writing.

Cambridge University Press. ERIC Database. Retrieved:  http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED401754&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED401754 

Lund, Thorleif. The qualitative -- quantitative distinction: Some comments. Scandinavian Journal

of Educational Research, 49 (2): 115 -- 132

Additionally, participating teachers will be drawn from public schools in the same state to mitigate the possibility that geographic factors will intervene to too great a degree. That said, consideration will be made to distinguish the specific school districts, socioeconomic conditions and racial factors present in different schools. Without making any preemptive deductions, these preliminary details may be used to help yield evidence of connections which might be used for future study.
The Likert Scale model of survey will be distributed through the email listserv at participating schools, requesting respondents to rate on a scale of 1 to 5 to what extent they agree or disagree with statements provided in the survey. These statements will primarily concern the presence or absence of sufficient outdoor recreational opportunities and the connection between said opportunities and academic performance.

This would be considered a true experimental quantitative study, where a control and experimental group would…...

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References

Brown, P.; Sutterby, J.A. & Thornton, C.D. (2002). Dramatic play in outdoor play environments. Parent Teacher Organization Today.

Burberry, J. & Learoyd, B. (2005). Leeds Childhood Obesity Prevention and Weight Management Strategy. Leeds Children & Young People. Online at .

Montessori, M. (1986). The Discovery of the Child. 4th. New York: Ballantine Books.

Office of Communications (Ofcom). (2004). Children's food choices, parents' understanding and influence, and the role of food promotions. Office of Communications. Online at  http://www.ofcom.org.uk/research/tv/reports/food_ads/ .

international emphasis on education, including the study of languages and foreign cultures, is today still very limited and biased, creating a gap between the job skills and competencies acquired during studies and the international component increasingly present in every work environment, where the young graduate will have to travel or relate to foreign clients, suppliers and several stakeholders. De Wit, Jaramillo, and Knight (2005) report that the development of advanced communication, new technology, increased labor mobility, market economy and trade liberalization, increased private investment, decreased support of higher education, and the development of lifelong learning, are all key drivers for universities to have to internationalize their curricula. They also add that on the government side, the only attention given to this need is for educational programs preparing for government departments, and not for business and the industry at large. Therefore, it is evident that with an increasing global environment,…...

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Bibliography

Glaser, B.G. And Strauss, A.L., (1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, Chicago: Aldine

Pattameak, J. (2009) EMPLOYERS' EXPECTATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS OF TOURISM Vol. 5 No. 4 June 2009 Pp. 306-321.

Perron, R. (2011) The 8th SMEs in a Global Economy Conference 2011: " Rising to the Global Challenge: Entrepreneurship and SMEs development in Asia " Retrieved from:  http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/econ/finding-training-keeping-qualified-workers.pdf 

Glaser, B.G. (1978) Advances in The Methodology of Grounded Theory, Sociology Press, Mill Valley, CA.

The researcher was an independent analyst therefore, seemingly, detached from the study.

Crucial observations include the fact that the researcher mentions the interviews and outcomes of the interviews, yet it would be valuable to know how the interviews were conducted. Various confounding elements can creep into the interviews not least the person of the interviewer (that he should, in this case, be matched to the culture of the students, or, at least, understand their culture) and speak in a manner related to their age, level of understanding, and cultural perspectives (as related to the students) so that interviewees relate to him and respond honestly, rather than be intimidated by possible interviewer characteristics.

Specific interview questions may also be slanted in an ambiguous, totally, or partially, non-comprehensible manner. Furthermore, interviewees may respond according to presumed expectations, whilst interfering elements such as peer or, perceived organizational, pressure (to respond in a certain maner), fatigue,…...

risk of progression when a person is exposed to the tuberculosis bacilli to the formation of active illness is a two-stage process that is directed by both endogenous and exogenous risk factors.
Exogenous factors play a key role in accentuating the progression from exposure to infection among which the bacillary load in the sputum and the proximity of an individual to an infectious TB case are key factors. Similarly, endogenous factors lead in progression from infection to active TB disease (Narasimhan, Wood, MacIntyre, & Mathai, 2013, p. 1).

Certain risk factors that have been well-established such as HIV, young age, and malnutrition could exist alongside certain emerging variables like alcohol, indoor air pollution, tobacco smoke, and use of immunosuppressive drugs making the risk for contracting the disease that much higher. Joel is a heavy smoker, homeless, and an alcoholic. It is highly likely he is malnourished and is exposed to indoor…...

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References

Collinson, S. (2014). Homeless with TB? Housing Should Be Part of the Treatment, not Part of the Problem. Journal of Social Inclusion, 5(2), 1. Retrieved from https://josi.journals.griffith.edu.au/index.php/inclusion/article/view/547

Kurbatova, E., Cegielski, J., Lienhardt, C., Akksilp, R., Bayona, J., & Becerra, M. et al. (2015). Sputum culture conversion as a prognostic marker for end-of-treatment outcome in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a secondary analysis of data from two observational cohort studies. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 3(3), 201-209.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600 (15)00036-3

Narasimhan, P., Wood, J., MacIntyre, C., & Mathai, D. (2013). Risk Factors for Tuberculosis. Pulmonary Medicine, 2013, 1-11.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/828939 

Onozuka, D., & Hagihara, A. (2014). The association of extreme temperatures and the incidence of tuberculosis in Japan. Int J Biometeorol, 59(8), 1107-1114.  http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0924-3