cerebral cortex, using rats. he researchers noted that there were two beliefs about the areas of the cerebral cortex dedicated to the five senses. Some believed that information came in from each sense separately and was not combined immediately. However, other research suggested that activating one sense area could also activate others. In the research, the scientists mapped the cerebral cortices of rats for sight, sound and touch.
he researchers found that while specific areas were dedicated to one or another sense only, in the areas bordering between two senses, both senses could be stimulated at once. hey suspect that these border areas may explain why one sense may develop more strongly if another sense is lost. For instance, if a person becomes blind, their sense of hearing may become more acute and discriminative. he research also suggests that the brain may combine information from multiple senses much sooner in…...
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The researchers pointed out that we live in a very multisensory world, with lots of sights, sounds, smells, etc. around us. How the brain processes all that information can tell us a lot about how we perceive and think about the world.
I found this report interesting because everything we learn about the world, whether it is in a classroom or just walking in the woods, begins with information that comes in through our senses. What if the sense of touch is connected to the sense of sight? Does a child chewing on a ring help it learn what a ring looks like? I was also surprised to see that researchers haven't completely figured out yet how the five senses work in the brain. It surprised me that they don't really know yet how the brain combines this information.
Stein, Barry, Ph.D., and Ramachandran, Ramnarayan. 2004. "Study provides new insights about brain organization." Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center. February 20.
Pulmonary Autopsy Findings of the ats Drowned at Surface and 50 Ft Depth
Critical Appraisal of a esearch Article
Of the following literature that was examined, one of the most useful articles was entitled Pathology of the Lung in Near Drowning, a paper in which the researchers created an experimental model that simulated the changes that actually occurred in a subject which had nearly drowned. The purpose was to study the pathological changes that happen when someone or something is drowned. The methodology involved intubating rabbits in either salt or fresh water, and microscopically examining their lungs and hearts. The results indicated that within the first 30 minutes after being drowned, the vast majority of damage does not occur in the alveolar cells but in the vascular endothelium (Karch, S.B, 1986).
The next piece of literature that was reviewed was called Alveolar Macrophages and the Diagnosis of Drowning, in which alveolar macrophages…...
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References
B. Brinkmann, G. Fechner, K. Puschel, Lung histology in experimental
Toklu AS, Alkan N, Gurel A, Cimsit M, Haktanir D, Korpinar S, Purisa S. Comparison of pulmonary autopsy findings of the rats drowned at surface and 50 ft depth. Forensic Sci Int. 2006 Dec 20;164(2-3):122-5.
long-Term habituation of exploration in rats, hamsters, and gerbils by Poucet, Durup, & Thinus-Blanc
Concepts being studied
In this study, the researchers were seeking to study habituation to a novel environment in three species of rodent: rat, hamster, and gerbil. They wanted to see if the animals exhibited habituation behavior each time that they were placed in a new environment, and whether the animals exhibited any between-sessions habituation.
Prior research
Prior research had revealed that hamsters would actively reinvestigate objects during a test session, if, after two sessions of habituation, the spatial relationship between the two objects had changed. Prior research conflicted about whether rats would react to changes in the spatial relationship between objects in a field. They examined prior research and found what appeared to be a specific lack in rats of between-sessions habituation.
What the experimenters attempt to show
The experimenters attempted to show that there was a difference between in-session and…...
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References
Poucet, B., Durup, M., & Thinus-Blanc, C. (1988). Short-term and long-term habituation of exploration in rats, hamsters, and gerbils. Behavioural Processes, 16, 203-211.
Diamond
Marian Diamond addressed the nature vs. nurture issue so long debated by researchers and scientists by actually observing the effects of living in different environments on young rats. The beginnings of her research with Donald Head occurred in the 1960's, a time when the brain was not viewed as plastic. When presenting the results of their early research demonstrating a small but significant thicker cerebral cortex in rats raised in enriched environments vs. rats raised in impoverished environments she was actually told, "Young lady, that brain cannot change" (Diamond and Hobson, 1998-page 8). Nonetheless, Diamond believed the neurological basis that the environment provided for brain enrichment is the spreading of dendritic spines in the neuron as a result of environmental stimulation (Diamond and Hobson, 1998-page 25). In fact, research from her lab along with other researchers found that even honey bees' brains responded to environmental stimulation. Based on the work…...
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References
Diamond, M.C., and Hopson, J., 1998: Magic Trees of the Mind: How to Nurture Your Child's
Intelligence, Creativity, and Healthy Emotions from Birth Through Adolescence, Dutton,
Motivation in Behavior
a) What does Tolman's theory of animal learning tell us about the motivation for human learning?
Unlike John Watson, B.F. Skinner and the other strict behaviorists, or the ussian physiologists like Ivan Pavlov, Edward C. Tolman argued that the behaviorist theory that learning was a matter of stimulus-response (S-) and positive and negative reinforcement was highly simplistic. Although he rejected introspective methods and metaphysics, he increasingly moved away from strict behaviorism into the areas of cognitive psychology. In short, he became a mentalist without actually using that term to describe himself and concluded that all behavior was "purposive" (Hergenhahn, 2009, p. 428). All of his experiments with rats moving through mazes at the University of Berkeley proved to his satisfaction that behavior was actually the dependent variable, with the environment as the independent variable, with mental processes as intervening variables. Tolman summarized this basic theory, which he applied to…...
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REFERENCES
Leaf, J.B. et al. (2010). "Comparison of Simultaneous Prompting and No-No Prompting in Two-Choice Discrimination Learning with Children with Autism." Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 215-28.
Lerner, R.M. (2002). Concepts and Theories of Human Development, (3rd ed.) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Lund, S.K. (2009). "Discrete Trial Instruction in Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention" in E.A. Boutot and M. Tincani (eds). Autism Encyclopedia: The Complete Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorders. Prufrock Press, Inc.
Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology, (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Studies conducted by Doughty et al. (2004) suggest that panic disorders, potentially exacerbated by the panic-inducing qualities of drug usage, are significantly associated with bi-polar disease, and Long finds that panic disorders are generationally related to bi-polar. Therefore, the well-known panic- and anxiety-related effects of drug usage have been shown to be related to bipolar disorder, so that both diseases correlate. Further, chemical responses that drive the bi-polar are complicated by the chemical effects of drug addiction, making treatment difficult to sort out. The associated risk of suicide, already high with sufferers of bi-polar disorder, is heightened. Care and treatment, both physical and mental, must be approached in an integrated fashion.
Drug and chemical treatments for dual diagnosis patients have attempted to sort out the effects of each disorder. However, because the brain centers that are impacted by drug abuse and addiction are often driven by the same or similar…...
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Works Cited
Doughty, C., Wells, J., Joyce, P., Olds, R., & Walsh, A. (2004). Bipolar-panic disorder comorbidity within bipolar disorder families: a study of siblings. Bipolar Disorders, 6(3), 245-252. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00120.x.
Long, M. (2005). Bipolar Disorders. Retrieved from http:/ / www.mentalhealth.com/dis/p20-md02.html. Internet Mental Health.
psychological work of John B. atson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward C. Tolman, along with the impacts that these three had on society. This paper will also compare and contrast these three iconic psychologists.
Edward C. Tolman is said by author Bernard J. Baars to have been the "…only major figure" in the emerging field of behaviorism "…who advocated the possibility of mental representation" (Baars, 1986, p. 61). Baars writes that more than any other behaviorist Tolman "anticipated…the cognitive point-of-view… [and] thought it necessary to postulate events other than stimuli and responses" (61). Tolman has made significant contributions to psychology, including: a) the use of cognitive maps in rats; b) the "latent learning" he pioneered though the use of rats; c) the concept of "intervening variables"; and d) the discovery that rats don't just learn their movements "…for rewards" but rather they also learn when no rewards are given, backing up…...
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Works Cited
Baars, Bernard J. (1986). The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology. New York: Guilford Press.
Geary, Eric. (2002). Psyography: Edward C. Tolman. Psyography. Retrieved October 27, 2012,
CHINESE-American STEEOTYPES
Chinese-Americans form one of the most professional and most well educated sections of American population yet they are still portrayed as 'unwanted' ethnic minority by electronic and print media. The stereotyping of Chinese-Americans goes back to the days when trade cards were used for advertising and is still a part of media depiction of this community. Stereotypes may not always be negative in nature, but they are certainly based on generalizations, which may or may not fit every individual of a certain community. However in our media, we notice that some communities are always presented in one fixed way and change is rarely accepted or allowed to creep in which says a great deal about biases prevailing in media circles. James Chan in his article " ough on ats" traces the history of this type of stereotyping of Chinese-Americans and shows that most of the times, media presents Chinese…...
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References
James Chan, "Rough on Rats" --Racism and Advertising in the Latter Half of the Nineteenth Century:
Marsha Ginsburg, Chronicle Staff Writer, Crisis Inflames Bias Against Asians, -- Ethnic stereotypes in broadcast, print media prompt protests, San Francisco Chronicle, Saturday, April 14, 2001
S. Department of Health and Human Services et al., 2006). This first study will involve limited human exposure and extreme caution.
Most significantly, the study itself has to be based on sound scientific principles with a thorough knowledge of the properties of the chemical, and the potential results on the human subject. Standard clinical safety evaluations will include serial assessment of patient symptoms, physical signs, and clinical laboratory tests amongst other tests monitoring possible adverse effects. These tests will be of sufficient duration in order to catch potential negative effects. Safety hazards for patients and health care workers during and after administration of the radio labeled product will also be identified, evaluated and appropriately managed.
Finally, as prescribed by Section 505(d) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) (21 U.S.C. 355(d)), adequate tests must be taken on the drug first before applying to a human individual. The drug must…...
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References
Farde, L. et al., 2007 Using Positron Emission
Tomography (PET) microdosing. Focus, The Organisation for Professionals in Regulatory Affairs,1-8
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services et al. (2006). Guidance for Industry, Investigators, and Reviewers Office of Training and Communication, http://www.fda.gov/cder/guidance/index.htm
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration et al. (2004). Guidance for Industry Developing Medical Imaging Drug and Biological Products Division of Drug Information HFD-240
These inferences can create contrasting conclusions about what different events mean. (Goreham, 2010)
How are scientific experiments conducted today?
Scientific experiments are conducted by looking at prior research. This provides actuaries with a background on the subject and a way to build off of this information. They will then, conduct their own experiment using a control group and independent variables. This will allow them to see what changes are occurring and how it is influencing the outcome. (Goreham, 2010)
Do the Milgram and Zimbardo experiments violate codes of conduct in the scientific community today?
Yes. This is because the code of conduct requires that all humans in experiments be treated humanely. At the same time, they must provide their informed consent and allow the individual the option of not participating. The fact that they were not following these procedures is a clear indication that they were violating these principles. These basic standards were…...
Anti-Aging Medicine? Include Abstract eferences scholarly
This is a review of the article titled "Is There an Antiaging Medicine?" which was written by obert N. Butler, Michael Fossel, S. Mitchell Harman, Christopher B. Heward, S. Jay Olshansky, Thomas T. Perls, David J. othman, Sheila M. othman, Huber . Warner, Michael D. West, and Woodring E. Wright. The article was published in the volume 57A, issue no. 9 of the Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences in the year 2002 from pages B333-B338. The journal is published by the Gerontological Society of America.
Anti-aging medicine refers to any form of intervention that is given to delay the development of pathology that depends on the person's age and any other changes that are related to age that are not necessarily diseases. All what are there is false claims and bogus remedies which are not known to work. Slowing down the process of aging of…...
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References
Butler, R.N., Fossel, M., Harman, S.M., Heward, C.B., Olshansky, S.J., Perls, T.T., . . . Wright, W.E. (2002). Is There an Antiaging Medicine? Journal of Gerontology: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 57A (9), B333 -- B338.
Weindruch, R., & Walford, R.L. (1988). The Retardation of Aging and Disease by Dietary Restriction. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Gonadectomy alters the magnitude of CCS and ICS analgesia and alters the relationship between the gender-specific effects observed in sham-treated rats. Castration significantly decreased the magnitude of CCS analgesia on the tail-flick and jump tests, and the magnitude of ICS analgesia on the jump test. Indeed castration reduced the magnitude of CCS and ICS analgesia in males to that observed for sham-treated female rats.
Conclusion
Given the multitude of CNS substrates and systems underlying both opioid and stress analgesia, and the likelihood that only a little differ amid sexes, we could rationally expect to come across sex differences in opioid analgesic efficacy in some occasions, depending solely on the nature of the ache incentive and opioid involved, as outlined earlier. It is important to also note that sex differences are no defined to opioid drugs in analgesia. Furthermore, commencement of endogenous pain inhibitory mechanisms in reaction to stress also produces magnitudes…...
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Works Cited
Islam, Anita K., Madeline L. Cooper, and Richard J. Bodnar. "Interactions among Aging, Gender, and Gonadectomy Effects Upon Morphine Antinociception in Rats." Physiology and Behavior 54 (1993): 45-53. Print.
Romero, Maria-Teresa, et al. "Gender-Specific and Gonadectomy-Specific Effects Upon Swim Analgesia: Role of Steroid Replacement Therapy." Physiology and Behavior 44 (1988): 257-65. Print.
Romero, Maria-Teresa, et al. "Modulation of Gender-Specific Effects Upon Swim Analgesia in Gonadectomized Rats." Physiology and Behavior 40 (1987): 39-45. Print.
A child is born, shunned by his own mother. He is brilliant and artistic, possessing skills untouched by even the greatest masters in many areas. Perhaps he is also insane, not relating to the human race. Eventually, he will come to be known as a ghost, haunting the world of normal people as he passes in and out of sight in one of the greatest centers of musical performance in the world. Passionate, he falls in love, and in jealousy he falls even further. This plot line has the potential to be studied in depth by sociologists, psychologists, historians, and artists on so many levels, exploring the child himself and the life and events that build around him. Similar to any number of ancient myths and fairy tales, this love story about an extraordinary outsider was first introduced as "Le Fantome de…...
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Bibliography
Argento, Dario. Il Fantasma Del l'opera / The Phantom of the Opera. 1998.
Leroux, Gaston. Le Fantome de l'Opera / The Phantom of the Opera. 1906/1911.
Learning
The Role of the Hippocampus in Instrumental Conditioning
Laura H. Corbit and Bernard W. Balleine
The rational for the study is to shed light on a fundamental process occurring in instrumental learning that has not been well-researched. The authors hypothesize that instrumental learning consists of stimulus response (SR) processes and action-outcome (AO) processes. SR associations are encoded into procedural memory, whereas AO associations are encoded into declarative memory. The authors cite research that has stated that declarative memory is hippocampal dependent. Thus, the authors hypothesize that damage to the hippocampus should interfere with AO associations while not interfering with SR associations. In experiment 1A rats with dorsal hippocampal lesions and sham lesions (the IV) are tested for their sensitivity to outcome devaluation with a satiety treatment protocol (the DV) after being trained to press levers for two types of reinforces. The hypothesis was that lesioned rats would demonstrate a weakened devaluation effect.…...
Food Ban
Food should be banned from the New York City subway system. There are a few reasons why the food ban should be enacted, chief among them are the health concerns cited by state senators. Proponents of eating food on the subway system generally have weak arguments based around their own personal desire to eat food on the subway, rather than any coherent responses to the central sanitation and public nuisance argument.
According to the text of the bill (S6312), the purpose of the bill is to "mitigate the growing rat infestation in the NYC subway system." The bill would establish fines and other punishments for eating food on the subway system. There are a number of problems with the rat issue in the subway system. In general, people experience a sense of revulsion at the sight of rats, in particular the large, greasy variety found in the subway system. This…...
The 2024 U.S. Presidential Election: A Contemplation on Potential Outcomes
Introduction
The 2024 U.S. presidential election is a highly anticipated event that will shape the political landscape of the United States for years to come. With the incumbent president term-limited, the race is wide open, and multiple potential candidates have already expressed their interest in running. In this essay, we will analyze the potential outcomes of the 2024 presidential election, considering the political climate, key issues, and possible candidates.
Political Climate
The 2024 election will take place against the backdrop of a highly polarized political climate. The country remains deeply divided along partisan lines,....
## Essay Topic: Universal Healthcare: A Guarantee or a Burden?
Proponent's Viewpoint:
Universal healthcare ensures equal access to quality healthcare for all citizens, regardless of income or employment status. It eliminates barriers to care, such as high deductibles, copays, and pre-existing condition exclusions. By providing comprehensive coverage, universal healthcare reduces the financial and emotional burden of medical expenses on individuals and families. It promotes preventive and early intervention services, leading to better health outcomes and reducing overall healthcare costs.
Opponent's Viewpoint:
Universal healthcare is unaffordable and would lead to higher taxes or cuts in other government programs. It would create long wait....
Balzac and Zola: Literary Mirrors of French Society
Introduction: Honoré de Balzac and Émile Zola, towering figures in French literature, left an enduring mark on the literary and social landscape of 19th-century Europe. Both novelists were pivotal in the development of realism, a literary movement that aimed to depict life as it was, without idealization or artifice. This essay will delve into the complexities and thought-provoking ideas explored by Balzac and Zola in their works.
Balzac's Human Comedy: A Panoramic Tapestry of French Society
Balzac's monumental work, "The Human Comedy," is a vast literary panorama that spans the social hierarchy of France during the....
In the realm of voting rights, the recent years have witnessed significant legislative developments and ongoing debates. Here are some key developments:
1. John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act (2021)
The John Lewis Voting Rights Advancement Act, introduced in 2021, aims to restore and strengthen the Voting Rights Act of 1965. It proposes to reinstate the "preclearance" requirement, which obligated certain states with a history of discrimination to obtain federal approval before implementing changes to their election laws. The bill has passed the House of Representatives but currently stalls in the Senate.
2. Voting Rights Act of 2021
The....
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