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Hayes and Flowers' individual-social model (modified since 1980) is one of the foremost models of writing that is used to teach reading on various level. It comprises two main characteristics, the individual and the environment and, therefore, Hayes has called it the "indivdiuo-environmental model'. The individual factor (The "Individual") constitutes the writer's cognition, emotion,and memory system. These three components work via several characteristics: 1. Motivation-Affects – these are: (a) the writer's objective in writing (Goals) plus his attitude and motivation (Beliefs and Attitudes). (b) guidelines regarding the fact that the writer will be involved in a long-term task (Predispositions) and approximation of the cost of the writing project (Cost/ benefit Estimates). 2. Cognitive – which is related to the cognitive part of writing and composed of three characteristics (a) Reflection which transforms one piece of knowledge into another piece of knowledge. They facilitate the 'reasoning' or problem solving part of the activity (b) 'Text interpretation' – reader reads text and works on comprehending transcribed information. This either reinforces reader's previous assumptions, or makes him/ her revise them and form new understanding © Text production – enables readers to transcribe into linguistic form, I..e to put what he/ she has read into written or oral form – to transliterate it in her particular way. 3. Long term memory - the process by which the reading is conveyed to long-term memory. Five components are involved: (a) Genre knowledge – the type of text used (b)Audience knowledge – the one receiving the text © Linguistic knowledge – the linguistic elements of the text necessary for its undertaking (d) Topic knowledge – the topic/ content of the text (e) Task schema – the directions that are used to guide the accomplishment of the the task. These three components - Motivation/ Affect, Cognitive, and Long-term memory – are all linked together and all are necessary for the successful reading and transliteration of the text. Taking the beginning reader story " I can read: Morse goes to school" as example, the reader has to be motivated to read, enjoy reeding, and, as equally important, have the goal of reading the book in the first place. Secondly, the reader has to have the ability of reflecting upon the words and understanding that the separate semantics spell into a humorous story pointing to the importance of reading. Motivation to read is only part of the story: able to reflect upon the whole and form a pattern is essential too. Finally, the whole has to be integrated into memory for the reader to use later, to convey to another, and to interpret in his/ her particular way. Each component also influences the other. For instance, the more motivated the reader is, the more likely it will be that the reading will register in his memory.

The first Miss America with a disability proclaimed herself a Miss America for all America, not just the deaf

As the sun rose over New York and Washington D.C. On what began as a quite, pristine, lovely early fall, beginning of September morning, the citizens of New York, the nation's capital, the United States and indeed the…

In 1990 the United States Congress passed a body of legislation regarding the rights of disabled people in the United States. In 1995, Parliament signed a similar act into law also guaranteeing the rights of disabled…

This paper is on the NAACP, and its effects on American policy. It begins with the formation of the NAACP, and continues through until desegregation in the 1960s. It analyzes some of the founding members and subsequent key players in NAACP history, including W.E.B. Du Bois, Martin Luther King Jr., and Thurgood Marshall.

Though it has been used since the beginning of recorded history, it is relatively hard to define terrorism. However, terrorism is a planned use of illegitimate violence to instill fear, targeted to intimidate government…

This paper is about depression. It will cover the DSM diagnostic criteria, and discuss the development of depression from two viewpoints, CBT (cognitive-behavioral therapy) and the biochemical and environmental…

People think that they can escape socialization, but the fact may be, as ‘The House on Mango Street" shows, that the impacts of socialization stay forever. A Society has effects just as environmental pollution has. Some of these may be positive; others neutral, but still others may be self or socially destructive. The problem is that we are too close to these effects to recognize them for what they really are. In "The House on Mango Street", both Esperanza and Sally experienced acculturation. Sally was stunted by reaction to her society and unable to escape it. Esparanza, it seems, may have the potential to escape. Nonetheless, as Cisneros notes, the effects of acculturation stay forever.

Anger is an emotion that is a natural part of life, but it can become debilitating and lead to antisocial or self-destructive behavior, a well as become a source of additional conflict.

¶ … history of Love Canal, the lessons learned, and the movement toward a proactive response to environmental protection.