Recidivism Essays Examples

Recidivism Rates of Those on Probation or Parole

Recidivism of Those on Parole

Probation and Recidivism

Recidivism can be referred to as the tendency of offenders getting back to crime after charges have been pressed against them or even while still serving their probation. It is categorized as a new crime that a felony inmate or a probationer commits (Merriam Webster, 2012). The basic way of measuring recidivism rate is through the frequency of re-arrests, reincarnations as well as the reconvictions that occur.

Various studies give different categories of offenders prone to recidivism above others and at the same time other category of offenders with a greater percentage of success in their probation and lesser recidivism. The success rate is mostly predicted taking into account the personal characters of the offender. Women who have attained 30 years and above are widely noted to have high success rates, further, Cengage Learning Inc. (2009) notes that convicts who have no previous crime records, felony or being subject to probation also hold a relatively high rates of success as compared to perennial criminals.

It is also noted that offenders with professions or even technical skills enabling them to eke a living hence living comfortably within the society also hold a high…… [Read More]

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Recidivism in Adult Sex Offenders the General

Recidivism in Adult Sex Offenders

The general definition of recidivism is a re-arrest, a reconviction, or a return to prison. On deciding which definition to pick one a number of factors are considered which include the particular research question, the available data resources, the resources, and the length of the follow-up period. Some studies report only sex re-offenses, whereas others include any re-offenses. Until a few years ago, predictions of recidivism amongst offenders were based on the concept of 'dangerousness' in which case predictions were used to determine the level of danger an individual presented to society. Criticisms rose against 'dangerous' since it lacked precision and it also implied that offenders who were deemed 'dangerous' could not be treated. This meant that instead of predicting recidivism it was risk that was being predicted, giving a suggestion of a more balanced assessment of factors that either increase or decrease the chance that a particular person will re-offend in the future.

Despite the fact that the rate of reporting sexual offences to the police is very low (therefore any studies covering recidivism of sexual offences will obviously give an under-count of offending behavior), research which have been done using both official reports…… [Read More]

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Recidivism Rates and Causes

Recidivism Rates and Causes

The objective of this research is to examine recidivism rates and causes for recidivism. According to the work of Moak, Lawry, and Webber (2007) "The United States prison system is one of the worst prison systems in the world. In comparison to other countries, the United States has more individuals incarcerated per person than any other." (Moak, Lawry, and Webber, 2007) The incarceration rate in the United States as of 2006 is reported to be at a rate of "1 out of 136 adults." (Moak, Lawry and Webber, 2007) The 'World Prison Population List' demonstrates that while some countries have similar incarceration rates, most of the countries in the world have rates that are much lower rates. (Moak, Lawry and Webber, 2007, paraphrase) It is reported by the Bureau of Justice Statistics that researchers "…following a cohort of state prison inmates released in 1994 found that 67.5% of those discharged were rearrested within three years. This represents an increase of 5% over a similar study of prisoners released in 1983. Additionally, 46.9% of released prisoners were reconvicted for a new crime within three years and 51.8% were reincarcerated, either serving a new sentence or having committed…… [Read More]

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Recidivism Among Violent Criminals in

Likewise, Gratton and Jones (2003) note that, "A literature review is the background to the research, where it is important to demonstrate a clear understanding of the relevant theories and concepts, the results of past research into the area, the types of methodologies and research designs employed in such research, and areas where the literature is deficient" (p. 51). The second component of the mixed methodology consisted of an analysis of statistical data provided by the U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Statistics concerning the respective recidivism rates for white and minority defendants during the time period under consideration.

Human Subject Protections

Because there were no personal identifying factors involved in either the literature review or statistical analysis components of the research methodology, there was no corresponding need to provide any particular informed consent or other human subject protections for the purposes of the study.

Data Analysis

Percent of Characteristic released inmates

Gender

Male

Female

Race

White

Black

Ethnicity

Hispanic

Non-Hispanic

Age at release

17 or younger

45 or older

Offense for which inmate was serving a sentence

Violent

Property

Drugs

Public-order

Sentence length

Mean mos

Median mos

Time served before release

Mean / a mos

Median / a mos…… [Read More]

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Recidivism Rates

Recidivism Rate

In the context of criminal justice, recidivism represents a relapse of criminal activity by a person after being convicted of some offense, punished, and corrected (seemingly) (Maltz, 2001). Recidivism emerges from a series of failures, namely, failure to meet the expectations of society or society's failure to support the person; the person's resultant failure to keep away from trouble; the individual's failure to escape capture and conviction, following committing of offense; individual's failure as a correctional-institute inmate to make the most of correctional interventions -- or the institute's failure to provide rehabilitation programs; and the person's additional failures in refraining from criminal activities following release from the institute (Maltz, 2001).

Recidivism Definitions

Recidivism, when taken from a correctional perspective, has a fairly explicit meaning. The term derives from Latin recidere, which implies 'falling back' (Maltz, 2001). Recidivists are individuals who are not rehabilitated following release from confinement (due to committing an offense). Instead, they fall back, i.e. revert, to their former behavior, committing further offenses. While the above conceptual definition for recidivism seems rather straightforward, a more operational one, which allows measurement, is somewhat complex (Maltz, 2001).

The data on which recidivism measurement bases itself is seldom comprehensive,…… [Read More]

Recidivism Group Project Recidivism Is

The other brochure would be addressed to the prison counselors. These would contain research findings and the actual causes of recidivism. The third brochure would be distributed to relevant agencies like the state prison department. This brochure would contain facts on recidivism and urge the department to target the main sources of recidivism directly. We would like to draw their attention towards psychological aspect of recidivism. According to Quinsey study in which 311 inmates who had returned to prison were closely studied, the researchers found that static risk predictors are of little help to the agencies ho need accurate results to build a sound Corrections program. They brought forth some dynamic factors which include such things as choice mechanism, genetic and parental factors and in short all psychological reasons that can lead to relapse. In this way Quinsey study is the first research to discuss the psychological aspect of recidivism and they maintain that if the psychological responses of offenders were studied in detail, we would come to understand what exactly motivates them to re-offend. They also offer instructions for the parole officers. It is found that instead of focusing on insignificant things like offender's failures to meet appointments it…… [Read More]

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Recidivism Among Mentally Ill Offenders

Forensic Mental Health Legislation and Policies

As a probation and parole officer in Australia, one of the major issues that need to be addressed through best practice is dealing with mentally ill offenders. This is an emerging issue to be dealt with in order to provide suitable programs and support to lessen recidivism. The significance of addressing this issue is evident in the substantial attention given to offenders with mental illness in the recent past largely because of their prevalence and poor outcomes. Most of this attention has been centered on whether offenders with mental illness pose more risk of dangerousness and how to effectively evaluate and manage that risk. While the increased focus has contributed to the creation of various interventions, these services have poorly matched the policy objective of lessening recidivism (Skeem, Manchak & Peterson, 2011, p.110). In light of the increasing prevalence and poor outcomes of offenders with mental illness, establishing best practice would help provide suitable programs and support to lessen recidivism.

Summary and Overview of the Problem

According to Wang et al. (2005), offenders with mental health issues who are on probation and parole continue to struggle with several issues on their own and slip…… [Read More]

Recidivism for DUI Offenders Who

Since GPS tracking costs around $300 plus a monthly service fee that is similar in price to a pager or cellular phone, it would be very expensive to outfit everyone requiring electronic monitoring with a tracking device (Under, 2001).

As has been mentioned, the main problem with electronic monitoring is the fact that it can only do so much. it's really very limited in what it can tell the police. Either the offender is home, or they are not. Beyond that, the monitoring device is not of much help to law enforcement. This causes a major impact on society. it's good to know that a criminal is safely behind bars where they cannot leave, even if they wanted to. It brings security and peace of mind to the community, and especially to people that may have been past victims of crime.

With electronic monitoring, there is nothing stopping the criminal from leaving his home. A signal from his monitoring device will alert law enforcement if the monitored individual decides to attempt an escape, but this does not stop him from escaping, at least temporarily. Most offenders who attempt to escape while being electronically monitored will end up back in jail…… [Read More]

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Innovation for Recidivism Within the NYC Department of Parole

Recidivism

Probation and parole have historically been used to provide someone with a second chance. It is designed to offer alternatives other than keeping them in jail or sending them directly there. At the heart of these ideas, is to allow the individual to demonstrate how they have changed and can serve as a productive member of society. In the event that they have violated these terms, there are number of actions which can be taken in the process. The most notable include:

Providing a written notice of the alleged violations.

Setting up a preliminary (probable cause hearing), where a judge will decide if there is enough evidence for the case to continue further.

Conducting a revocation hearing.

During a revocation hearing the defendant is allowed to: testify, have an attorney representing them and present witnesses on their behalf. If they cannot afford adequate legal protection, a court appointed lawyer will be provided. The standard is a preponderance of evidence. This means that the state needs to show how the individual knowingly violated these provisions. That is based upon the probability of evidence being truthful and accurate. (Kates, 2007) (Peterjisilia, 2002)

If it is determined that they are in violation…… [Read More]

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Arizona State Legislature Recidivism the Topic of

Arizona State Legislature

Recidivism

The topic of recidivism in the Criminal Justice System has actually been long researched. It has actually likewise been suggested over for numerous other aspects regarding the degree of its efficiency. Recidivism is specified as the duplicating of an unfavourable activity after experiencing unfavourable results from that activity or getting treatment for that activity. In concerns to the criminal justice system, recidivism happens when one individual is arrested again after he has completed one particular sentence. Keeping this in the framework, recidivism is normally found in the criminal justice system when a sentence and/or verdict have actually happened. For that reason the real variety of recidivism cases just covers reported cases. The concern here established in this paper is simply how does jailing crooks impact the rates of recidivism?

Since mid-2008 there was roughly a populace of 2,310,984 imprisoned within federal or state jails or prisons in America. Of these 1,540,805 of the prisoners were those who were primarily serving different verdicts under the federal or state territory. There was a boost of 509 from 506 penalized detainees per 100,000 Americans from the year that ended in 2007. This was a general rise of 0.8% from…… [Read More]

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Prison Life and Recidivism Generally Recidivism in

Prison Life and Recidivism

Generally, recidivism in the justice system context entails the tendency amongst former prisoners or criminals to go back to their criminal lives mainly upon release from prison. In this case, recidivism rates are measured by having a look at the number of former prisoners re-incarcerated within a given time period. It can be noted that in basic terms, high recidivism rates are in most cases associated with increased costs of re-offender arrest and prosecution. Other related costs in this case relate to public safety. In this text, I will concern myself with prison life and the approaches/strategies to bring down the rate of recidivism upon a prisoner's release from jail.

The Purpose for Prisons in the U.S. Justice System

Prisons have an existing obligation enshrined in the constitution to avail to inmates a minimal standard of care. However, it is important to note that in relation to the preparation of prisoners for release, this standard of care is more often than not poorly defined. According to Osher (2007), the correctional responsibility of prisons in most cases comes to an end upon a prisoner's release. Hence the primary purpose of prisons in the U.S. justice system tends…… [Read More]

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Probation and Recidivism

Probation and Recidivism

Recidivism is the habit of offenders falling back to crime or misdemeanor after having been charged with offences or while still on probation. It is a new crime that is committed by a felony inmate or a probationer (Merriam Webster, 2012). The recidivism rate is measured by the number of re-arrests, reincarnations and the reconvictions that take place.

From various studies, there have been various categories of offenders who have been noted to have a higher possibility of falling into recidivism than others and yet another category that has a greater percentage of success in their probation and not fall back into recidivism. The success on probation is widely predicted based on personal characters of the probationers. Women of thirty years and above are generally seen to be able to carry on successfully with the probation and not be subjects to recidivism. It is also noted by Cengage Learning Inc. (2009), those who have had no previous record of felony or being subjected to probation also have a high possibility of success in probation.

The offenders who have professions of technical skills that allow them to make a living within the society in a comfortable manner are…… [Read More]

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Reducing Recidivism in the American Society Prisons

Reducing Recidivism

In the American society, prisons or correctional facilities are seen as weapons of choice in the fight against crime. They are seen as multipurpose institutions which include exaction of retribution in the event of breaking the law, this correctional facilities separate the law breakers from the rest of the community so that they do not commit more crimes. They are also meant to deter the general population from committing crimes and discouraging incarcerated offenders from breaking the law once they are released from prison.

In the U.S.A. The population in prison is increasing at a very high rate. In the last few decades the prison population has risen three fold and more. This increase places a heavy burden on the federal, state or local government finance, it's of greater concern and importance therefore to cut down the number of population in prison, in this respect to accomplish this, the number of recidivists must reduce.

In the context of criminal justice, the term recidivism is defined as the relapse into criminal behavior by an individual after being convicted of a prior offence and sentenced. This reversion of behavior can be attributed to a number of failures: an individual's failure…… [Read More]

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Policy 1250 Words Addresses Issue Recidivism

Policy ( 1250 Words) Addresses Issue

Recidivism Rates: A Cry for Rehabilitation

There are a number of different facets of the criminal justice system to take into account when attempting to effectively reduce the rate of offender recidivism. Several different methodologies have been enacted by various correctional facilities during different time periods to address this pertinent issue. An examination of the research of George Bridges and Sarah Steen, Daniel Mears et al., Cassia Spohn and David Holleran, and Joan Petersilia indicate that some of the most critical determinants in regards to these methodologies include differences in rates of recidivism for those incarcerated vs. paroled, difficulties incurred by correctional officers due to inmates struggling with aspects of mature coping, and attributions that relate to whom a parole board chooses to issue parole to. A synthesis of the findings of these authors demonstrates that the most effective way to prevent offender recidivism is to present inmates with the crucial skills and resources that they will need to cope with life both inside and outside of correctional facilities. Doing so will allow them to build a proper foundation so that they will not need to commit more crimes.

Parole boards consider a number…… [Read More]

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Reducing Recidivism by Juvenile Offenders Recidivism Reducing

Reducing Recidivism by Juvenile Offenders

Recidivism

Reducing Recidivism by Juvenile Offenders: The Power of Hope and Inclusion

It is important to begin this discussion by recognizing the fact that minority youth are disproportionately represented throughout juvenile justice systems in nearly every state in the nation. Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) in juvenile justice occurs when minority youth come into contact with the system at a higher rate than their white counterparts. African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific Islanders and Native Americans comprise a combined one-third of the nation's youth population. Yet they account for over two-thirds of the youth in secure juvenile facilities (Armour & Hammond, 2009).

Armour and Hammond (2009) point to an assortment of explanations that have emerged for the disproportionate treatment of minorities including jurisdictional issues, certain police practices, punitive juvenile crime legislation of the 1990s, and perceived racial bias in the system. Often the outcome of criminal allegations can depend on the jurisdiction in which the youth is processed according to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP). Research indicates cases adjudicated in urban areas are more likely to result in harsher results than similar cases adjudicated in non-urban areas. Another contributing factor may come from the…… [Read More]

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Psychological Analysis of Behavioral Consistency Recidivism and Serial Crime

Psychological Analysis of Behavioral Consistency, Recidivism & Serial Crime

Psychological analysis of behavioral consistency, recidivism, and serial crime

The behavioral analysis unit (BAU) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the unit that is involved with providing criminal investigation analysis to the law enforcement agencies. Special agents trained in preparing case files for law enforcement agencies by profiling suspects staff it. It is under the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime (NCAVC) and has there are four units. Their work is to crosscheck suspects in various law enforcement databases to find case linkages and provide other analysis results. The first unit deals with counterterrorism, bombing issues and arson while the second deals with threats, white-collar crime, cybercrimes, and public corruption. The last two units deal with crimes against children and against adults respectively The Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2013.

Psychologists are some of the most attractive candidates for positions in the FBI Behavioral Analysis unit because they are able to understand human behaviors and to use investigative psychology to conduct criminal profiling. By analyzing how the psychological analysis of behavioral consistency, recidivism, and serial crime course applies to the work of an FBI profiler in the behavioral…… [Read More]

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Prison Life and Strategies to Decrease Recidivism Upon an Inmates Release From Prison

Prisons

An analysis of the purposes for prisons in the U.S. justice system.

The corrections system in America has historically fluctuated between being dedicated to incapacitation, rehabilitation, and to being punitive in nature. They can serve all three of these functions at the same time. Current trends in criminal justice remain focused on punitive justice that fosters prison environments lacking rehabilitative services, but recent scholarship and public policy have indicated a slight shift towards the root concept of corrections as a rehabilitative process that simultaneously protects the public.

Prisons serve multiple, and potentially convergent purposes, theoretically: to rehabilitate the prisoner, to punish the prisoner by restricting liberties, and to protect public safety. Deterrence is an indirect purpose of prisons. Ancillary purposes of prisons in the United States justice system include profitability, too, as prison privatization has proved lucrative for the companies with a vested interest. Halfway houses, which can be broadly considered part of the rehabilitation segment of the criminal justice system, are usually privately run facilities (Dolnick, 2013).

During the colonial American era, the purpose of prisons was more like what jails do now: places to incapacitate a suspect until he or she awaited trial or punishment. Prisoners were…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice - Recidivism Criminal

Specifically, that approach must offer a method of reversing, or at least substantially reducing the impact of those factors. Furthermore, since the particular variables differ among different criminal offenders, an approach that is likely to be successful must incorporate aspects of assessment of the individual for the purposes of designing treatments that address the many different paths to criminal conduct.

In that regard, Andrews (1995) offers a comprehensive set of "major" factors and "minor" factors responsible for most criminal conduct. According to Andrews, a successful approach to addressing criminal conduct primarily requires: (1) a system of understanding and addressing personal cognitive factors; (2) a method of reducing criminal associations and lifestyles; (3) treatment of personal factors of temperament and natural behavioral inclination; and (4) an understanding of the personal, family, and educational history of the offender. Unlike the traditional focus of classic theories of social behavior, Andrews discounts the relative importance of social class and so-called "strain" theories to which antisocial behavior is frequently attributable (Andrews, 1995). Contemporary correctional studies have inspired significant consensus among researchers that only a treatment-oriented approach to corrections is likely to succeed because both centuries of anecdotal experience and more recent empirical data document the…… [Read More]

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How Effective Is the Rate of Recidivism Re-Entry Programs for Adults

Recidivism/Re-Entry Programs for Adults

There has been a large amount of funding filtered into prison recidivism and reentry programs for adults because these programs claim to have the answer to addressing the recidivism rates of adult individuals who are in reentry programs leaving prison. Successful reintegration of prisoners into society is critically important in reducing the rate of these individuals who reoffends and returns to prison. As well that are various theories that abound that attempt to explain how and why specific program and treatment formats are more effective in addressing this problem. The truth is that no one is quite sure as to which programs are most effective.

Theoretical Framework

The work of Wormith, et al. (2007) entitled "The Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Offenders: The Current Landscape and So e Future Directions for Correctional Psychology" reports that the national average recidivism rate in the United States reveals that approximately 2/3 of offenders in 15 states released in 1994 "were re-arrested within 3 years of their release, with the majority being reconvicted and incarcerated for new crimes." However, it is reported that findings from an analysis of specific programs reveals something very different "about the capacity for success in American…… [Read More]

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Juvenile Recidivism Whither Goest Recidivism

Washington courts registered 13,127 juvenile offenses in 2005, of whom 77% were boys and 76% of them had previous offenses and imprisonments (SGC, 2008). Of the total rate of recidivists, 72% were girls. Those convicted are given dispositions rather than sentenced. Information on race and ethnicity appeared inaccurate. While only 3.94% of the Washington population was African-American, African-American accounted for 13.11% of all recorded juvenile dispositions. This was a disproportionately high rate of 78.07%. Hispanic recidivists had a higher rate of 82.29%. Asian-Pacific Islanders had the lowest rate at 65.08%. Caucasians tallied at 69.23% and had a recidivist rate of 75.14%. First-time offenders were mostly aged 15, and younger than repeat offenders. Girls tended to commit the same violations at a younger age, also around 15, than boys. Juvenile recidivism was recorded highest between 15 and 17 (SGC).

The 11 primary categories of juvenile offenses in Washington courts were assault, drug, gross misdemeanor, manslaughter, misdemeanor, murder, property, robbery, sex, and other felonies (SG, 2008). Gross misdemeanors were the most common type of offense. Property crimes came in second for first-time offenders. These same offenders committed more serious violations previously, like robbery and drug offenses. Gross misdemeanors, misdemeanors and property offenses…… [Read More]

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Recidivism This Proposal Is Conducting a Study

Recidivism

This proposal is conducting a study using intervention and community orientated strategies to reduce recidivism rates. According to the Justice Department, these levels are at 43.8%. This is because the individual breaks the conditions of their parole / probation or commits new crimes within three years of their release. ("State of Recidivism," 2006) To reduce recidivism a new approach must be taken that will concentrate on dealing with the root causes. The evaluation method will be the qualitative system. This is when there is an examination of different sources and the underlying trends. (Pratt, 2006) The organization that will be studied is the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (CSOSA). The total costs for conducting the evaluation will be $20 thousand. Once this takes place, is when actuaries will illustrate those techniques which can reduce recidivism. This will enhance the ability of the CSOSA to achieve its primary objectives.

Agency Overview

The CSOSA is focused on dealing with the 3,200 offenders that are released into the Washington DC region every year. Their objectives are to work with former convicts in learning new skills and becoming law abiding citizens. Moreover, they monitor defendants who are in the middle of criminal…… [Read More]

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Hypothesis Testing of the Effectiveness of Prison GED Programs in Reducing Recidivism

Prison GED Programs

Hypothesis testing of the effectiveness of prison GED programs in reducing recidivism

The effectiveness of prison GED programs in reducing recidivism

Prison GED programs

The General Education Development initialized as GED is a service program of the American Council on Education. The tests in the GED are for measuring the proficiency of the persons taking the test in science, mathematics, writing, social studies and reading (Kaprov & Kaprov, 2009). When the person passes the General Education Development, they acquire a certificate equivalent of the high school certificate credential. This gives the person the chance to enroll in a known university or college to further their skills that enable them to face the world. The tests issued measure the significant knowledge and skills a person can express Van & Salisbury, 2014). This includes the abilities of the person to evaluate, analyze and draw conclusions; and proficiently express ideas and thoughts in writing. The subjects include language arts, mathematics, social studies and science.

Prisons and other correctional facilities and systems in the country continue to evaluate means of developing systems to bring out the convicted persons as better people; equipped to reintegrate into the community. Prison Education encompasses the…… [Read More]

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African-Americans Have Experienced Higher Rates of Recidivism

African-Americans have experienced higher rates of recidivism in contrast with other segments of the population. Evidence of this can be seen with a study conducted by the U.S. Justice Department. They found that those individuals in this demographic and between the ages 18 to 35 have a 32% chance of being incarcerated. Once they are released from prison or placed on probation, the odds of them committing another crime are double in contrast with other population groups. (Kury, 2011) To fully understand why this is occurring requires examining the root causes of the problem. This will be accomplished by conducting a literature review on the subject. These findings will illustrate the primary causes as to why this segment has higher recidivism rates.

The target population is focusing on African-Americans from ages 18 to 35. This study will examine how the lack of education, substance dependency and criminal history are influencing recidivism. One of the most common factors is the lack of available employment opportunities after they are released from jail or placed on probation. This is because they are dealing with the negative stereotypes associated with their criminal past. At the same time, many of these neighborhoods have a lack…… [Read More]

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Reducing Recidivism Through Counseling

Criminal Justice

The author of this report has been asked to offer a series of answers to a questions. These questions. The questions center on the construction and testing of a theory. In the case of these questions and this report, these questions would center on the idea of testing the theory that some short-term counseling of young offenders will counteract the notion that some of these young offenders are prone to have and that would be that their incorporation into the prison and legal system is a rite of passage and "no big deal." To test this theory, there will be definitions of the theory itself, the hypotheses that will be tested via experimentation and study, how that study would be carried out, how the hypothesis would be tested and the limitations that would exist as part of the study. While testing the above material would not be an exact science, it can certainly be done.

Analysis

The theory in question would be as follows. There are some youths among the broader youth base, including the youth offender base in particular, that take a casual and accepting approach of being matriculated into the criminal justice system. Rather than be…… [Read More]

Would Rehab Reduce Recidivism

drug offenders before or after they are incarcerated. It is noted that many drug offenders are willing to try treatment but the options thereof are not always present or sufficient as they are only present about 20% of the time. A doctor interviewed for the report suggests that he does not see "bad people" when it comes to drug addicts. Rather, he asserts that he simply sees people with a disease. It is also noted that roughly half of all of the 2.3 million inmates in the United States have some sort of substance abuse issue, either past or present. On a related note, the drug offenders or users are either in jail for actual drug offenses or they were popped for engaging in behaviors that were being done to feed their habit (e.g. robbery, burglary, etc.). Even so, it has been found that getting people treated reduces recidivism substantially. Beyond that, using the treatment option costs the taxpayer and others less in the long run than just warehousing and cutting them loose to use drugs and offend again (Carmichael, 2010).

The overall ethical dilemma is balancing between the safety of society and the needs of the prisoner. So often,…… [Read More]

Ex-Offenders and the Re-Entry to the Society

Ex Offenders

The United States is regarded as having the world's highest incarceration rate. It has been estimated that the prisons are holding more than 2.3 million people as of now. Due to this reason, overcrowding is a significant issue in the prison system of the country. It is seen that for every hundred thousand population, there are seven hundred and forty eight inmates and this number is expected to increase. Due to the increased incarceration, the state and the federal prisons are made to release a decent number of ex-offenders every year. The trend of releasing has only been a result of the mass incarceration that the country has experienced. It was seen that during the 1972 till the 1997 period, the number of state and federal prisoners increased from 196,000 to a record of 1,159,000 (Mauer, 1999) In 2000, a total of 600,000 ex-offenders were released to the communities from where they came from initially (Lynch, 2001)

Many people believe that if the released prisoner is on parole or is assigned to a parole officer, he will stay stable and will be able to get back on track. However, this approach has also been considered impractical now. A…… [Read More]

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Offender Re-Entry Program Assessing Adequacy

These strategies should focus on parolees' risks and need and conducted in a way that would motivate change. Aware of these realities, States continue to innovate and evolve reentry strategies towards this end (Yahner et al.).

The BRI was a particularly ambitious correctional program in that it targeted the most difficult offenders for rehabilitation and incorporation into the community. These are young offenders with violent criminal histories, who are likeliest to be excluded from reentry assistance. The BRI develops and implements individual plans to reintegrate chosen offenders back into society. This was the Controlling Violent Offenders Program.

Efforts begin during their incarceration and continue when they are released into the community through a focused approach by a mentor. Case workers and mentors conduct varied programs to support their transition. These include social services in substance abuse and mental health disorders and vocational services for training, education and resume development for employment (Braga et al.).

Results of this study provide evidence that BRI's holistic approach can reduce repeat crimes. Gang membership poses a special challenge to these initiatives. It inhibits the ability of a released prisoner to successfully reintegrate with society. It has been observed to increase the risks of post-release…… [Read More]

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Correctional Methods Throughout Most of

For example, offenders without job skills can receive job training, while offenders with emotional problems can be ordered to attend the appropriate counseling. (Native American and Alaskan Technical Assistance Program, 2005). Because such a huge proportion of crimes are drug-related or committed by addicts, completion of in-patient or out-patient substance abuse programs is often an integral part of an offender's alternative sentencing program. Furthermore, alternative sentencing strives to make an offender personally responsible for their crime. Therefore, mediation and restitution play an important part in alternative sentencing, because mediation gives the victim a voice, while restitution can require an offender to repay his victim. (Native American and Alaskan Technical Assistance Program, 2005).

After one has an understanding of the different sentencing alternatives available, the logical step is to question whether alternative sentencing is effective. In order to answer that question, many criminal justice professionals look to recidivism rates. "However, limited research is available that compares recidivism rates of offenders released through traditional incarceration to offenders released through alternative sanctions." (Jones & Connelly, 2001). In addition, judges consider issues like criminal history, community ties, and the degree and type of offense when determining whether or not to divert an offender from…… [Read More]

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Convicted Felons Return to the

Productivity-Education/Craft/Trade -- a key to being able to stop the return to the penal system is to provide training necessary to allow the individual to find work after leaving prison. Not only is it extremely tough to get a job as a convicted felon, but the skills necessary to get a job that will afford a decent living are tough to get in prison. Earning a degree either online or through continuing education; earning a trade certificate (automotive, plumbing, wood working, etc.) will provide an occupation for the felon after leaving prison, and a focus for their energy and attention while in prison.

Consequences -- Many rehabilitation programs fail because the consequences are unrealistic. Allow people to be human, while still requiring that in order to receive the gift from society of living in society, there are consequences if the rules are broken (Clear, et.al., 2011).

How then, can Maslow's Hierarchy of needs help offenders reintegrate into society? There are at least five ways that Maslow can be incorporated into philosophies and theories when dealing with convicted offenders:

Physical Needs -- Food, water, and a bed are needs that are often taken for granted in society, but when inside prison,…… [Read More]

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Boot Camp's Program Claim of a 0

Boot Camp's Program Claim of a 0% Recidivism Rate

Addressing a Boot Camp's Program's Claim of a 0% Recidivism Rate

The Claim: A Boot Camp Program Run by a Local Sheriff's Department Claims a Recidivism Rate of 0%

My assessment on the accuracy of the above statement and this discussion in general, will make use of a number of fundamental terms: corrective boot camp program, recidivism and shock incarceration. A corrective boot camp program, to begin with, refers to a facility that makes use of the techniques applied during military training sessions, to instill a culture of 'doing what is right' in youthful first-time offenders. Recidivism, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2013), is the tendency to repeat criminal activities, leading to re-arrest, during the three-year duration following release from a correctional facility. Finally, shock incarceration, like the name suggests, is a program used on first time offenders, to 'shock' them from recidivism (Cole & Smith, 2007).

In order to assess the accuracy of the statement under evaluation, we need to examine the efficiency of boot camp programs vis-a-vis other correctional sanctions, such as prison sentences. Boot camps, like all other intermediate programs in the system of justice, are…… [Read More]

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Rehabilitation Based on the Empirical

The needs principle says that interventions should target the known predictors of crime and recidivism for change. There are two types of predictors for recidivism: static predictors, such as criminal history, and dynamic predictors, such as antisocial values. Those predictors that can be changed are the predictors that should be targeted by rehabilitation programs. The dynamic factors that can be changed are: antisocial/procriminal attitudes, values, beliefs, and cognitive-emotional states, procriminal associates, isolation from anticriminal others, antisocial personality factors, and dysfunctional family relationships. Those are the factors that should be targeted in rehabilitation programs. Second, is the responsivity principle. The responsivity principle provides that treatment services should be behavioral in nature, because of the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral and social-learning interventions in changing human behavior, particularly those behaviors that are linked to recidivism. "Reinforcements in the program should be largely positive, not negative. And the services should be intensive, lasting three to nine months and occupying 40% to 70% of the offenders' time while they are in the program" (Gendreau, 2011). Third is the risk principle. The risk principle suggests that treatment interventions should be used with higher-risk offenders, and target their dynamic risk factors for change. The prevailing view is that…… [Read More]

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Probation and Its Various Forms

Probation and its various forms: According to the official government website by Prince William County (PWC), Virginia, probation is a sanction ordered by courts that "…allows a person to remain in the community under the supervision of a probation officer." The probation sentence could also include time in jail, a financial penalty, community service, and other sanctions (PWC).

There are several kinds of probation, including: a) unsupervised probation (this is generally only available for very petty crimes); b) supervised probation (this requires regular contact with a probation officer and includes specific rules -- no alcohol, etc. -- that must be adhered to); c) community control (in this case the person on probation may be under house arrest and/or have ankle monitoring); and d) shock probation (the judge in this case may put the probationer in prison just to shock him, then release him on probation) (LaMance, 2012).

Probation and recidivism: A report by the Justice Strategies group shows that in 2006, nationwide, 18% of people who exited probation were "…incarcerated due to failure under supervision" (Rios, p. iv). The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) presents data that show (in 2011) "…Two-thirds (66%) of probationers competed their terms of supervision or…… [Read More]

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Boot Camps Effective Juvenile Justice

In July, 2001, a 14-year-old boy died following the brutal treatment he was subjected to at the Fountain Hills facility in Arizona. The staff had forced him to "stand in the Arizona sun" in 100-degree temperatures, wearing black sweat pants, according to an article in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing (Bush, 2001). When he - or any of the other inmates - asked for water or food, he was "forced to eat mud." Also, the staff "stomped on the boys' chests and arms with boots if they did not perform tasks required of them."

In Prince Georges County, Maryland, on May 14 of 2001, a 17-year-old boy died of asphyxia when a teacher cut off his airway "in the act of restraining him." The article's writer, Carol Bush, asks: "Is it not time for the medical and nursing professionals to speak out on behalf of troubled youth whom we include in our populations of concern?" A better system for juveniles who are in trouble, Bush concludes, and this writer agrees, would be to establish "core values" for a new system that rejects boot camp mentality, and embraces "family centered" values; "child and adolescent-focused outcomes"; and it should…… [Read More]

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Juvenile Behavior

Criminal behavior and recidivism has been a very contentious issue over the last decade. Research continues to garner massive support related to methods to better help offenders matriculate into society. Juvenile behavior is one of the more pressing issues within society. Juvenile behavior is particularly important as habits formed in early years are directly correlated to behavior in later years. Research has also indicated that children or juveniles influenced by criminal activities at an early age, are more likely to commit crimes in their adolescent stage. Although a litany of methods have been devised to combat juvenile criminal behavior, results have been mixed. Recent incidents with school shootings, robberies, and vandalism indicate that juvenile criminal behavior is still profound. One interesting aspect regarding juvenile behavior is that violent acts committed by juveniles have actually decreased over the past decade. However, many juveniles are often sent to court and prosecuted as adults. This action ultimately creates a cycle in which juveniles serve longer prison or jail sentences. The questions arise then, with increased numbers of juveniles being sent to out-of-home placements: How long are juveniles placed in residential facilities and what impact does long-term incapacitation or placement have on subsequent recidivism?…… [Read More]

Measuring Crime

Measuring Crime

During the latter half of the twentieth century, evidence-based policing became more commonplace, partly as a means to reduce corruption, but also as a means to make crime fighting more effective. Instruments used to measure crime at the federal level include those that fall under the rubric of the Department of Justice, such as Uniform Crime Reporting and National Crime Victimization Service. The FBI also operates legal attache offices, the Combined DNA Index System, and other tools used to measure and empirically track crime (Schmalleger, 2015, p. 147). Likewise, the Department of Justice maintains several major crime reporting programs including the National Incident-Based Reporting System. These reporting programs serve several core functions. They boost the effectiveness of criminal justice policy, they ensure policing and other aspects of criminal justice are evidence-based, and they inform the judicious allocation of resources throughout the criminal justice system. As Schmalleger (2015) points out, there are also instruments used to measure crime at the state and local level, as well as state and local level crime reporting programs. Some local jurisdictions like major metropolitan areas require their own means of data gathering and analysis.

Crime rates refer to the number of reported offences…… [Read More]

Goals of Corrections the Objective

Just as clearly no individual who is logical would consider Charles Manson or Theodore Bundy as eligible profiles for the restorative justice program or even for rehabilitation program or indeed of any other than imprisonment or death by execution There are however, very potentially productive, useful, and worthy individuals who are shuffled into the correction system due to their inability to hire a lawyer or lack of knowledge concerning their rights to having representation appointed to them that with education and knowledge or skills acquisition can be successfully rehabilitation or restored to society and within the community. Recently there has been documented an additional strategy in criminal justice corrections which is described as a 'transformational' process and is a cognitive-behavioral approach in treatment.

RECOMMENDATIONS for FUTURE CORRECTIONS

Cognitive behavioral approaches are being used in transforming the dysfunctional thinking of the individual. The work of Mahoney and Lyddon (1988) relate approximately 20 various types of cognitive behavioral therapies, which generally are either:

1) Moral reasoning theories; or 2) Information processing theories.

MacKenzie and Hickman (1998) state:

In terms of criminal behavior, the cognitive-behavioral tradition suggests that criminals think differently than noncriminals, either because of a lack of moral reasoning or through…… [Read More]

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Prison Nurseries There Are Few Assets as

Prison Nurseries

There are few assets as precious to a nation as it children. Especially in the developed world. Social, care, and education systems are set up in such a way as to nurture the young ones to that they can grow and develop effectively to make the most of their lives and their future. Indeed, not making sure that children's lives can progress along optimal levels can result in dire consequences for a nation and its future. It affects everything from the economy to the moral fabric of a nation to not care for its children. It is also, however, a sad fact of the world today that not all children are born to loving parents, a home and family, or in otherwise ideal circumstances. Indeed, some children are born to mothers who are in prison. While there are many programs to care for these children, there is little consistency among the nature and number of these. In the United States, for example, some states include programs via which mothers can care for their children from 12 to 24 months via prison nurseries. In others, children are taken away from their mothers and entered into foster care or given…… [Read More]

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Sentencing Determinate Sentencing Impacts and Recent Trends

Sentencing

Determinate Sentencing, Impacts, and Recent Trends

Determinate Sentencing

Impact on Probationary Terms

Reasons for choosing mandatory minimum jail and prison sentences

Role of Mandatory Sentences in Reducing Recidivism

The legal system is reliant on two different approaches for sentencing the offenders. The determinate and indeterminate sentencing is discussed in detail. The recent trend towards determinate sentencing and their impacts are also elaborated. The reasons for choosing determinate sentencing and its role in reducing recidivism are also discussed in the following sections. The political influence on these changes has also brought it in public domain and several opinions in favor and against prevail in the ordinary public as well as the legal practitioners.

Determinate Sentencing:

The term of imprisonment is applicable for the convicted criminals in consideration with the legal requirements. The judges are entitled to impose a term for imprisonment applicable according to the legal findings and committed crime under the law. The number of years imposed by the judge is referred to determine sentence. Since 20th century the legal system incorporated the jurisdiction of judges to impose particular number of years for imprisonment. The determine sentencing was fully enacted in four U.S. states since 1977 (Neubauer & Fradella,…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Is the Coordination

Examples of offenses that are based on constitutional endowments of right contain tax evasion, possessing illegal substances and conspiring to violate civil rights. Courts have specified on the whole a wide explanation to the Commerce Clause authority, allowing Congress to create a federal offense of many widespread law crimes such as kidnapping or murder if state outline are fractious during commission of the crime and such as misappropriation and blackmail using instrumentalities of trade such as telephone lines or the U.S. post. Examples of offenses that are based on regions owned by or under the restricted power of the federal government contain crimes committed in the District of Columbia, in U.S. Territories, in U.S. National Parks, in federal courthouses and federal jails plus on board airplanes and ocean going ships. The United States armed force has its own immoral justice system applicable to its members, but civilians might be accused with a federal offense for acts committed on martial bases. Federal courts can also declare jurisdiction to listen to cases brought in opposition to U.S. people based on their unlawful activities in different countries. (Fletcher, George P., 1998).

The recidivism rates for unconstrained hostages in the United States of America…… [Read More]

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Domestic Violence

Domestic violence is an insidious problem that affects communities large and small within the entire nation. It is a problem that affects young and old, affluent and underprivileged alike. There are many ways to view domestic violence. Though domestic violence may be defined in many ways, for purposes of this evaluation will be defined as violence that occurs between two individuals living together (Davis, 1998). Typically these individuals will be partners but this is not always the case. Domestic violence may include any type of violence whether verbal or physical, including hitting, verbal abuse, neglect, or any other type of violent act that leads to harm or injury in the battered victim.

Though several legislative measures have been enacted to curb domestic violence, there is still little uniformity of practice among community policing agencies and other support services. At present legislators and community members are considering working together to determine whether a combination of punitive and non-punitive punishment might best reduce the number of domestic violence cases reported each year. These ideas and more are discussed below.

Analysis of Violence

There have been several studies conducted of domestic violence, some that have examined the frequency with which domestic violence occurs…… [Read More]

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Corrections in Community-Based Settings

Juvenile Community Corrections

Corrections in Community-Based Settings

Community-based corrections: Factors to consider when dealing with juvenile offenders

One seemingly self-evident truth regarding juvenile offenders might seem to be that socio-economic status will have a significant impact upon the individual's ability to find adequate treatment. The research does support the idea that individuals of higher socioeconomic status (SES) are less likely commit juvenile crimes. Also, it would seem that a wealthy, well-connected suburban family who is able to offer private counseling to their child is more likely to see the teen transition out of juvenile corrections than one who does not. An overall literature review suggests that lower SES is linked with the likelihood of perpetuating juvenile crimes. In another study of 420 urban youth comparing those from high SES neighborhoods vs. low SES neighborhoods, the high SES youth were half as likely to engage in serious delinquency (Atkins et al. 2007).

However, one longitudinal study of 531 youths in Oregon's juvenile justice system which characterized the participants as being of low or high socioeconomic status found no statistically significant difference between low and high SES youths in terms of recidivism. However, it did find that receiving community support services was…… [Read More]

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Juvenile Corrections

Juvenile Corrections

Juvenile delinquency is a common phenomenon in the globe today. Owing to the severe crimes, committed, different states handle the matter differently. On one hand, some states utilize the "punitive approach" that prioritizes crime control, punishment, and incarceration; on another, the restorative model, which stresses human rights, youth development research, and restoring the community. In the United States, the law does not tolerate juvenile delinquency; this explains the utilization of the "punitive approach" when handling juveniles. In addition, policies in the U.S. are becoming more punitive; therefore, juveniles have found themselves tried in the adult legal system. However, in the recent past, the U.S. has re-considered the death and life without parole sentences for juveniles, which it has termed as unconstitutional. Apparently, the state is gradually applying some human rights principles in relation to juvenile justice policy, a positive move, indeed (Caldwell, 2011).

Background

During the 19th century, juveniles received similar sentences to those of adults, a case that applies to date. However, the case is different across states and continents, but some people feel that juveniles are mature, and they are conscious of their criminal activities; therefore, the law should not treat them differently, either way. Numerous…… [Read More]

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Personalizing Punishment-Based on Brain Psychology

Psychopathology Criminal Behavior Part

What might be some of the implications for the forensic field of the differences between the "low-fear hypothesis" and the "high-impulsive" subtypes of psychopathy? In other words, how might the differences in the models help inform us about best practices for such activities as police work on the streets, interrogation methods, trial and sentencing practices, providing treatment, or evaluating recidivism risks?

In retrospect, theorists view Lykken's conceptual framework as a first step toward distinguishing between primary and secondary psychopathy (Baskins-Sommers, 2010). As theory building continues in this decade, the typology is supported by the notion of trait-like sensitivities and trait-like cognitive capacities that suggest the following implications for criminal justice procedures. Primary psychopathy is characterized by disinhibition, which is an inability to abort a dominant response, integrate socialization, or adopt alternative objectives. An individual who is considered to have primary psychopathy will fail to consider emotional cues or effectively delay gratification (MacCoon, et al., 2004). Underlying these behaviors is a bias sensitivity to stimuli that influence adaptive self-regulation vs. maladaptive disinhibition (MacCoon, et al., 2004). Notably, those individuals with secondary psychopathy are likely to exhibit a bias that focuses attention on behavioral activation system (BAS) rather…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Race Class Gender

Foucault called prisons "complete and austere" institutions because of the way they function in society. A prison is complete because it completely strips from the inmate basic rights and liberties, freedoms, and also humanity. One of the central features of a prison is surveillance, to monitor the activities of the individuals at all time. As such, the prison functions as a complete and total observer and controller. The prison is also austere because of the inherent restrictions on the lives of the inmates. Especially when the prison aims to reform the "criminal," the activities imposed as summarily austere. A prison reflects the punitive nature of the criminal justice system.

A complete and austere institution is also systematically exploitative. For instance, the prisoner may be found performing labor to serve the state (or the private entity in charge of the institution). Moreover, a complete and austere institution is one that uses the inmates as if in a grand social experiment to study criminality and criminal justice. Prisons have become so entrenched in society that they can be called "self-evident," viewed as irreplaceable and inevitable and therefore proposed politically as being beyond reform. Once a person is placed into a prison, his…… [Read More]

Politics Trumps Policy How Would You Respond

Politics Trumps Policy

How would you respond? Would you just capitulate and end some or all of these programs?

Explain your answer.

A written response would be provided to the new governor that would include an outline of all current programs supplemented with reasoning and statistical effectiveness of each. A break even analysis for each program will also be provided where the actual program outcome statistics with the inclusion of the 30% reduction in recidivism over two years and the cost savings of such a rate reduction in both the short- and long-term to the state and the community. The programs themselves were thoroughly researched and required significant defense for development and implementation, some of the material used to allow support for implementation will clearly need to be used to demonstrate to the new governor the importance and potential of these programs. To respond to the concerns associated with the tough on crime, "take back the streets" campaign the governor should be made aware that these programs hold inmates to high standards and demonstrate significant reductions in internal strife and external community reorientation saving the taxpayers untold dollars and reducing the numbers of victims of crime (Carter, 2008, p. 108)…… [Read More]

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Traffic Violation Systems The United

The mechanisms that have been put forth to handle issues of day amercement are rudimentary to the knowledge of many people in the U.S. For instance, day Fines is subject to the capabilities of the offenders. It is not a subject imposed to all offenders no with no consideration of their financial stabilities. Nonetheless, offenders who are judged to be within the bracket of paying day charge make it an obligation. The U.S. has state and federal strategies on imprisonment of offenders have received an enormous boost with involvement of the day Fines services.

The federal government of the U.S. has found a more equitable and distributive way of punishing offenders with day fines. Traffic offenders are rampant and active most of the day times. Since they are individuals who operate most of their activities during the daytime, the federal state perceives day fines as a more eloquent way of ending their difficulties when they face prosecutions due to minor and serious offenses. Through day fines, the courts have found a better way of dealing with rich offenders who find it legible when they are made to face the common courses of offenses in the society. At the end of…… [Read More]

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Gender and Crime

Gender and Crime

How would each of the three critical feminist perspectives -- Radical, Marxist, and Socialist -- explain this phenomenon? Do different life experiences by men and women impact the overrepresentation of men in the criminal justice system? How do gender differences impact sentencing? Provide examples to support your answer. How does allowing citizens to carry guns prevent crimes? Give relevant examples.

The radical feminist would look at the attacks on women based upon the fact that they have been ignored throughout history. This makes them an easier target for men to overpower them and conduct these activities. Marxists believe that crime occurs because of social inequalities. This is from them being pushed into the lower classes of society. To lash out, they will directly target and attack women in order to take advantage of those who have the perceptions of power and influence. Socialists believe that the ultimate causes of crime are the law. This is from them feeling that they are restricting the actions of everyone and how they favoring one group in society over everyone else. ("Feminist Perspective on Work and Class," 2010) (Elwood, 2004)

As a result, the life experiences of women will impact how…… [Read More]

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Substance Abuse Continued Use of Research Continued

Substance Abuse

Continued use of research

Continued use of research in professional life:

Stable housing for substance abusers

Substance abuse is strongly correlated with a wide array of risky behaviors, including a failure to live in some form of stable housing, as well as high-risk sexual behaviors. This is significant, because stable housing situations in the form of rehabilitation centers or 'halfway' homes are often used as bases of treatment for addicts. However, a review of the existing literature indicates that simply providing housing for addicts should not be regarded as a panacea or as an automatic form of treatment for addiction. In fact, the results are mixed regarding a correlation between substance abuse and the ability to obtain stable housing. For the purposes of this review, a definition of 'stable housing' will be defined as "not having lived on the street" versus "living in a shelter or single room occupancy hotel (SRO)" at any time in the past 6 months (Des Jarlais 2007).

Literature review

According to Palepu (et al. 2010), "unstable housing and homelessness is prevalent among injection drug users (IDU)" and finding a stable housing situation is often a critical component of drug treatment for substance abusers.…… [Read More]

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Domestic Violence

theories listed, the relative deprivation theory and the general strain theory best explain domestic violence, as well as the high rate of recidivism, despite punishment. However, we should mention in the very beginning that each theory listed best explains a certain category of people, generally divided by income and level of education. The two I have selected are a match for the highest percentage of women batterers.

The relative deprivation theory believes that domestic violence occurs when there is a significant difference in the achievements of each of the members of the couple. In general, in my opinion, these tend to be professional achievements and the theory is best exemplified by those couples where the husband is unemployed or having a job that is not satisfying, while the wife is earning much more than him and is the one contributing most to the family budget.

The relative deprivation theory was actually discussed when referring to the differences between the poor and rich classes and was created as an explanation for rising crime rates in different urban areas. When apply to such a level, the theory includes not only income differences, but also issues such as racial discrimination, inequality of chances,…… [Read More]

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Record Medical Administration Service for File Rationale

Record

Medical Administration Service for File

Rationale in Support of Selection of Heart Transplant Recipient

Because time was of the essence in formulating this decision, this memorandum for the record sets forth the decision-making process and that was used to select the most appropriate candidate for a heart transplantation procedure. It was my responsibility as lead surgeon to select the most appropriate heart transplant recipient from a pool of three candidates, each of whom had suffered from several health-related issues that adversely affected their suitability for the transplant procedure. Therefore, in order to formulate as subjective an analysis as possible in a timely fashion, a utilitarian ethical analytical approach was used to identify the candidate that held the most promise of using the gift of additional life from the heart donor to its maximum advantage. The utilitarian ethical analysis showed that of the three potential heart transplant candidates, the 12-year-old patient, Lisa, was the most appropriate for the reasons discussed further below.

UTILITARIAN ETHICAL ANALYSIS OF HEART TRANSPLANT CANDIDATES: In sum, as propounded by John Stuart Mill and John Locke, a utilitarian ethical analysis of the three potential candidates for the heart transplant can be used to weigh the respective…… [Read More]

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