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Science
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What is Science?

Science is one of the broadest and most foundational subjects in academic writing, spanning disciplines from biology and physics to psychology, history, and philosophy. Students encounter science-related writing assignments across general education courses, specialized STEM programs, and humanities classes that examine how scientific thinking intersects with culture, religion, and society. What makes science academically compelling is its dual role as both a body of knowledge and a method of inquiry — a process through which humans build understanding of the natural and social world. Papers in this area frequently engage with questions about technology and responsibility, the relationship between science and religion, and the social implications of scientific advancement.

The papers collected here reflect a wide range of approaches. Some take an evaluative angle, weighing the advantages and disadvantages of science and technology or examining how scientific progress affects cultural beliefs and values. Others focus on specific applications, such as DNA profiling, geoinformatics, or celestial navigation. Historical and contextual analyses appear as well, including work on the Italian Renaissance as a period of scientific transformation. Certain papers move into adjacent fields like criminal psychopathology and classic social psychology experiments, showing how scientific frameworks shape disciplines beyond the hard sciences.

A strong essay on science succeeds by narrowing its scope to a clear, arguable thesis rather than attempting to survey the entire field. Evidence drawn from specific processes, case studies, or established theories tends to carry more weight than broad generalizations. The most common pitfall is conflating description with analysis — simply explaining what science is rather than arguing why a particular aspect of it matters, how it functions, or what consequences it produces.

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Research Paper Doctorate
C.S. Lewis's approach to Christian theology and Scripture
Relativist said, 'The world does not exist, England does not exist, Oxford does not exist and I am confident that I do not Exist!' When Lewis was asked to reply, he stood up and said, 'How am I to talk to a man who's…
Paper Undergraduate
Kuhn's paradigm shifts and scientific revolutions
Thomas Kuhn (1922-1996) was an American scientist, historian and philosopher who wrote a controversial book in 1962 called The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. This paper examines Kuhn's theory and its relevance to science as well as to the way humans learn and how culture is tied to the expression of knowledge through paradigm shifts. The scientific ideas of concept, theory and paradigm are examined, and examples are included that buttress the argument that Kuhn was correct in calling his theory a paradigm shift. Kuhn pushed the boundaries of experimentation as well as data collection and scientific methodologies that have been extrapolated into a number of fields from the social sciences to business and organizational modelling, and most especially how the philosophy of science continues to evolve.
Paper Undergraduate
Public perception of nuclear medicine after the Japan nuclear crisis
The recent nuclear crisis suffered by Japan seems to justify the fear-mongering much of the mainstream media engages in regarding the use of nuclear energy. Yet, many experts know that "nuclear imaging is used on tens…
Essay Doctorate
Women writers' struggle for credibility in nonfiction literature
This essay examines the place of women writers in the 21st century. Although women have made large strides in the progress towards equality with males, there is still a lot of room for improvement. Women are more successful in fiction than nonfiction and this is likely due to preconception of men that women are more likely to feel emotion.
Paper Undergraduate
B.F. Skinner's "Teaching Machines" and educational technology
This is a three page paper about Skinner's 1958 article "Teaching Machines." Two other sources are used. Skinner's perspective is outlined and summarized without the use of quotations. There are no quotations in the entire essay, but there are ample citations and paraphrasing. The essay is about the use of technology in the classroom and as a valuable learning tool. B.F. Skinner was ahead of his time.
Paper Undergraduate
Public health informatics: surveillance, policy, and population health decisions
This paper contains three short essays, all of which pertain to modern ethical issues in healthcare.The first essay deals with the field of healthcare informatics in public policy; the second discusses the ethical issues that arise when conducting drug trials in Africa; the third discusses interventions by the CDC specifically designed to reduce healthcare disparities.
Research Paper Doctorate
Perfection and the imperfect teenager: learning to accept limitations
When my best friend told me how perfect I was I actually blushed. What was it that she said, "You have great parents, you're getting great grades in school, you don't drink or smoke, you've never even thought about…
Research Paper Doctorate
The sugar trade and the rise of slavery in the Caribbean
Black slavery in the Antilles helped define Caribbean culture. Most people living in Haiti, Jamaica, and the smaller islands of the Caribbean are descended from these slaves, something that can't be said for most of the…
Research Paper Doctorate
The ethics and benefits of genetic engineering after Dolly's cloning
In February 1997, genetic engineering was thrust into the spotlight when Dolly, the first mammal clone, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. The world has had heated discussions over the issues surrounding genetic…
Essay Doctorate
Kuhn's account of irrationality in scientific revolutions
The paper will contend that scientific revolutions are irrational because science is irrational. As will be demonstrated by Kuhn and other authors, there is no specific logic as to why some theories and paradigms become popular and other do not. To paraphrase Kuhn, often whoever presented the better argument rather than whoever had the superior argument was the one that became popular and supported. In addition, Kuhn sums up the nature of scientific theories, popular or not, in that all scientific theories are empirically successful, but ultimately proven false. Thus, the nature of scientific theory is irrational and the rise of popular theories is irrational. How would scientific revolutions not be irrational also? The paper supports and proposes that Kuhn's views are that scientific revolutions are partially irrational in nature; they are necessary to scientific developments; and scientific revolutions like all revolutions, have political, economic, and cultural implications. Change and revolution are radical and often spring from emotional, psychological or ethical conflicts of interest; when it comes to human emotions, psychology, and ethics, rationality often takes a backseat to irrationality. The paper supplies Kuhn's reasons to think that shifts in scientific revolutions are not wholly rational and that Kuhn's reasoning effectively demonstrates that shifts in scientific thought violate codes of rationality.