Solid Waste Essays (Examples)

The waste group contains 3 items:

AS1 -- Storing of Recyclable Household aste and Non-recyclable aste

AS2 -- Building Location aste Management

AS3 -- Composting

Issue

Measurement Criteria

Points Awarded

Household Recycling facilities

Either

Either

here the following recycling

1.8

services are given:

• 3 internal storage bins for recyclable waste with -- min total capacity of 60 ltr

-- no individual bin smaller than 15 ltr

-- all of the bins in a devoted position that is accessible to disabled people

1.8

or

or

here full recycling facilities

3.6

are provided:

• 3 internal storage bins with -- min total capacity of 30 ltr

-- no individual bin smaller

than 7 ltr

-- all bins in a dedicated position that is accessible to disabled people

or 3.6

AND EITHER

• a Local Authority collection scheme for recyclable materials covering at least three streams of waste with sufficient space for…

Works Cited

Agyeman, J., & Evans, B. (2004). 'Just sustainability': The emerging discourse of environmental justice in Britain? The Geographical Journal, 170, 155-164.

Apitz, S.E. (2010). Waste or resource? classifying and scoring dredged material management strategies in terms of the waste hierarchy. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 10(8), 1657-1668.

Babin, R., & Nicholson, B. (2011). How green is my outsourcer? Measuring sustainability in global it outsourcing. Strategic Outsourcing: An International Journal, 4(1), 47-66.

Ball, S., & Abou Taleb, M. (2011). Benchmarking waste disposal in the Egyptian hotel industry. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(1), 1-18.

Waste Water Treatment

Inadequately treated waste water poses hazards such as water-borne diseases and water-body pollution. People generate wastewater (sewage) in numerous ways, including laundry and toilet use. To prevent pollution and ensure public health, waste water ought to be treated adequately. Today, waste water is not so much a problem as it was in earlier centuries, a trend that is attributable to the development of efficient sewer lines and treatment plants, otherwise referred to as centralized wastewater collection and treatment facilities. Not long ago, however, these were not as effective as they are today, and worse still, were not available to a majority of the population. People used the conventional decentralized waste systems to take care of, among others, the black waters, and still managed to lead hygienic lives.

Septic Systems: these consisted of a "septic tank, the drain field, and the soil beneath the drain field" (NCSU, 2013).…

References

NCSU. (2013). Septic Systems and their Maintenance. North Carolina State University. Retrieved 2 May 2014 from http://www.soil.ncsu.edu/publications/Soilfacts/AG-439-13/

Rapaport, D. (1995). Sewage Pollution in Pacific Island Countries and how to Prevent It. Center for Clean Development.

UNL. (2011). A Place in the Country: the Acreage Owner's Guide. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Retrieved 2 May 2014 from  http://lancaster.unl.edu/acreageguide/waste.shtml

U.S.-EPA consider to be hazardous waste. Are there any discrepancies in the regulations?.

The statutory regulations of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) designs hazardous waste as simply consisting of: a waste with a chemical composition or other properties that make it capable of causing illness, death, or some other harm to humans and other life forms when mismanaged or released into the environment (Environmental Protections Agency (EPA), 2005, p.2). The involved definition is, however, more complex than that particularly since a regulatory program structured for safe and immediate handling of hazardous waste demands a more rigid and tightly structured definition.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), therefore, worked at length to create tightly controlled definitions of the term so that adherence to the esource Conservation and ecovery Act (CA) should be simpler and less confusing.

CF §262.11 of the CA requires that any individual generating or producing a waste must determine…

References

Environmental Protections Agency (EPA). Hazardous waste characteristics scooping study. Retrieved on 4/17/2011from:  http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastetypes/wasteid/char/scopingp.pdf 

Environmental Protections Agency (EPA) (Sept. 2005). Introduction to United States Environmental Protection Agency Hazardous Waste Identification (40 CFR Parts 261). Pdf. Retrieved on 4/17/2011from:  http://www.epa.gov/osw/inforesources/pubs/hotline/training/hwid05.pdf 

Environmental Protections Agency (EPA). Solvents study. Retrieved on 4/17/2011from:  http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/downloads/studys.pdf 

Environmental Protections Agency (EPA) Waste identification. Retrieved on 4/17/2011from:  http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastetypes/wasteid/index.htm

" (fom Wold envionmental news, Intenet edition)

Besides developing flexible legislation that will distibute the functions of ecycling between manufactues and municipal sevices thee has to be a definite and developed pogam that would specialize on the optimal and the most exhaust utilization of electonic waste, eduction of e-waste landfills and incineation. Recycling pogam should not be limited to the ecycling of CRT monitos, as thei ownes ae moe likely to bing the whole obsolete compute system to the ecycling, not just compute monitos.

The benefit of integal pogam of ecycling is that it allows using a vaiety of mateials used in the electonics manufactuing like pecious metals, semi-pecious metals, and some electonic items in the euse.

The most impotant pat of the e-waste management is seach of the most appopiate and qualified patnes in the technical o pactical pat of the poblem solution. This poblem is of the essential…

reference: being reused repaired and modernized; being recycled and the most ecologically disadvantageous solution is simply being land filled. But the realization of these practices faces a lot of obstacles mainly of financial character. All of them are quite expensive and do not bring desired return.

That's why scientists and economists agree in the following: recycling of e-waste has to be the concern of electronics manufacturers. Loop industry is the most optimal solution to the problem as the manufacturer becomes responsible for the recycling of the products he makes. Introduction of such practices has the negative outcomes of course. Because technological process becomes more complicated and intensive, requires involvement of additional equipment and facilities on the hand with new labour the net value of the production increases and so the customers would have to pay more for electronics.

Another direction in the solution of e-waste problem is export of e-waste to the developing countries, where the process of recycling is cheaper and the possibility of e-waste to be reused, repaired and modernized is higher. Moreover some third world countries use unpopulated territories for e-waste. Anyways, this kind of solution is not appropriate again, because most of these practices somehow avoid law regulations of these countries and cannot have a mass character. It only creates additional problem which would have to be solved in close future.

As most of experts agree that recycling of e-waste has to be the problem of e-products manufacturers they have to develop different effective strategies and technologies for the most optimal solution of this problem: starting form transportation of e-waste from customer to the process of recycling. At this point global environmental community has to cooperate and share new practices and approaches in solving this problem. It refers both to technology and legislative regulation of the problem.

And in developing own strategy for e-waste management the officials of different countries have to work together and adopt practices of each other that are being effective. Countries of European Union had already made the first steps to the solution of this problem, making manufactures to be responsible for the waste caused by their products. The United Sates and Canada should start to introduce these practices as well, if they want to achieve ecological balance and safe coexistence of scientific and technological progress with health of humanity.

Streams

Waste minimization and reuse is an important component of operations in hydraulic fracking given the economic liability and safety issues associated with creating waste. Process streams, which entail the use of chemicals and detergents to clean water and gas streams before returning them to the process is an example of a technique for minimizing and reusing waste. Generally, the process of distilling crude oil entails treating ammonia bearing water before it is discharged into open sources of water like rivers and bays. Given the significance of this treatment to the health and safety of workers and the environment, identifying a suitable means for waste minimization and reuse is crucial though complex and expensive. In this case process streams would be the most suitable option since it would help clean waste water and gas streams before they are taken back to the process.

The reduction of wastes in process streams…

References

Hocking, M.B. (2012). Modern chemical technology and emission control. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.

Manivanan, R. (2006). Recycling of industrial effluents. New Delhi: New India Publishing Agency.

"Reducing Hazardous Wastes in Your Business." (2008). Environmental Fact Sheet. Retrieved from New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services website:  http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/hw/documents/hw-8.pdf

Waste and Energy Presentation

The first waste product is organic food waste. This ends up in landfills, and there are a number of negative outcomes. Food waste releases methane, a powerful greenhouse gas. Landfills are 20% of all methane emissions in the United States. Further, organic food waste is material that could be composted, but usually is not, representing a lost opportunity to create valuable compost for growing food. In addition, prior to making its way to the landfill, food waste is often stored in back alleys and in garbage cans, where it attracts rodents and other vermin (EPA, 2015).

Nuclear waste is a by-product of nuclear energy production. Nuclear waste comes in a number of categories, but it generally must be treated before it is deposited, and usually it must be turned to glass, stored in ceramics and then buried deep in the earth. Nuclear wastes have a long…

References

EPA.gov (2015). The food recovery hierarchy. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved June 1, 2015 from  http://www.epa.gov/foodrecovery/ 

Tollefson, J. (2015). U.S. government seeks sites for nuclear waste storage. Nature. Retrieved June 1, 2015 from  http://www.nature.com/news/us-government-seeks-sites-for-nuclear-waste-storage-1.17183 

Greenpeace (2014). Coal impacts on water. Greenpeace. Retrieved June 1, 2015 from  http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/coal/Water-impacts/ 

SourceWatch (2015). Fracking and water pollution. SourchWatch.org. Retrieved June 1, 2015 from  http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Fracking_and_water_pollution

This approach has been regarded as one of the best and safest approaches. Despite this, there is widespread concern about proper radioactive waste management. (National esearch Council (U.S.), 1)

According to a 1976 EDA report, the nine facilities for radioactive waste disposal have been referred to as significant health hazards. Leaks and spills at such facilities are not very uncommon. In fact, the radioactive waste storage facility at ichland has reported around 18 leaks in a period of 20 years discharging approximately 430,000 gallons of radioactive wastes, shows the enormity of the situation. Leaks have also been reported in Kentucky, New York State, and in Tennessee. (Gyorgy, 130) it has been reported that the U.S. generates radioactive PCB wastes at a rate greater than 5 million tons annually. Moreover, the U.S. has more than 200 million tons of uranium mill tailings in which 85% of its original radioactivity still persists.…

References

Brown, Lester R; Earth Policy Institute. Eco-Economy.

Earthscan, 2003.

Cember, Herman. Introduction to Health Physics.

McGraw-Hill Professional, 1996.

This would require the full support of government and state authorities to punish those who break the rules. For instance, officers should patrol the forests and severely fine the tourists who leave trash in the nature. Also, a radical change should come from the multinationals, which should respect stricter environment protection rules and should pay drastically when breaking these rules. The first point in this direction would be achieved once the population has an environment education and would then punish and ban the organizations which break these rules. With a damaged reputation and customers refusing to purchase their products, the corporations would have to reconsider their actions. Then, the second direction would appeal to the good will of the people and would state that the good deeds relative to the natural habitats are a social duty of each and every one of us. Therefore, if these two courses of action…

References

Leonard, a., 2008, the Story of Stuff, http://storyofstuff.ethicalbrand.org/,last accessed on July 10, 2008

January 10, 2000, Impact of Solid Waste, Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council, http://www.ceroi.net/reports/johannesburg/csoe/html/nonjava/Waste/solid/Impact.html. Ast accessed on July 10, 2008

1997-2008, Garbage - How Can My Community Reduce Waste?, the Annenberg Media

 http://www.learner.org/interactives/garbage/solidwaste.htmllast  accessed on July 10, 2008

The WITE initiative was a collaborative approach that drew upon industry, state, local governments as well as the EPA's isk eduction Engineering Laboratory with the overall goal of developing more effective pollution prevention technologies that could assist the electronics manufacturing industry in developing a "crade to grave" approach to managing these products (appaport, 1999).

Besides these earlier efforts, in more recent years, increasingly rigorous laws and regulations have been implemented by the EPA with the goal of minimizing the impact of electronics and electrical device waste on the environment have began to make a major difference in recovering these toxic substances before they ever have a chance to become waste. For instance, pursuant to the above-mentioned esource Conservation and ecovery Act, it is now illegal for companies in the United States to simply discard hazardous waste, including electronics and electrical devices, in normal trash receptacles (The importance of recycling computers,…

References

Brown, V.J. (2004). Electronics, lead and landfills. Environmental Health Perspectives,

112(13), 734.

Gaba, J.M. (2008). Rethinking recycling. Environmental Law, 38(4), 1053-1054.

Gebrewold, F. (1999). Current hazardous waste management and disposal practices among small quantity generators. Journal of Environmental Health, 57(2), 11.

turned into other products. Generally, this includes various types of cardboard and paper products. Not all waste paper is created equal, and there are three different categories of paper that are recycled in order to create more paper products. These categories are mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste (Waite 2013).

Manufacturing

When paper is manufactured, there are ends, pieces, and scraps that are removed from it in the mill (Best & Kneip 2011). These are the mill broke pieces of waste paper that can be recycled. They are generally taken straight from the paper mill to the recycling plant. If the plant has its own recycling area, these mill broke pieces are simply recycled internally and reused in the continued paper production (Best & Kneip 2011). Most plants have these types of recycling facilities, but they may not all offer that option. For plants that do not have their…

References

Best, H., & Kneip, T. 2011. 'The impact of attitudes and behavioral costs on environmental behavior: A natural experiment on household waste recycling.' Social Science Research, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 917-930.

Blanco, A., Miranda, R., & Monte, M.C. 2013. 'Extending the limits of paper recycling-improvements along the paper value chain.' Forest Systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 471-483.

Hubbe, M.A. 2014. 'Recycling Paper Recycling.' BioResources, vol. 9, no. 2.

Laurijssen, J., Marsidi, M., Westenbroek, A., Worrell, E., & Faaij, A. 2010. 'Paper and biomass for energy?: The impact of paper recycling on energy and CO2 emissions.' Resources, conservation and recycling, vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 1208-1218.

Due to the lowered premium advantages gained through group coverage the company had negotiated the plan for its employees but had never paid the premiums. Unfortunately, on the insurance application the company's human resource office was listed as the plan administrator.

The fact that Richmond paid his own premiums and had for some time works to the company's advantage. He was obviously aware that this had been the case for some time. hy he thought that the company would pay his premiums during his period of disability is unknown.

The problem for the company is that the only notice provided regarding the failed premium payments is the company and the results of the insurance being terminated are so disastrous. Richmond has been placed in an untenable position. He is facing astronomical medical costs and the inability to acquire new coverage.

The effort needed to notify the employee relative to the…

Pharmaceutical industries have to operate in an environment that is highly competitive and subject to a wide variety of internal and external constraints. In recent times, there has been an increasing trend to reduce the cost of operation while competing with other companies that manufacture products that treat similar afflictions and ailments. The complexities in drug research and development and regulations have created an industry that is subject to intense pressure to perform. The amount of capital investment investments required to get a drug from conception, through clinical trials and into the market is enormous. The already high-strung pharmaceutical industry is increasingly investing greater amounts of resources in search of the next "blockbuster" drug that can help them gain market position and profits. Laws, regulations and patents are important to the industry while spending billions of dollars in ensuring the copyright of their products.

It is the intention of this…

Bibliography

Ansoff, H.I. (1957). Strategies for diversification. Harvard Business Review, 35(5), 113-124.

Ansoff, H.I. (1965). Corporate Strategy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Ashour, M.F., Obeidat, O., Barakat, H., & Tamimi, A. (2004). UAE Begins Examination of Patent Applications. Tamino.com. Retrieved January 18, 2004, from the World Wide Web:  http://www.tamimi.com/lawupdate/2001-01/intprop.htm 

Bain, J.S. (1954). Economies of scale, concentration, and the condition of entry in twenty manufacturing industries. American Economic Review, 44, 15-36.

Environmental Planning

Human life could not exist without their basic needs being met. Humans need water, air, food, adequate space, and shelter to survive. However, humans need these things to be clean and safe. Today, emphasis is on protecting the environment. Many times focus is on protecting a certain plant or animal species, but protecting the environment does not stop there. Many things can threaten the human environment and endanger human ability to survive. This essay will explore the need to protect the environment so that it can sustain human life.

Humans face many threats to their environment that can have a significant impact on its ability to sustain life, or to maintain the quality of life for people within it. Waste Management is an essential part of maintaining an environment that is safe for humans. Humans must be protected from biological agents that can harm or kill them. Controlling…

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (n.d.). Avian Influenza (Bird Flu). U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from  http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian  / .

Routt, D. (2008, July 20) The Economic Impact of the Black Death. EH.Net Encyclopedia,

edited by Robert Whaples. Retrieved from http:/ / the.net/encyclopedia/article/Routt.Black.Death

Municipal Budget Analysis

The objective of this work in writing is to assess the budget of the Municipality of Chicago, Illinois in terms of how well budget documents and auxiliary information address each of these functions. The assessment will be substantiated with examples and information from documents studied. This work will examine a variety of sources including the most recent approved budget of Chicago, Illinois.

The City of Chicago 2011 budget includes provisions of no property tax increases and no new tax, fee, or fine increases to balance the budget. This is to effect that there will be no additional budget to residents already impacted by the recession. Secondly, included is the preservation of $576 million in asset lease funds to protect Chicago's future, which is inclusive of maintaining the entire $500 million Skyway long-term reserve. Third stated is the maintenance of the commitment to provide critical services to Chicago…

References

City of Chicago 2011 Budget. City of Chicago Organization Online Retrieved from:  http://www.cityofchicago.org/content/dam/city/depts/obm/supp_info/2011BudgetKeyFacts.pdf 

2006 American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey 

Chicago Central Area Plan Foresees the Future (2002) Inside. 17-23 July 2002. Retrieved from:  http://www.insideonline.com/site/epage/6087_162.htm 

2006 American Community Survey. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from:

Economical and Ethical Issues in Recycling

Economic Issues

There is a general agreement that the U.S. should be undertaking more recycling, with only 34.3% of current waste recycled. The rate is increasing, and while there have been legislative moves, it may be argued that the ethical awareness and economic factors have had a greater impact. The research proposal argues that the dualistic approach to recycling seen in the anthropocentric model can be used to show how and why the take up has been restrained, as there is a need for economic motivations to support the practice. These are now occurring, but there is still room for improvement. By undertaking quantitative research with businesses and consumers the paper proposes the gathering of information that can be statistically analysed to identify the most efficient policy approaches to improve recycling.

Introduction

The level of waste generated in increasing; it is estimated that in…

urban area of Tampa, Florida, and serves as an instrumental case study of how an urban locale can address problems of environmental health and safety. Specifically, this study assesses the failures and successes of Tampa to regulate and reduce water, air and waste pollution through various programs. Through quantitative analysis of city managers' statistics and survey of the population (random sampling), findings indicate that positive steps have been taken through initiatives like S.W.E.E.P. and the attention given to Tampa's estuaries and water sources so as to maintain healthy ecosystems. However, air pollution has yet to be addressed, as the state has eliminated its vehicle emissions testing. Coal-burning power plants like Big Bend also contribute to air pollution and a discussion of the beneficial impact of wind power is provided as a recommendation for addressing this issue.

Environmental Health and Safety Case Study: Tampa, Florida

Introduction

Urban areas in the U.S.…

References

Ackermannn, T., Soder, L. (2000). Wind energy technology and current status: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(4): 315-374.

Boyle, G. (2012). Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future. UK: Oxford.

City of Tampa. (2013). Solid Waste Recycling. Tampagov.net. Retrieved from  http://www.tampagov.net/solid-waste/programs/automated-recycling 

Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among

Environmental Crimes and Health and Safety Law Violation

With the current changes in weather patterns, strange climatic conditions and other uncontrollable natural disasters, there has been a lot of attention directed towards the environment and the way people may be contributing to the degradation of the environment in small ways that is summed up results into the disasters that we see on daily basis. The environment is becoming unpleasant on an increasing trend each and every day, this is a cause to worry about for each government that cares to see the consequences of our careless handling of the environment.

There are also man's contribution to the insecurity that surrounds us on a daily basis since people no longer care for the safety of the workers that work in their industries and sadly to some extent, some don care even about themselves and the safety that may be protecting their…

References

Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Republic of South Africa, (2012). Stepping up

Enforcement Against Environmental Crimes. Retrieved April 4, 2012 from  http://www.environment.gov.za/Services/booklets/Environmental/EnviroCrimesEMI.pdf 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1998). Final Guidance for Incorporating

Environmental Justice Concerns in EPA's NEPA Compliance Analyses Retrieved April 4, 2012 from  http://www.epa.gov/compliance/ej/resources/policy/ej_guidance_nepa_epa0498.pdf .

Transform Unsustainable Organization Into Sustainable One

Sustainability

Land and water management

Energy, carbon and transport management

Supply chain management

Waste, pollution, recycling management

Sustainability performance indicators

Social sustainability

Long-term sustainability vision

The final report is prepared in conjunction with the ANW Construction Ltd. The report prepared to demonstrate the level of sustainability is effective in highlighting the key features that the business has implemented in its operations. The following sections are focused to the differences that a sustainable organization can have in comparison with the unsustainable business. The recommendations are made based on the academic and professional literature. The notable areas for sustainability in a business are addressed as land, water management, energy, carbon, transport management, supply chain management, waste, pollution, and recycling management. Furthermore the report also provides insight on the sustainability performance indicators, social sustainability, and long-term sustainability vision for businesses.

Sustainability:

According to Bell, and Morse (2008)…

References:

Alcamo, J., & Olesen, J.E. (2012). Life in Europe under climate change. USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Bell, S., & Morse, S. (2008). Sustainability indicators: measuring the immeasurable?. USA: Earthscan.

Chang, C.M. (2010). Service Systems Management and Engineering: Creating Strategic Differentiation and Operational Excellence. USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Evans, N., Campbell, D., & Stonehouse, G. (2003). Strategic management for travel and tourism. USA: Routledge.

It not only recycles, but unlike Universal Studios it donates electronics, furniture, and office supplies to community organizations, so that the products will be put to good use. Like Universal Studios, the alt Disney Company is committed to purchasing recycled-content products, and uses packaging materials that can be reused or recycled. It tries to buy in bulk to minimize packaging waste ("aste Minimization: The alt Disney Company," 2007, the alt Disney Company ebsite). In a unique program that is not present at Universal Studios, the company educates Disney employees both in company policies regarding environmentally sound living and encourages and instructs employees to engage in such practices in their own homes.

orks Cited

Bernards, Kori. (21 Apr 2006). "Film studios maintain healthy recycling rate: Earth Day

Report Shows Studios' Continued Commitment to the Environment." Motion Picture Association of America: Press Release. Retrieved 17 Apr 2007 at http://www.mpaa.org/press_releases/2006_04_21.pdf

Go Metro Specials."…

Works Cited

Bernards, Kori. (21 Apr 2006). "Film studios maintain healthy recycling rate: Earth Day

Report Shows Studios' Continued Commitment to the Environment." Motion Picture Association of America: Press Release. Retrieved 17 Apr 2007 at  http://www.mpaa.org/press_releases/2006_04_21.pdf 

Go Metro Specials." (2007). MTA. Retrieved 17 Apr 2007 at  http://www.mta.net/riding_metro/special_offer/monthly_specials.htm#P8_776 

Waste Minimization: The Walt Disney Company" (2007). The Walt Disney Company

Environmental Hazards as a Consequence of Crude Oil/Natural Gas Exploration, Transportation, Refining and Storage

Ever since crude oil was first successfully drilled in the U.S. In Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, the demand for oil has only been increasing over the years in countries all over the world. (Camden, 1883) Crude oil, from which various petroleum products are obtained, is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon component found trapped in rocks below the earth. The word "petroleum" means "rock oil" or "oil from the earth." Natural gas is another form of hydrocarbon that is also found in nature. oth crude oil and natural gas have excellent combustibility and are good sources of energy. Crude oil is not used in the extracted form; but it is refined to obtained products such as gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, kerosene, gas-oil and fuel oil. Secondary products during the purification of crude oil are obtained are…

Bibliography

Associated-Press, and Reuters. World's Biggest Oil Rig Sinks. 2001. CNN. Available:

http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/americas/03/20/brazil.rig.02/.August 2, 2004.

AWMA. Oil Spills - a Fact Sheet. 2000. Air & Waste Management Association. Available:

 http://www.awma.org/education/oilspills.htm . August 1, 2004.

Business & ociety Questions

Business & the Environment

The UP Green Fleet

A United Parcel ervice (UP) store is located in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. The company has established a number of initiatives that are environmentally friendly, not the least of which is the conversion of a portion of their fleet to hybrid electric vehicles. In fact, as of February 2011, the UP delivery fleet using alternative fuel and technology had driven 200 million miles since the alternative fuel vehicle fleet (AFV) was established. That's the equivalent of circling the globe more than 8,600 times or the equivalent of nearly three round trips to Mars. At the time the 200 million mark was accomplished, UP had more than 1,900 AFV vehicles and had placed an order for an additional 62 vehicles. All things being equal, UP believes the AFV will accomplish another 200 million miles mark by the year 2017. The UP…

Sources:  http://www.advfn.com/nyse/StockNews.asp?stocknews=RAI&article=44382553&headline=us-judge-holds-hearing-on-how-to-implement-tobacco-restrictions   http://www.altria.com/en/cms/Responsibility/tobacco-product-issues/strategy-approach/default.aspx?src=top_nav 

 http://www.soc.duke.edu/NC_GlobalEconomy/tobacco/corporations.shtml

They point out that neither the Constitution nor the Supreme Court has precluded the States or localities from enforcing the criminal provisions of immigration law.

Because the enforcement of the criminal provisions of Federal Law has not been expressly prohibited by the Constitution, it would be reserved to the states respectively. According to the Tenth Amendment of the .S. Constitution, "The powers not delegated to the nited States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

This is interpreted to mean that the states have implied powers in addition to the powers explicitly enumerated to them in the Constitution.

With this understanding of the Constitution, proponents argue that the disputed SB 1070 provisions are not immigration law provisions, but criminal law provisions.

For example, the provision making it a state crime for an alien to be in Arizona…

United States v. Arizona, No. 10-16645, Brief of Amici Curiae State Legislators for Legal Immigration, 7-10 (2010).

Laura Sullivan and Beau Hodai, How Corporate Interests Got SB 1070 Passed, November 9, 2010, available at  http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=131191523 

Gabriel J. Chin, et.al., a Legal Labyrinth: Issues Raised by Arizona Senate Bill 1070. Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 10-24, 3 (2010).

EIA eport

The project in question that of Building a reduced-sulfur generating, coal-fired plant by GHECO-One in Map Ta Phut, Thailand was examined for potential environmental impact due to the possible damage that the plant could cause. The company has stated throughout that their wish is to construct a plant that will be both environmentally and physically safe for the people, plants and animals that live within the region. This evaluation looks at that report with a specific view towards whether this environmental assessment is overly politicized in order to pacify the examining board of the country, and whether the site will have a cultural impact for the regions fishermen and others who either work in the area or are in some way affected by it. This evaluation is conducted to determine if the impact assessment met all of the requirements of a truthful and straightforward telling of the facts.…

References

EBR., 2009. Construction of GHECO-One coal-fired IPP power plant continues in Thailand. Retrieved from http://www.energy-business- review.com/news/construction_of_ghecoone_coalfired_ipp_power_plant_continu es_in_thailand_090526

Fujitsu., 2012. Fujitsu's ICT helps to solve environmental issues in Thailand. Retrieved from  http://www.fujitsu.com/global/news/pr/archives/month/2012/20120207 - 02.html

GHECO-One., 2010. Thermal power plant project. Retrieved from http://www.glow.co.th/OurProject/EN/GHECO- ONE/Summary%20report%20of%20GHECO-ONE_English.pdf

Hariharan, M., 2011. Thailand's Map Ta Phut crisis -- The NGO side of the story. Retrieved from  http://www.icis.com/blogs/asian-chemical - connections/2010/03/thailands-map-ta-phut-crisis -- .html

Nu Star Energy L.P. is a limited partnership that is publicly traded and headquartered in San Antonio. It has 9,063 miles of pipeline, eighty-six terminal facilities, four storage facilities for crude oil and two refineries for asphalt. It is the second in size among independent liquid terminal operators in the United States. It operates in the U.S., Netherlands, Canada, United Kingdom, Antilles and Mexico. The entire system of the partnership can hold up to 86 million barrels in its storage infrastructure. It has refineries for asphalt, crude oil and has pipelines for refined products. Also present are terminals for refined products, a storage facility for petroleum, a terminal operation as well as storage facilities for crude oil. NuStar strives to protect the environment and continually works to improve its programs and processes so as to meet even the most stringent of environmental practices. This has resulted in better environmental performance.…

References

Becker, R., & Henderson, V. (2000). Effects of air quality regulations on polluting industries. Journal of Political Economy, 108(2), 379-421.

Bradbury, J. (2010). EPA, The Clean Air Act, and U.S. Manufacturing. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from  http://www.wri.org/blog/2010/11/epa-clean-air-act-and-us-manufacturing 

Deschenes, O., Greenstone, M., & Shapiro, J.S. (2012). Defensive investments and the demand for air quality: Evidence from the nox budget program and ozone reductions (No. w18267). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Environmental Decision Making, Science, and Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved January 30, 2015, from  http://environ.andrew.cmu.edu/m3/s7/us_laws.shtml

nvironmental Accounting

Test Results: "Total Cost Accounting course and Test" located at http://teexcit.tamu.edu/tca / (Total Cost Accounting online course and test).

Bakshi, B.R., Landers, .F., Singh, S., Merugula, L.A., Mishchenko, O., and Fiskel, J. (2012, November 2). Accounting for ecosystem services in life cycle assessment by co-LCA: Advances in methodology and software. Paper to be presented at the Annual Conference of the 11th Global Congress of Process Safety on April 2015 in Austin, Texas.

The authors explain the role of ecosystem goods and services in the support of economic activities, and the relation of the use of ecosystem goods and services to sustainability. The variety of ecosystem goods and services is broad, however, most sustainability methods have not considered their contribution well. Consider that these are all ecosystem goods or services that play a role in sustainability: 1) The provisioning of water, food, and biomass; 2) the regulation of pests…

Ecological accounting is a particular version of external reporting that focuses on the conversion of monetary environmental costs to physical flows. The practicality of this approach to accounting is that environmental impacts are expressed in terms of measures of emissions and discharges. The value-add of products and services is countered by using ecological accounting, which attempts to measure the ways in which products or processes generate pollution.

The author discusses three areas related to internal reporting: 1) Pollution prevention and product costing; 2) pollution prevention and planning; and, 3) pollution prevention and performance assessment. A substantive issue for an increasing number of industries -- particularly in the European Union where environmental regulations are stricter than they are in the United States -- is the life cycle recycling requirements in which manufacturers are responsible for the end product when the useful -- original intended -- life ends. Many companies now must attend to the life cycle costing and life cycle analysis for products they have produced. Life cycle costing incorporates measures of product costs for research and development, acquisition of raw materials, actual manufacturing, transportation of finished goods, usage by consumers or supply chain, and, ultimately, disposal.

As the author clearly states: "The major point of life-cycle costing is that there are many costs incurred before and after manufacturing that do not get charged to the product using conventional costing systems" (Lanen, 1994, p. 4). Life-cycle analysis enables the inclusion of costs associated with liabilities in phases far from the actual period of manufacturing. Future issues include consideration of the relation between market valuation and liabilities, and the effect of disclosure policies on costs.

With the depletion of the ozone, there results global warming and also the ultraviolet rays affect the skin and eyes.

There is money in recycling waste. Within BC, homes, hospitals and many other institutions there are bound to be some items that are left to lie without use for years. These might just one day end up in the dumpsites. Cell phones, ink cartridges, broken refrigerators, broken down cars etc. could earn one money if taken for recycling (Midwest Fiber, 2009).

ecycling also creates jobs. There are many stages through which an aluminum can will go through. From collection from the recycle bins in BC, the driver, the carriers, the off loaders, the recycle plant operators, etc. all benefit from the recycling process. So as the environment will be conserved, there will be no loss of jobs at the same time.

ecycling also helps in building a strong economy. When…

Reference

Ackerman & Frank. (1997). Why Do We Recycle?: Markets, Values, and Public Policy.

Washington, DC: Island Press.

Baird & Colin (2004). Environmental Chemistry (3rd ed.) New York: W.H. Freeman.

Midwest Fiber, (2009). Recycling Financial Benefits. Retrieved March 25, 2010 from www.midwest-fiber.com/resource.../recycling-financial-benefits.html

IV. HOME-GENERATED SHARPS CONSOLIDATION POINT COMPLIANCE home-generated sharps consolidation point must comply with the requirements stated as follows:

1) All sharps waste shall be placed in sharps containers;

2) Sharps containers ready for disposal shall not be held more than seven (7) days without the written approval of the enforcement agency." (State of California Division of Drinking Water and Environmental Management, 2007)

V. RESPONSE of the SHARP'S CORPORATION

According to the representative for the Sharps Corporation:

We believe this to be a break-through event for the Company as the legislative process now mandates the proper disposal of used syringes, needles and lancets outside of the traditional healthcare setting in California. We believe that the California legislation could prove to be the model for legislation throughout the country. This legislation has the potential to not only positively impact our residential community business but also sales opportunities in all markets we serve…

Bibliography

OSHA eTools and Electronic Products for Compliance Assistance Teen Worker Safety in Restaurants, 2007 Cleanup/Cuts. Online available at: www.osha.gov/SLTC/youth/restaurant/cleanup_cuts.htm

Sharps Compliance Corp. Announces Passage of California Legislation; California Senate Bill 1305 Requires Proper Disposal of Home-Generated Sharps." Business Wire. July 17, 2006. FindArticles.com. 28 Feb. 2007.  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2006_July_17/ai_n16535433 

Senate Bill No. 1305 Passed the Senate May 11, 2006, Passed the Assembly June 26, 2006. Online available at http://info.sen.ca.gov/pub/05-06/bill/sen/sb_1301-1350/sb_1305_bill_20060628_enrolled.pdf.

Promote Foster Improve Workplace Opportunity California Department of Industrial Relations (2000-2001 Biennial Report) State of California OPS 02 69225.

In Indonesia, this shoreline litter covers about 90% of the upper shore.

How plastic debris affect marine life

There are two major ways in which detrimental effects to marine life occur. One is when these marine animals become snarled up in the marine debris and the other way is when they ingest the plastic wastes. Some of the materials which can cause the snarl up are pieces of fish lines or nets and rings which are used to bind six-pack beverages. These materials can cause the marine animals to drown or suffocate thus killing them. Death can also be an effect of the materials strangling the animals or starvation when the animal is trapped and unable to reach any food. These materials can also cause severe injuries to the animals. Entanglement is especially important to sea lions and seals. These animals are known to have a curious nature like that…

Works cited

Allsopp, Michelle, et al. Plastic Debris in the World's Oceans. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International, 2006. Print.

Arthur, Courtney. Plastic Marine Debris: An in-Depth Look2010. Print.

Dong-Oh, Cho. "The Incentive Program for Fishermen to Collect Marine Debris in Korea." Marine Pollution Bulletin 58.3 (2009): 415-17. Print.

Jose G.B, Derraik. "The Pollution of the Marine Environment by Plastic Debris: A Review." Marine Pollution Bulletin 44.9 (2002): 842-52. Print.

..as long as those programs were at least as effective as the federal program." (the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act)

The passing of this Act by congress is therefore aimed at ensuring adequate health and safety standards for all workers. In terms of employers, the Act was designed to make sure that the place of employment was free of any hazards that might be injurious or detrimental to safety and health. This may include aspects such as the exposure to toxic chemical and materials as well as other environmental factors, for example excessive noise levels. (Summary of the Occupational Safety and Health Act) the Act cover a wide range of possible health and safety measures and is also intended to ensure that physical and mechanical dangers in the workplace are avoided, as well as unsanitary conditions. (Summary of the Occupational Safety and Health Act)

An important part of this…

Works Cited

Background: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act: RCRA. http://www.chemalliance.org/tools/background/back-rcra.asp

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Superfund. February 7, 2009.  http://www.answers.com/topic/superfund 

Clean Air Act. February 4, 2009. ( http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/ )

Clean Water Act (CWA). February 4, 2009.  http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/lcwa.html

solid waste management in impoverished areas versus affluent areas by examining the social, economic, ethical, and political reasons for placement of landfills and other waste removal facilities in poorer neighborhoods. By exploring the background of specific social movements, the first section of the assignment will seek to explore why the government placed landfills in certain locations versus others. The essay will also seek to examine what caused the social movements. As well as why the issue evolved from placement of landfills in poorer neighborhoods to placement of landfills in minority-majority poorer neighborhoods.

The next section will seek to analyze which candidates would be best for a nonprofit. Candidate one is a business-savvy employee wishing to change things by dismissing all the older employees and hiring new ones. Candidate two is a college graduate with experience in the field. By looking at the various perspectives of public administration theory, this section…

References

Aston, R. (1999). The Legal, Engineering, Environmental and Social Perspectives of Surface Mining Law and Reclamation by Landfilling: Getting Maximum Yield from Surface Mines (p. 120). World Scientific.

Brownell, P. & Kelly, J. (2013). Ageism and mistreatment of older workers. Dordrecht: Springer.

Frederickson, G. (1994). Ethics and Public Administration. Routledge.

Hill, B. (2014). Environmental Justice (p. 103). Environmental Law Institute.

Introduction
There is a direct correlation between the lack of clean safe water for drinking and cooking with nutritional problems. The lack of clean drinking water leads to diseases like diarrhea. Nutritional deficiencies are directly related to lack of potable water. This is because a person does not get enough calories, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, or minerals in their body. Undernutrition has been associated with 45 percent of global deaths and nearly 7.4 percent of the world's children are at risk of undernutrition. Malnourished children have weakened immune systems that make them more susceptible to diarrhea when they are exposed to dirty water. The lack of clean water means that individuals will be living in non-sanitized environments and this increases the risk of suffering from diarrhea. People suffering from diarrhea will eat less and they are unable to absorb the nutrients they need from the food they eat, which results in…

This is because the public image that is created can be very good for creating a good reputation and company image. This is mainly fueled by positive consumerism.CS should therefore be integrated into corporate strategy.

Environmental problems

Food Packaging

Almost all parts of the industries that deal with packaging, not excluding food packaging, are facing several environmental problems. For instance, the shops that are dealing with fast-food are receiving a lot of pressure to minimize the quantity of the solid wastes that they are generating (Testin and Vergano, 1991). As a result, the company will result into numerous environmental problems. Packaging is indeed an essential part of modern life style. The loss from packaging is more rampant in the firms that process food and those in the system of distribution. In the countries that are still developing, packaging is a rare thing and sometimes, it does not exist. In such…

References

Demetrakakes, P. (2004, Oct). Nestle's packaging wraps up the world: a truly international food company combines local and global strategies in packaging its huge array of products

Domberger, S. And Fernandez, P. (1999), Public-Private Partnerships for Service Delivery.

Business Strategy Review, 10: 29 -- 39

Kakabadse, a.P. And Kakabadse, N. (2000a) Sourcing: new face to economies of scale and the emergence of new organizational forms. Knowledge and Process Management 7(2), 107 -- 118.

A salary survey of and statistical analysis of similar municipalities with similar budgets, and services per capita is ideal to determine the market value for sanitation labor services. This is to indicate that Toronto does not have adequate analytical human capital present to properly analyze the entire nature of this environmental economic disaster.

Summary and Conclusion

The unsanitary and unhealthy environmental impact rendered from discontinued municipal sanitation services for a metropolis the size of Toronto is a common problem. Throughout the world, there are cities and urban centers with no landfill space and that lack a comprehensive sanitation pickup and removal system. Toronto is not alone in facing fiscal constraints against the operating budget but still must weigh the cost against the benefits of renewing "grandfathered" contracts from old administrations. If the city allows itself to be crippled by the demands of a powerful union then the constituency will be…

References

Charlie Gillis and Kate Lunau. Toronto stinks. July 22, 2009. Retrieved from: http://www2.macleans.ca/2009/07/22/toronto-stinks/2/

Chaz Miller. Garbage & Health. July 1st, 2003 Retrieved from: http://wasteage.com/mag/waste_garbage_health/

Lee, Jones-Lee. Impact of Municipal and Industrial Non-Hazardous Waste Landfills on Public Health and the Environment: An Overview. Retrieved from:  http://www.gfredlee.com/cal_risk.htm

The Wimbledon Tennis tournament as a hallmark-sporting event creates these social and cultural impact of the community. This is because according to theory transient and recurring events act as important methods of collecting identification of host communities. They present opportunities of asserting, reproducing, reinforcing, and contesting prevailing cultural values and beliefs and social norms (Quinn 2009). Hallmark events are identified as functions that support and reinforce the image of established social and cultural norms.

PR Newswire (2012) indicates the unpredictability of the effects of Olympics as its impact may be difficult to evaluate. However, in the case of London's 2012 Olympics, the games left a lasting impression on the socio-cultural context of ritain. According to Dhar (2012), the games led to the unification and social spirit of unity among the ritish during 2012, as compared to the divided and lawlessness associated with urban riots in 2011. The games increased the…

Bibliography

Akerlund, U 2008. Implementation of hallmark events among tourism stakeholders: the discourses of Umea's bid for European Capital of Culture 2014

Andersson, TD, Armbrecht, J and Lundberg, E, 2008. Impact of Mega-Events on the Economy. Asian Business & Management, 7(2), pp. 163-179.

Andrea, C, Andrew, F, Munday, M, and Roberts, a 2007. Assessing the Environmental Consequences of Major Sporting Events: The 2003/04 FA Cup Final. Urban Studies, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 44(3), pp. 457-476.

Anonymous 2012, Apr 18. Olympics 2012: The Economic Impact Market Assessment 2012. PR Newswire.

This invention allows the draw tape to have the tactile advantage of a low density polyethylene, making it comfortable for consumers to use as a handle, while also having the heat sealing capacity of this same low density material, yet have the strength afforded by a high density polyethylene material, that otherwise would be uncomfortable for the consumer.

Glad Quick-Tie = Patent # 5,246,110:

Patent # 5,246,110 focuses specifically on trash bags. The patent applicant notes that bags that are typically used for storing and transporting garbage or refuse, prior to collection or transport to disposal, are made from plastic material. When these bags are in their flat condition, they are comprised of two rectangular panels, which are connected on three of the four sides. The fourth, open, side is used to insert matter into the bag. These types of bags are typically made via a tubular extrusion process ("United…

References

General information regarding patents. (2005). Retrieved November 30, 2009, from  http://www.uspto.gov/patents/basics/index.html#top .

United States Patent 5006380. (9 Apr 1991). Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5,006,380.PN.&OS=PN/5,006,380&RS=PN/5,006,380.

United States Patent 5205650. (27 Apr 1993). Retrieved November 29, 2009, from http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5,205,650.PN.&OS=PN/5,205,650&RS=PN/5,205,650.

United States Patent 5246110. (26 Jul 1991). Retrieved November 29, 2009, from http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PALL&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.htm&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=5,246,110.PN.&OS=PN/5,246,110&RS=PN/5,246,110.

Integration of Cardiovascular/Gastrointestinal Systems

Integration of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems within the human body

The integration of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems allow for nutrients to be introduced, broken down, and absorbed by body to maintain and promote healthy bodily functions. Independently, these systems serve separate functions, but when working in conjunction, help to transport necessary nutrients throughout the body, while maintaining and promoting homeostasis within the systems. Any imbalance within these systems will greatly affect the body, as a whole, and can lead to potentially fatal results.

Integration of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems within the human body

The gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems of the human body help to breakdown and transport items that are ingested, such as food and medication, to the necessary parts of the body, expelling wastes that are not needed. Separately, the gastrointestinal and cardiac systems have different functions, but when the systems work in conjunction…

References:

Bowen, R 2002, Salivary glands and saliva, Colorado State University, viewed 14 September 2011,  http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/digestion/pregastric/salivary.html 

Cleveland Clinic 2005, The structure and function of the digestive system, viewed 29 September 2011, http://www.cchs.net/health/health-info/docs/1600/1699.asp?index=7041

Cotterill, S 2000, The cardiovascular system (heart and blood): medical terminology for cancer, Department of Child Health, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, viewed 14 September 2011,  http://www.cancerindex.org/medterm/medtm8.htm 

Gregory, M n.d., The circulatory system, Clinton Community College, State University of New York, viewed 15 September 2011, http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20100/Bio%20100%20Lectures/Organ%20Systems/Circulatory%20System/Circulatory%20System.htm

Energy Sources:

Energy Source

Fuel (Coal)/Uranium Needed (tons)

CO2 Emissions

Sulfur Dioxide and Other Emissions (tons)

adioactivity mSv (millisievert)

Solid Waste (tons)

Accidents

Coal

Increased global warming and health effects.

Nuclear

Explosions

Coal power plants and nuclear power plants are currently the two basic sources of electricity generation across the globe. The purpose of this lab animation and report is to evaluate which of these sources of energy is better for human sustainability. The determination of the more efficient of these two energy sources is based on the data provided above and further research.

The generation of electricity is the leading industrial activity that produces air and gases emissions across the globe. This process is usually carried in several power plants that use different sources of energy. Generally, a huge percentage of the world's electrical power is produced through the use of non-renewable energy sources like coal and uranium (Matthews,…

References:

Kyler, D. (2013, February 4). An Honest Look at Sustainability. Retrieved April 28, 2013, from  http://www.sustainablecoast.org/site/honestlook.html 

Matthews, M. (n.d.). Which One is Better for the Environment: Coal or Nuclear? Retrieved

April 28, 2013, from http://greenliving.nationalgeographic.com/one-better-environment-coal-nuclear-20469.html

Urbanization

Ecological Problem

Grade Course

Walking on grass while it rains, looking at the blue sky and hearing the bird chirp, and letting cool breeze touch the skin are amongst some of the most refreshing moments which one would loathe. The refreshment and serenity arising from such moments rather define environment as a miraculous beauty. Despite the ease and satisfaction associated with nature, ecological problems go hand in hand with the reality of the surrounding. Ecological issues are environmental issues such as overpopulation, climatic changes, land degradation, pollution and many more. These problems do not only destroy the splendor of nature, but they adversely affect life. As a matter of fact, these ecological issues are a result of human activity which leaves a drastic impact on the environment.

While considering the different environmental issues, it is important to shed light on urbanization which is a major ecological issue. Urbanization is…

References

Jiang, L. (2008). Population, Urbanization, and the Environment: Growing Cities Stress Their Natural Surrounding, but They Can Also Help Protect Them. World Watch. Vol. 21, No. 5

Environmental Concern on the Purchase of Green Products: An Empirical Study of German etailers

espondents

The verification of the conceptual framework and hypotheses was done using questionnaire survey. Primary data was gathered from a sample population of 270 respondents who were residents in Germany and who had had bought electronic goods before. One of the major industries dedicated to decreasing their impact on the environment is the "consumer electronics" industry. The industry has applied several green initiatives that focus on the environmental issues in manufacturing, clean delivery systems, energy efficiency and design.

The survey was done in 2016 between the months of August and September. esearchers collected the data and the interviewees were approached directly and they guaranteed that there was no scale interference to lower the possibility of influenced or biased answers.

The demographic composition of the survey's respondents was as follows:

Age

20-25

5(1.8%)

26-30

86 (31.9%)

31-35…

References

Ahmad A, & Thyagaraj K. S, (2015), Consumer's Intention to Purchase Green Brands: The Roles of Environmental Concern, Environmental Knowledge and Self Expressive Benefits. Curr World Environ., 10(3). doi :10.12944/CWE.10.3.18

Bagozzi, R. P. (1981). Attitudes, intentions, and behavior: A test of some key hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(4), 607-627. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.41.4.607

Braga Junior SS, da Silva D, Gabriel ML & de Oliveira Braga WR, (2015), The Relationship between Environmental Concern and Declared Retail Purchase of Green Products, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 170, 99 -- 108

Hair Jr., J.F., Hult, G.T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications.

Less need for more landfill space reduces the cost and resources needed to secure new landfill space. "Composting also extends municipal landfill life by diverting organic materials from landfills and provides a less costly alternative to conventional methods of remediating… contaminated soil." (EPA, 2008)

Discussion

It is evident that the advantages and benefits of composting are quite substantial, and arguably outweigh the disadvantages or issues involved with the process. Nevertheless, the previously discussed issues can be impeding to achieving the full benefits of composting, and thereby need to be dealt with suitably. For a government intending to implement a mandatory composting regulation, it would be necessary for them to also ensure that all residents within the region are properly educated on the procedure. Also, the government would need to make appropriate arrangements for residents living in apartments, business owners who are not in charge of their building's waste management, and…

Bibliography

Brown, Sally. "ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS of COMPOST USE." BioCycle. June 2007  http://www.jgpress.com/archives/_free/001355.html .

CBS Broadcasting. "SF Mandatory Compost Law Is Food for Thought." CBS. 2 August 2009  http://cbs5.com/food/recycling.composting.sf.2.1039894.html .

Coker, Craig. "Environmental remediation by composting." BioCycle. December 2006  http://www.jgpress.com/archives/_free/001206.html .

Environment Canterbury. "Types of Composting Systems." New Zealand Government. 2 August 2009  http://www.ecan.govt.nz/Our+Environment/Waste/ReuseRecycleRethink/Composting/CompostingTypes.htm  .

Protection against Abuse (deterrence)

Deterrence and the legal system

The notion of deterrence plays a significant role in the present system. In most cases, laws are put in place to ensure those who break the laws do not escape unpunished but also to discourage potential offenders from committing the offenses. This is the reason the state has opted to pass laws that ensure citizens sort their trash to enable recycling of the wastes to be much easier. The objective of the regulation is not to punish offenders, but to prevent them from disposing recyclable material inappropriately.

Sorting out of waste disposal

Different households produce different wastes, and this becomes a problem to dispose the wastes especially in urban areas. In instances that piles of garbage are left unattended in residential areas and offices, they become a nuisance. This is because of their biological as well as chemical decomposition that produce…

References

Paul, J.A.J., & Daniel, T., (January 01, 2008). Standardization of Sampling Method for Physical

Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 5, 1, 95-98.

Wilcox, C. (2009). Earth-friendly waste management. Minneapolis, Minn: Lerner.

A variety of new and existing buildings have received LEED certification over the recent years. The following are ten examples of these awards:

1) Office Depot: Gold Award, New Construction. In 2007, Office Depot recognized its 39 million square feet of commercial real estate in North America was responsible for significant carbon emissions and a solid-waste footprint. As a prototype for future construction retail locations, the Austin, Texas, construction followed the LEED certification process. Included is a roof that reflects sunlight and cools the store, requiring less energy for air conditioning; high-efficiency heating, ventilation and air conditioning units; water-efficient fixtures in restrooms; locally sourced and recycled materials; and skylights that adjust with the sun and provide natural day lighting. The business offers green line merchandise, which sold $1.6 billion in the U.S. And Europe in 2007. They created a detailed LEED-EB Credit Report documenting sustainable purchasing of office supplies, technology,…

S. Congress that the prospects of stem cell research were so vast that it could touch all the realm of medicine (Connor 2000). An unlimited source of embryonic stem cells will solve the problem of shortage of transplants. Embryonic stem cells will save lives by curing generative diseases of the brain, hepatitis, diabetes, leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis and diseases of the heart and kidneys. ut current laws restrict the use of stems cells on embryos less than 14 days old and for correcting fertility, reproduction or congenital disorders. The restriction is grounded in the belief that the embryo is a potential human being from the moment of conception. It thus possesses a soul and a dignity just like any other viable person (Connor). Previous scientific research presented evidence that genetically engineering cells could partly repair a defective immune system (Travis 2002). Two new studies bolstered this…

Bibliography

Bauer, D.G. (2005). Review of the endocrine system. MedSurg Nursing: Jannetti Publications, Inc.

Connor, S. (2000). Science: the miracle cure with a catch. The London Independent: Newspaper Publishing PLC

Degen. D (2008). Body organization and homeostasis. 1 page. Bones, Muscles and Skin. Pearson Education, Inc.: Pearson Prentice Hall

Farabee, M.J. (2006). Animal organ systems and homeostasis. 18 web pages. Estrella Mountain Community College. Retrieved on February 1, 2006 at http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookMUSSKEL.html

Recycling in Apartments

Date Here (Day, Month, Year)

Providing Better Facilities for Recycling to Apartment Dwellers

Recycling is highly beneficial to the natural environment as it plays a vital role in preserving natural resources. Recycling caters with the benefit of reducing the amount of material entering landfills. Moreover, recycling can save money for building owner. It costs less to recycle discards than to throw them away (Rankin, 11). The process of making new products from raw materials costs a great deal in comparison to making them through recycled products. This paper highlights the challenges encountered by people living in apartments or multi-family building in terms of recycling materials. It also explains the current practices in this regard and recommends prospects solutions for improving recycling facilities for apartment dwellers.

Recycling Challenges Faced by Apartment Dwellers

The physical structure, environment and management of multi-family complexes give birth to varying systems and approaches…

Works Cited

Ando, Amy W., "Recycling in Multifamily Dwellings: Does Convenience Matter?" Economic

Enquiry, 43(2005), 426 -- 438, 5 October, 2012,

4). Likewise, in the same article, Kay Martin of the Ventura County, California public works agency is quoted as saying, "From a macroeconomics or macro-environmental perspective, it just makes sense." The need to build an infrastructure for production of bio-fuels creates economic opportunities.

Of course, not everybody is so enthusiastic. To grow corn, diesel tractors are required to plant, fertilize and harvest it with substantial coal-fired electricity needed for the still. David Pemental, a professor who has done research and a leading opponent of ethanol, says corn ethanol is "unsustainable, subsidized food burning." He charges that most of the one billion dollars spent per year by federal and state governments goes to agribusiness (such as Archer Daniels Midland, a mega corporation) that already owns 35% of the market. He also claims that an acre yielding 7,110 pounds of corn will produce 328 gallons of ethanol. He estimates 140 gallons of…

References

Advanced Materials & Processes (2005). Industry insider: Automotive, 163 (5), May, 69-70.

Automotive Industries (2003). Fill'er up, 183 (5), May, 51-53.

Brown, D.C. (2004). Moving toward alternative fuel vehicles. Public Works, 135 (12) Nov, 34-7.

Deierlein, B. (2001). Alternative fuels: The race is on! Waste Age, 32 (8), Aug, 62-63, 67.

Linear systems are constructed with layers of natural materials with low permeability. Leachate collection system is designed to remove liquid that is found in the liners. Waste is placed above the collection leachate system in layers.

Modern landfills are now built in locations which protect environment and human health as well as having structural integrity. There is restriction of the construction of modern landfills in floodplains, wetland or fault areas (epa, 2010). Once the modern landfills reach the height which is permitted it is closed down an engineered in such a way that it prevents the infiltration of water through the installation of a cap low in permeability which is same as the linear system. On top of the low-permeability barrier there is a granular drainage layer that diverts water from the top of the landfill. There is a protection cover at the filter blanket's top as well as top…

References

Repa, E. (2010). Modern Landfills. Retrieved April 17, 2013 from  http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=8&cad=rja&sqi=2&ved=0CHUQFjAH&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenkerala.net%2Fpdf%2Fkey_issue_on_open_dumps.pdf&ei=Vy9uUcyuBamy7AbDo4GYBQ&usg=AFQjCNFUTQkrQnIxwkIgJOzwJtptbNSfGw&bvm=bv.45368065,d.ZWU 

Republic Services, (2013). Solar-Gas Innovation. Retrieved April 18, 2012 from  http://www.republicservices.com/Corporate/Planet/SustainabilityProjects/San-Antonio-Atlanta.aspx 

Skye, J. (2011).Environmental problems: Landfills. Retrieved April 17, 2013 from  http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Environmental_Problems:_Landfills

International egulation of Tourism in Antarctica

Since the mid-1980s, Antarctica has been an increasingly popular tourist destination, despite the relative danger of visiting the largest, least explored -- and arguably least understood -- continent on earth. Beginning with the 1959 treaty establishing Antarctica as an international zone free of claims of sovereignty by nation's that had been instrumental in establishing research stations there, there has been almost constant negotiation about how to administer regulations pertaining to the preservation of life forms on the continent, what those regulations should be, and what sanctions should be applied and by whom.

To understand the depths of the negotiations, and the potential for discord, it is necessary to understand what the continent offer the 65% of global nations that are party to the 1959 and all subsequent treaties. To understand the possible future of Antarctica, it is necessary to outline treaty attempts to minimize…

References

Antarctica. Siyabona Africa Web site. Retrieved September 28, 2004 at http://balule.krugerpark.co.za/africa_antarctica.html

Chile Web site. Retrieved September 17, 2004 at  http://www.visit-chile.org/antartica/antartica.phtml 

Australia urges regulation as tourism to Antarctica escalates. (2004, March 24) Agence France Presse English. Retrieved September 14, 2004 at  http://www.highbeam.com .

Bulgaria in Antarctica. Retrieved September 15, 2004 at http://www.bluelink.net/antarctic/ant_en/BGant.htm

The Leblanc alkali production processes were especially pernicious, but they followed along the lines of previous industrial processes. In other words, the first British environmental legislation was a response not so much to a qualitative change in industrial processes and their environmental impact but more to a quantitative increase in sources of pollution that had up to that point been (if only barely) tolerable.

Legislation Arising From Public Anger

At the center of the first British environmental legislation was the Leblanc process, an industrial process that produced of soda ash (which is chemically sodium carbonate) that came into use in the first decades of the 19th century. Named after its inventor, Nicolas Leblanc, it replaced an older process in which soda ash had been produced from wood ash. However, as the availability of wood ash declined (because of deforestation, a process that was occuring both in Great Britain and across…

Resources Act (WRA) of 1991. This act "establishes the duties of the Environment Agency (EA) on flood defence and other areas relating to water management and quality."

"The EA has discretionary powers to improve and maintain river conditions. This means that the EA is not obliged to construct or maintain such works. In practice, the EA will only proceed with schemes that are not only beneficial but cost-effective.

"The Act also grants the EA powers to issue flood warnings and regulate what can be discharged into rivers, estuaries, coastal waters, lakes and groundwaters."

Canadian law on flooding is similarly divided between common law and statutory law.

First Nations

noaa.gov/projects/koreajpa.html).

For example, due to prevailing oceanic currents and environmental issues, a significant amount of marine debris is both generated and deposited in Korean Coastal waterways. The Korean government has removed almost 100 tons of debris in the past decade, but realizes the problem is ongoing. To reduce their own costs and improve efficiency, the Korean government incents fishermen to collect marine debris during fishing. This idea, certainly applicable to any nation with coastal waters, bot improves the efficiency of governmental collection programs, and in the long run, helps educate and compensate local fishermen (Cho, 2008).

These, and other management programs, continue to develop among the world's fishing nations. Agencies are focused on three major goals: educate young people in all countries that the world is interdependent and the oceans must be maintained for the health of the planet; educate the public, private, tourist, and fishing populations to their individual…

"South Korean divers combat marine debris and raise funds for underwater conservation on Earth Day." Project Aware. Cited in:

 http://www.projectaware.org/english/templates/news.aspx?id=3695 

See the treaty, resources, and commentary in "Oceans and Law of the Sea," Cited in:  http://www.un.org/los/ .

5 billion pounds is up 2.3% from December 2006. Angier lists all the plastic-based materials around her desk at the Times and in her personal life, including her computer keyboard, credit card, telephones, her motorcycle helmet, luggage, earrings, for starters. Plastics also pad mattresses, "elasticize our comfort-fit jeans, suture our wounds, plug our dental cavities, encapsulate our pills, replace our lost limbs, lighten our cars and jets" and much more (Angier).

The city of San Francisco banned "traditional plastic bags" in November 2007, according to an article in the San Francisco Chronicle (Buchanan, 2007). "People are used to getting free bags and thinking there is no real consequence to them," said Jack Macy, recycling coordinator for San Francisco's Department of the Environment. "But there is a cost," Macy went on. Part of the cost to city of San Francisco -- where about 180 million plastic bags were handed out annually…

Works Cited

ABC News. "Plastic bag ban begins." Retrieved May 5, 2009, from  http://www.abc.net.au . (4 May 2009).

Angier, Natalie. "Adored, Deplored and Ubiquitous." The New York Times, 15 April,

2008 F1. Retrieved May 6, 2009, from  http://Proquest.umi.com .

Buchanan, Wyatt. "Starting Tuesday, plastic bags illegal at big S.F. grocery stores."

From the point-of-view of the variation and flexibility of the species such cultivated woody crops rank as no more than cornfields. While the tree farms are conveniently be stretched on the private lands, national forests those are considered priceless reservoirs of most of the biological diversity of the nation cannot expand so easily. The commercial logging is considered as the greatest danger for survival of the national forest system. The timber sales are growingly concealed beneath the post fire recovery and fire prevention missions, forest health initiatives and restoration programs. (Endangered Forests: Endangered Freedoms)

Wetlands disappearing

Declining wetlands and reservoir construction are having spectacular influences on a global scale. (the Importance of Wetlands and the Impacts of eservoir Development) the data of USF & WS reveals that the United States added 2.3 million acres in ponds and inland mudflats during the period of mid 1950s and mid1970s. The country added…

References

Acid Rain -- a Contemporary World Problem. Retrieved at http://www.geocities.com/narilily/acidrain.html. Accessed on 3 February, 2005

Acid Rain: Do you need to start wearing a rain hat? Retrieved at  http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/acidrain.html . Accessed on 3 February, 2005

Barney, Gerald O. The Whole World in Our Hands. SF Chronicle. 31 December, 2000. Retrieved at http://www.mindfully.org/Sustainability/in-Our-Hands.htm. Accessed on 3 February, 2005

Bryant, Peter J. Biodiversity and Conservation: A Hypertext Book. Retrieved at http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/lec05/b65lec05.htm. Accessed on 3 February, 2005

Iso-Electric Point and Iron Content in Iron Hydroxide Impregnated Aluminosilicate-Based Geopolymers

Rahil Abou Saleh

Dr. Kiril Hristovski

Iron hydroxide impregnated aluminosilicate-based geopolymers (Fe-ASG) is a novel water treatment media currently under development for simultaneous removal of arsenic and inorganic contaminants. The goal of this study was to determine whether varied iron contents impregnated aluminosilicate impacts the surface charge in different pH conditions. The study tests for media types of virgin and iron impregnated ASG diluted in potassium nitrate (KNO3) for charge dispersion. pH of the sample was gradually adjusted using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and nitric acid (HNO3). Results demonstrated no significant relationship between iron content impregnated ASG and iso electric point, which suggests that surface area properties impacts the relationship.

I am especially appreciative of the guidance, encouragement, and patience exuded by Dr. Hristovski throughout the duration of this research project. Also I would like to give special thanks to…

Works Cited

Brookhaven Instruments Corporation. (2011). Zeta Potential Analysis. Retrieved from Brookhaven Instruments Corporation:  http://www.brookhaveninstruments.com/products/zeta_potential/p_ZP_ZetaPALS.html 

DeLuca, T., Kaszuba, M., & Mattison, K. (2006). Optimizing Silicon Emulsion Stability

Using Zeta Potential. American Laboratory News, 1-3.

Duxson, P., Fernandez-Jimenez, A., Provis, J., Lukey, C., Palomo, A., & van Deventer, J.

Environmental Consequences of Emission Control Devices

Failure to use Emission Control Devices

The production of coal energy largely consists of hydrogen and carbon. The combustion process is a chemical reaction with oxygen in the air. The carbon mixes with oxygen to create carbon dioxide (CO2) while the oxygen mixes with hydrogen to produce water vapor (H2O). The two chemical reactions release a considerable volume of energy as heat. Because the coal plants need heat to instigate these chemical reactions, it results in a chain reaction. Ideally, the two chemical reactions cause heat, and the heat causes other reactions in the chamber and the environment. Once the process begins, it continues until all the coal has been burned. The reason for this is to obtain energy, in the form of heat (Hester & Harrison, 2004).

The issue is that burning coal produces CO2 that increases the supply already in the environment.…

References

Giere?, R., & Stille, P. (2004). Energy, Waste and the Environment: A Geochemical Perspective. London: Geological Society.

Hester, R. E. & Harrison, R. M. (2004). Mining and Its Environmental Impact. Cambridge: Royal Society Of Chemistry.

Miller, E. W., & Miller, R. M. (2010). The American Coal Industry. Monticello, Ill: Vance.

Fo instance, appoximately 33 pe cent of Thailand's wate souces ae categoized as having poo quality and the phenomenon is consideed a seious envionment poblem. Moeove, Thailand is anked among the last Asian counties based on amounts of fesh wate available pe capita (WWF, 2010).

In this context, the Thai govenment and the Thai people have commenced to pay moe attention to the effect of the envionmental poblems, as well as to the adjacent economics of the poblem. People make an effot to buy poducts which ae envionmentally hamless and, though them, to minimize the negative envionmental implications of consumption. A fist effot in this diection was the intoduction of the Thai Geen Label Scheme in 1993 and its fomal launch one yea late (Geen Label Thailand, 2010). In shot, the scheme suppots the development of the geen poducts secto by intoducing infomation fo consumes and standads fo businesses. Moe…

references and Marketing strategies for green shares: Specifics of Austrian market.' Journal of Bank Marketing 22, (4)

Grankvist, G., Lekedal, H., and Marmendal, M. (2007) 'Values and eco- and fair-trade labeled products.' Journal of British food 109, (2)

Green Label Thailand (2010) 'Thai Green Labal Scheme'. [online] available from [13 July 2010]

Gulf Daily News (2010) 'Toyota set to produce hybrid cars in Thailand.' [Online] available from [19 August 2010]

Gurau, C., and Ranchhod, A. (2005) 'International Green Marketing: A comparative study of British and Romanian firm.' Journal of International Marketing Review 22, (5) 547-561

More than 90% of California's population which is estimated to be 33 million residing in areas having bad air quality? The CAB in concert with the local air pollution control districts are in the process of regulating fresh and existing sources of pollution with the aim to control emissions. The Enforcement Division -- ED of the Board has included more and more serious responsibilities in every area of the State inspecting heavy duty vehicles, smoke emissions. Besides, it prevents school buses running on diesel from idling for too long a period very close to the tender lungs of children.

The CAB Enforcement Program during 1997 speaks of its illustrious achievement. These are (i) Closure of citations in 3442 cases (ii) Total penalties collected is $29,850,475 (iii) 3253 cases of mobile source / citations closed for more than $8.7M. (iv) 50 diesel fleet cases terminated for more than $3.1M. (v) 12…

References

Air Resources Board. 2007 Annual Enforcement Report. 2008.



Bellenger, Gail. What is the Clean Water Act? 2002.

In addition, it is clear that the company has an extremely ethical approach as it relates to environmental issues. This approach has led the company to develop environmentally safe packaging and to set standards as it relates to emissions and the reduction of harmful waste.

eferences

Managing Our Impact." Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. etrieved March 13, 2007 from; http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_6.0.cfm?mid=menu6

Our Mission Statement"). Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. etrieved March 13, 2007 from; http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/our_mission/

Our Three Part Mission Statement." Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. etrieved March 13, 2007 from; http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_3.2.cfm#ceres

Social and Environmental Assessment 2005." Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. etrieved March 13, 2007 from; http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_7.3.cfm

Thermo-acoustic efrigeration." Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. etrieved March 13, 2007 from; http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_6.7.cfm

Workplace Practices." Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. etrieved March 13, 2007 from; http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_7.4.cfm

References

Managing Our Impact." Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. Retrieved March 13, 2007 from;  http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_6.0.cfm?mid=menu6 

Our Mission Statement"). Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. Retrieved March 13, 2007 from;  http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/our_mission/ 

Our Three Part Mission Statement." Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. Retrieved March 13, 2007 from;  http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_3.2.cfm#ceres 

Social and Environmental Assessment 2005." Official Website of Ben & Jerry's Incorporated. Retrieved March 13, 2007 from;  http://www.benjerry.com/our_company/about_us/social_mission/social_audits/2005_sear/sear05_7.3.cfm