Spain and Diversity Education
SPAIN AND EALY CHILDHOOD INTEGATION

The world is coming to grips with the fact that in order for people to live together across an interconnected global community, they need to share some common educational foundations supported with common teaching approaches, tactics and technologies (Urban, 2009). This is why collaborative organizations like the European Union developed a set of common educational goals (in 2001) for 2010; goals that included advancing toward a life-long learning model and a desire to enable residents of member nations to thrive in neighboring nations (Wikipedia, 2010).

The reach of these goals has particular significance to countries with a Hispanic heritage. These nations have the potential to set guidelines for how other Hispanic nations and populations might better benefit from educational advancements (Columbia, 2004). Evidence of the importance of this can be seen in how two Hispanic countries have responded in recent years to a wide…...

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REFERENCES

21st Century Schools (2008). What is 21st Century Education? Viewable at  http://www.21stcenturyschools.com/What_is_21st_Century_Education.htm .

Brayfield, A. (2004). Spanish Education. Viewable at http://www.tulane.edu/~rouxbee/kids04/spain/_jcrossca/spainedu.html.

Columbia (2004). Spain. The Clearinghouse on International Development in Child, Youth and Family Policies. Columbia University. Viewable at  http://www.childpolicyintl.org/countries/spain.html#ecec .

Euridice (2009). Early childhood education and care in Europe: tackling social and cultural inequalities. Viewable at  http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/09/66&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en .

Spain's economic transition contributes to our understanding of Spain as a country and as an actor in the international system. Reformists in Spain have long worked towards bringing the country's economy in line with the rest of Europe, since the late 19th century (Royo, 2006). The Franco regime resulted in stunted economic growth. After decades under such rule, Spain was enthusiastic to modernize its economy. A former world power, Spain had fallen by the wayside economically and politically during the 20th century. The relationships that the nation had established with Latin America had become relatively meaningless, and Spain was considered a backwater within Europe. Even before the fall of Franco, steps were taken to open the economy. After the fall of Franco the pace of reforms accelerated further. But ascension into the EU provided Spain with the impetus to make bold reforms, and it was these that allowed for the…...

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Works Cited:

Royo, Sebastian. (2006). The European Union and Economic Reforms: The Case of Spain. Real Instituto Elcano. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/243.asp

Gillespie, Richard & Youngs, Richard. (2001). Spain: The European and International Challenges. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from  http://books.google.com/books?id=xEMBYaVyBBMC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=economic+integration+spain+EU&source=bl&ots=T5vvb3X7h3&sig=xIbDN_rpFvGiQKq76qRjG0iHuPs&hl=en&ei=szPZSeCwHYG-tgerkrnUCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4 

CIA World Factbook: Spain. (2009). Retrieved April 5, 2009 from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sp.html 

No author. (2009). Economic Data: Spain. The Economist. Retrieved April 5, 2009 from  http://www.economist.com/countries/Spain/profile.cfm?folder=Profile-Economic%20Data

France had shown its best hand to Franco by returning "Gold, weapons, vehicles, valuables, ships, art," and other valuables that had been shipped by the rebels across the Spanish border into France during the Civil ar (Bowen, p. 23).
A tense moment for Spain's so-called neutrality came on June 27, 1940, as German troops arrived at the border of Spain; a deal was struck that "small groups of Nazi soldiers" could travel (while in uniform) through northern Spain (Bowen, p. 29) but the Germans apparently never made a huge push into Spain.

The one force that Franco was definitely not neutral towards was the Soviet Union. In fact, when Germany sent massive troops into Russia in June1941, Franco quickly identified himself and his nation with the German cause, according to orld History at KMLA (HKMLA, 2007). A year previous to that, on June 14th, 1940 Spanish troops actually occupied the city…...

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Works Cited

Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). Spain in World War II. Columbia: University of Missouri

Press.

Cokely, Megan E. (2007). British counter-intelligence in Gibraltar: Deciphering Spanish

Neutrality' during the Second World War. International Journal of Iberian Studies,

grants would also be offered under revitalization measures and for the support of local enterprises either small or medium, and improve the company's access to finances and to credit, giving direct aid to certain investments, etc. (Structural Funds) Cohesion Funds are those granted to those states that are lagging behind in terms of economic development concerning areas like transport and the environment so that their chances of integration into the Economic and Monetary Fund are not spoiled. The funds granted under this Cohesion fund are to be used for the development and implementation of projects in the field of the maintenance of the environment and the field of transportation. The beneficiaries, generally, are those authorities, public or private, who are responsible for carrying out and completing the project successfully. (Cohesion Funds)
What must be stated at this point is that Objective 1 and Objective 2 Interventions, Structural Funds, and Cohesion…...

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References

Cohesion Funds" Europa: Grants and Loans. (25 August, 2004) Retrieved at Accessed on 10 December, 2004http://news.cec.eu.int/grants/grants/cohesion_fund/cohesion_fund_en.htm.

Culture and Community Policies" (2 April, 2004) Retrieved at Accessed on 10 December, 2004http://europa.eu.int/comm/culture/eac/sources_info/compolitics/politics_en.html.

EC-U.S. Program for Cooperation in the field of higher education and vocational education and training / EC-Canada Program for Cooperation in the field of higher education and training" (25 August, 2004) Retrieved at Accessed on 10 December, 2004http://news.cec.eu.int/grants/grants/cooperation_with_usa_and_c/cooperation_with_usa_and_c_en.htm.

Education, Training, Youth" Retrieved at Accessed on 10 December, 2004http://europa.eu.int/scadplus/leg/en/cha/c00003.htm.

3. Spain through Anthropological Lenses

The anthropological studies of Spain are relatively numerous as the country's history is a long standing one. As part of the old continent (Europe), Spain has attracted the attention of numerous researchers throughout the past century, and even prior to this time. The information covered in the anthropological studies of the southwestern European country cover vast topics of interest and has a dual feature -- first of all, it helps the foreigner (and sometimes even the native born Spanish) to become better acquainted with the country itself; secondly, it helps the national and international reader to more accurately position Spain on the map of the international system.

Anthropology will explain how the today modern Kingdom of Spain was first inhabited 30,000 ago by Paleolithic hunters; how the first villages were formed around 4500 BC and how these were organized around a central tomb and the types of…...

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References:

Ishwaran, K., International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology, Bill Archive

Van Willigen, J., 2002, Applied Anthropology: An Introduction, 3rd Edition, Greenwood Publishing Group

2009, What is Antropology? American Anthropological Association,   last accessed on April 15, 2009http://www.aaanet.org/about/whatisanthropology.cfm 

History of Spain, World History,   last accessed on April 15, 2009http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1750&HistoryID=ab50 

Spain Global Warming
Being on the forefront of global warming, Al Gore once said, "We are facing a global climate crisis. It is deepening. We are entering a period of consequences." Global warming is the increase in the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and bodies of water. The consequences Al Gore had mentioned were the effects brought about by the rise in sea levels, changing behaviors of precipitation, and glaciers retreating. In addition, incidences of heat waves and droughts affect the yields in the agricultural industry, which then would influence the economics of food and the people. In particular, global warming in Spain has been affected environmentally, economically, agriculturally, and ecologically.

As stated previously, the environmental changes that global warming brings with it is a change in sea level, which is witnessed in Spain's disappearing beaches. In Spain, it's been predicted that over the next forty-years, such spaces of sand will diminish…...

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References

Bosch, J., Carrascal, L., Duran, L., Walker, S., & Fisher, M. (2007). Climate change and outbreaks of amphibian chytridiomycosis in a montane area of Central Spain; is there a link?. Proc Biol Sci, 274, 253-260.

Faris, S. (2011, September 4). Heading for the Hills: Spanish Winemakers Adapt to Global Warming - TIME. TIME Magazine. Retrieved December 8, 2011, from  http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2089383,00.html 

Garza-Gil, M., Vasquez-Rodriguez, M., Prada-Blanco, A., & Varela-Lufuente, M. (2011). Global Warming and Its Economic Effects on the Anchovy Fishery and Tourism Sector in North-Western Spain. Global Warming Impacts - Case Studies on the Economy, Human Health, and on Urban and Natural Environments (pp. 1-26). N/A: InTech.

Simon, F., Lopez-Abente, G., Ballester, E., & Martinez, F. (2005). Mortality in Spain during the heat waves of summer 2003. . Euro Surveill, 10(7), 156-161.

But the reason behind this is to centralize the power of Spain and to finance the defense of the Spain in impending wars.
Spain opted for a more centralized economy, with the motherland benefiting from its colonies. Among the changes that were implemented in the its colonies in the Latin America included reviving of the mining industry and establishment of Royal Mining Tribunal, tobacco monopoly and this also included monopoly of other industries such as sulphur, saltpeter, and playing cards and comercio libre or free trade within the Spanish empire, which is the most important among all the Bourbon reforms.

It was a long and steady upward development of Spain because the reforms failed to address the real problems Spain was facing politically and socially. Its colonies in the Americas were also struggling for independence, which would erupt in the years to come as inspired by the French revolution. The initial…...

First of all, one needs to refer to Spain's geographical location as an important cause of its international presence. Historically, Spain has been located in a strategically important position in Europe, because of (1) its presence on the Atlantic and, thus, immediate access to maritime transportation and (2) its location at the entrance or exit into or from the Mediterranean, important commercial route. oth of these prerogatives are still held today, despite the fact that the 21st century has somewhat minimized its importance.
At the same time, its almost border with Africa means that Spain is the first country that can be affected by migrations and trafficking from Africa, which means that EU partners have a significant interest in helping Spain secure its borders. The existence of the Pyrenees at the border with France and the rest of Europe makes the country easier to defend and protect from terrestrial invasions.

Following…...

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Bibliography

1. Hughes, William. (1863). The Study of Geography. Lecture delivered at King's College, London by Sir Marc Alexander. Quoted in Baker, J.N.L (1963). The History of Geography. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. p. 66

2. "What is geography?." AAG Career Guide: Jobs in Geography and related Geographical Sciences. Association of American Geographers. On the Internet at Last retrieved on March 27, 2009.http://www.aag.org/Careers/What_is_geog.html.

3. Fisher, Bayne William, Howard Bowen-Jones. Spain: An Introductory Geography. Praeger 1966.

Spain and the Christianization of America
The term "Hispanic" was recently adopted by the U.S. government as a way to describe people of Spanish-speaking descent in general and people from Latin America in particular, but it is ironic that such a term is needed at all given the historic precedence of the Spanish language in America. Indeed, since Spanish was spoken first and was widespread, it would seem more appropriate for English-speakers today to be referred to in such a fashion to distinguish them as relative newcomers to North and Latin America. Moreover, Hispanics are not necessarily religiously homogeneous but rather subscribe to a wide range of faiths. In this regard, Gonzalez and Cardoza-rlandi emphasize that, "Today, in any major city in the United States one can find a variety of religious practices and traditions among the Hispanics" (p. 96). In fact, Catholic sovereigns, or Bembe, were Cuban, African and Muslim…...

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Other events followed in the 19th century that would serve to Christianize America is far different ways than the Spanish sought. For instance, Gonzalez and Cardoza-Orlandi report that with independence from Spain "came the Protestants" and their religious dogma which "brought new ideas, not only about the meaning of Christianity, but also about how the church and society ought to be organized" (p. 95). In addition, the mid-19th century witnessed some important political events that would serve to shape the manner in which America was Christianized in later years. For example, in 1845, the same year that Texas was made a part of the United States, the concept of "Manifest Destiny" emerged that held that is was America's foretold future to conquer the remaining frontier, all the way to the Atlantic Ocean.

The Pentecostal wave that washed over the United States during the early 20th century also had a profound effect on the Christianization of America. For instance, Gonzalez and Cardoza-Orlandi report that, "Pentecostalism clearly has hit a nerve among Latino/a-Hispanics. Today, Pentecostals form the second-largest religious group among Hispanics in the United States, after Roman Catholics" (p. 96). Despite these substantial inroads by Pentecostalists into the well-established Roman Catholic faith among Hispanics, Roman Catholicism has received a number of reinforcements over the years that makes it difficult to dissuade adherents as to its legitimacy.

Indeed, the miraculous episode of the Virgin of Guadalupe wherein the veracity of a Mexican peasant's claims to have witnessed the Virgin Mary were reinforced by tangible evidence makes this religion a hard act to follow, especially when combined with popular celebrations such as posadas that provide opportunities for the faithful to mutually share in the blessings of Christianity as embraced and adapted by Hispanics today in ways that transcend national boundaries and immigration laws. For instance, according to Gonzalez and Cardoza-Orlandi, "The posadas are lots of fun. But more than that, they have become very important for people who have had to move repeatedly looking for work, many of whom do not have legal papers for residence in the United States" (p. 97). Taken together, posadas represent an important source of socialization and reaffirmation of religious faith among the Hispanic diaspora.

Galicia, Spain

Galicia, according to Wikipedia, is "an autonomous community in northwest Spain." Sometimes called Galiza, Galicia is said to be among the first kingdoms of Europe. It includes the following provinces, Lugo, a Coruna, Ourense, and Pontevedra. To its south is Portugal. Castile and Leon and Asturias are to its east. To its north and west is the Atlantic Ocean. Among tourists, Galicia is famous for "the presence of many fjord-like indentions on the coast, estuaries that were drowned with rising sea levels after the ice age" (Wikipedia, 2009). Because of its nearness to the Atlantic, Galicia experiences mild temperatures all around the year.

Galicia is said to come from the Latin name, Gallaecia and it is "associated with the name of the ancient Celtic tribe that resided above the Douro river." (Wikipedia, 2009) According to the Galicia Guide (2005), although Galicia is part of mainland Spain, its culture is "both…...

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References

"Food in Chile." Food by Country. Retrieved April 6, 2009, from http://www.foodbycountry.com/Algeria-to-France/Chile.html

"Chile." (2009). Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 6, 2009, from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile 

"Galicia (Spain." (2009). Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved April 6, 2009, from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_ (Spain)

Galicia Guide. (2005). Galicia Guide Your Guide to Everything Galicia. Retrieved April 5, 2009, from  http://www.galiciaguide.com

3). Although the Socialist Party leader was not known as anti-American, he did advocate for a stronger and more independent role for Spain in terms of its foreign policy and the world economy.
Another voter was more optimistic "I think we'll see social policies such as aid for the poor, better working conditions, and better living conditions as there are not enough homes. I think there will be a general change in internal and external policies" now that the socialists were in power, she said (Bailey 2004). One young man who identified himself as 'unemployed' said: "I hope he [the socialist leader] does pull out of Iraq. Spain should not be involved in something that is nothing to do with us" (in pictures: Spain's shock result, 2004, March, BBC News, p.2004). In short, Spain's government was blamed for putting loyalty to America above Spanish national interests. Anger at America was almost…...

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Works Cited

Adler, Katya. (2004, April 4). Passengers weigh the risks in Spain. BBC News. Retrieved March 17, 2009 at  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3597015.stm 

Bailey, Dominic (2004. March 15). Spain awakes to socialist reality. BBC News. Retrieved March 17, 2009 at  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3512222.stm 

In pictures: Spain's shock result. (2004. March 15). BBC News. Retrieved March 17, 2009 at  http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/04/europe_spain0s_shock_result/html/3.stm 

Sanger, David E. & David Johnston. (2004, March 18). U.S. official says Spanish government mishandled' reports on bombing. The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2009 at  http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E3DD1231F93BA25750C0A9629C8B63

AUTHO ACCOMPLISHES GOALS?

Kamen is able to accomplish his goal. He is able to show -- quite well, in fact -- how the Spanish Empire was a multinational venture for the country. He is able to illustrate how forces worked to effectively help Spain get to where it wanted to be as 'superpower.' For example, with the Muslim activity in the South, Granada would not have fallen; or, without certain bankers, expanding into the Canary Islands would not have been achieved. He effectively shows how Spain relied on its allies as well as other agencies in order to maintain its status of 'superpower.'

WHAT QUESTIONS AE ASKED?

Kamen seems curious about how Spanish patriotism played a part in all of its workings. He asks questions regarding the role of black people as well as the role of the indigenous people in the America and how they helped to create a colonial society.

WHAT STUCTUE…...

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REFERENCES:

Cooper, F. (2004a). Comparative studies in society and history. Society for comparative study of society and history,46: 247-272.

Cooper, F. (2004b). Empire multiplies. A review essay. Comparative studies in society and history.

Kamen, H. (2004). Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492-1763, New York:

Perennial.

Battle of Santiago took place on the 3rd of July, 1898, between Spain and the United States (Beede, 1994). It was fought in the waters near Santiago de Cuba, Cuba, and was part of the Spanish-American War (Beede, 1994). The result of the battle was a decisive victory for the U.S., and the destruction of the Caribbean Squadron of the Spanish Navy. The battle came about after a realization by Spain that the campaign in Cuba would be the deciding factor in the war, and that something had to be done quickly or the U.S. would have the advantage too strongly. The original plan was to go to Puerto ico, but that was quickly changed to Cuba (Symonds & Clipson, 2001). There was no clear strategy held by Spain at that time, but the overall plan was to end the war very quickly. Spain knew that the U.S. had a…...

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References

Beede, B.R., ed. (1994), The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898 -- 1934. NY: Taylor & Francis.

Dolan, E.F. (2001), The Spanish -- American War. NY: Twenty-First Century Books.

Goldstein, D.M., Dillon, K.V., Wenger, J.M. & Cressman, R.J. (2001). The Spanish-American War: The Story and Photographs. NY: Brassey's.

Nofi, A.A. (1996). The Spanish American War, 1898. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books.

Spain Liberalism
Women like me take tremendous pleasure in sharing our voices and the songs of our hearts. However, it is with great regret that I am forced to undertake this task of telling you my traumatic tale. All my freedom has been stripped from me I am alone, my husband is dead, and my children are being raised by his murderers -- who most likely will become mine, too. But it is my duty as a citizen of Spain, and of a humble worker dedicated to the values embedded in the only movement that has enabled the empowerment of the people: the Frente Popular.

I now seek to warn my children, or their children, or their children's children, of the dangers inherent in greed and corruption that underwrite too many political movements. I hope that when this letter is unearthed that our lives were not lost in vain. We of the…...

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References

Esdaile, Charles J. Spain in the liberal age: from constitution to civil war, 1808-1939. Wiley, 2000.

Graham, Helen. The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Salvado, Francisco Romero. The Great War and the Crisis of Liberalism in Spain 1916-1917. Cambridge Historical Journal. Vol. 46, No. 4.

Spain and Portugal were two nations that led the way in exploration and discovery, especially during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Each country had its successes and its failures, and each country had its famous explorers. The focus of this paper is on one particular Portuguese explorer, Prince Henry the Navigator, and the tools and techniques he introduced to his sailors, which revolutionized sailing and furthered exploration more so than anyone else had done up to that point. Although Henry himself never actually set sail on these adventures, "under his direction many important expeditions were undertaken along the west coast of Africa (Encarta)."
Henry was the son of Joao I, the king of Portugal at the time, and was driven to help his father find a faster way to the spice trade in the Far East. The Italians and the Arabs already had strong footholds there, and Henry wanted to ensure…...

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Bibliography

European Age of Exploration and Early Empires. 2003. .

Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2003. © 1997-2003 Microsoft Corporation. .

Pickering, Keith A. "Columbus and Dead Reckoning Navigation." 2000. .

The Mariner's Museum. Newport News. 1997. .

Literature Review:
1. Gil-Flores, Javier., Rodríguez-Santero, Javier., & Gordillo, J. (2017)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that contribute to the use of ICT in secondary-education classrooms, focusing on teacher characteristics and school infrastructure. The sample consisted of 624 secondary school teachers in Spain, and the sampling technique used was convenience sampling. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. The method of data analysis involved descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The major findings of the study revealed that teacher characteristics, such as age and experience, and school infrastructure, such as availability of devices and internet access, significantly influenced....

Father Eusebio Kino: A Pioneer in the American Southwest

Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, an Italian Jesuit missionary and explorer, played a pivotal role in shaping the cultural and architectural landscape of the American Southwest during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. His influence extended beyond religious matters, leaving a lasting impact on the region's demographics, economy, and built environment.

Cultural Impact

Introduction of Christianity: Kino's primary mission was to spread Catholicism among the indigenous peoples of the Southwest. He established numerous missions and churches, including Mission San Xavier del Bac (present-day Tucson, Arizona), which became a major center of religious and....

Topic 1: The Legacy of Francisco Franco in Modern Spain

Opposing Viewpoints:

Franco as a Liberator from Communism: This view emphasizes Franco's role in preventing Spain from falling into the hands of communism during the Cold War. Supporters argue that he maintained stability and economic growth, albeit through authoritarian means.
Franco as a Dictator and Repressor: This perspective condemns Franco's repressive regime, which suppressed political dissent, censored the media, and executed thousands of people. Critics argue that his legacy of fear and division still haunts Spain today.

Topic 2: The Role of the Spanish Monarchy

Opposing Viewpoints:

Monarchy as a Symbol of Unity....