tax system of one country with that of another is an exercise fraught with dificulties and ultimately doomed to failure . tax system will never be much more than a reflection of strongly national cultures and forces. discuss this statement in the light of your knowledge of comparative tax system in developing and/or developed countries i
Tax Systems

The following pages focus on analyzing the factors of influence on different countries' taxation systems. The paper begins with an introductory section that allows readers understand the point-of-view used in this paper. The following section refers to describing the taxes pand taxation systems used by most countries and their objectives, in order to understand the similarities and differences between these taxation systems. The paper continues with the analysis of several factors that influence countries' tax system design, like cultural factors, technological developments, and natural resources. In order to exemplify this, the taxation systems….

American Tax System vs. Other Countries
The federal government first imposed an individual income tax in 1862 as an emergency means of financing the Civil ar. It also established the Bureau of Internal Revenue, predecessor of the Internal Revenue Service. Tax rates were 3% on income from $600 to $10,000 and 5% on income above $10,000. Later in the war the maximum rate increased to 10% of income." (Encarta)

My how times have changed. This paper will compare the tax systems of four different countries to the American tax system. The four countries that have been chosen are South Africa, Mexico, Hong Kong, and New Zealand..

First lets attempt to briefly (if that were possible) explain the American tax system.

The American Tax System

America has a progressive tax system meaning the greatest tax burden is on people who have the most income. The American tax system can be described as long and complicated. The….

Itemized Deductions
The Federal Tax system that is managed by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) contains many complicated rules and regulations that presents many problems and issue for taxpayers wishing to abide by these laws. Itemized deductions is one method of self-reporting that taxpayers choose to use to file their returns. The purpose of this essay is to examine the use of itemized deductions on federal income tax returns. This investigation seeks to understand the history of this application while also evaluating the complex nature of the qualities that determine the appropriateness of this selection. This essay will also examine the effectiveness of itemized deductions as part of the larger component of income tax returns. The essay will conclude by highlighting certain examples where IRS audits were started because of misuse of the itemized deduction.

History of the Itemized Deduction

According to the Internal Revenue Service's web site its history has roots during….

Tax Advise
Table of Contents (optional)

Louise is aged 50 and single. Since 1994 she has carried on a retail business as a sole trader. Her trading profits as adjusted for tax purposes and after capital allowances, for the year ended 30th April 2009 were $150,000.

The business is carried out from a number of valuable retail outlets, all of which are owned by Louise personally. These units have been acquired over a number of years since 1994 and their market values have increased considerably in recent years.

Apart from her single personal allowance tax credit, Louise is entitled to income tax relief in respect of $10,000, which she pays annually to a evenue approved pension scheme.

Louise's personal living expenses and other financial commitments total $50,000 per annum (including the contribution of $10,000 to the evenue approved pension scheme referred to above).

Louise is considering transferring her business to a limited company and has asked….

Pennsylvania, on the other hand, does not create its budget using this framework; though there are certainly credits, deductions, etc., that are similar to the items listed as tax expenditures in the other states' budgets, this is not the perspective the State of Pennsylvania applies to its budget (Pennsylvania Office of the Budget, 2012). This is perhaps reflective of the increasing criticism the tax expenditure framework or model has received from primarily conservative policy makers and analysts, that see the practice as less straightforward in its appraisal of revenues and expenditures than could be accomplished (Burman, 2003).
eferences

Connecticut General Assembly. (2010). Connecticut Tax Expenditure eport. Accessed 7 April 2012. http://www.ctmirror.org/sites/default/files/documents/TaxExpenditureeportMarch2010.pdf

Minnesota Department of evenue. (2012). Tax Expenditure Budget. Accessed 7 April 2012. http://taxes.state.mn.us/legal_policy/Documents/2012_tax_expenditure_links.pdf

Oregon Department of evenue. (2012). A Summary of Oregon Taxes. Accessed 7 April 2012. http://www.oregon.gov/dor/STATS/docs/oregon-taxes-summary-150-800-401.pdf

Pennsylvania Office of the Budget. (2012). Governor's Executive Budget. Accessed 7 April 2012. http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/current_and_proposed_commonwealth_budgets/4566.

ill ignoring any pollution problem be beneficial to the community? Most businessmen would probably answer that question with a negative, but does that mean they feel compelled to do anything about the problem, even if their corporation was the one that caused it. Currently the answer would be no, but if they were going to be penalized for not doing so, and that penalty was coupled with an incentive for accomplishing the objective, then it would probably be a no-brainer, even based on the businessman's viewpoint.
Peter Coy states; "A few polluters that cannot easily reduce emissions will pay a substantial cost, but those with the technology to cut emissions cheaply will have a far greater incentive to do so than they would have under traditional regulation." The same technology used to accomplish a cleanup, can also be used for other reasons, which is an additional benefit to the corporations.

Another….

Alacare Home Health Services Inc., Petitioner vs. Commissioner of Internal evenue
The comparison of American Institute of CPAs' (AICPA) Statements on Tax Standards and the Treasury Department Circular 230 rules to practice.

Alacare Home Health Services, Inc., Petitioner vs. Commissioner of Internal evenue espondent

Facts:

In the addressed case, the petitioner was from Birmingham, Alabama, and was a Medicare-certified home health care agency which uses accrual method of accounting. As admitted by the respondent, the figure for office expenses in 1996 was overstated and should've been $247,413 and not $259,062 (Tax Attorney esources - Alacare Home Health Services, Inc. - Page 7 - U.S. Tax Court Opinions, 2001). In 1995, the computer expenses amount had also been overstated due to an error in valuing depreciation and so, instead of $104,806, $101,806 had been recorded. A petition was formed in 1982 and from 1995-1996, the petitioner treated the cost of capital items less than….

Taxes
Tax laws affect taxpayers because they create the taxpayer and govern all aspects of the taxpayer's obligation to the state. Without tax law, there would be no taxpayer; it is the tax laws that create the obligation to pay taxes, and the punishments for non-payment. Tax laws establish who pays taxes, at what rate they pay taxes, the punishments for late or non-payment, and the establish the tax collection body (IRS) and grant that body the authority to run the tax system. Taxation is one of the major ways in which the state can influence behavior in a democratic country. States have long reserved the right to taxation, and the exclusivity of this right has been a feature of government for centuries. Today, there are usually specific rules regarding what layer of government can levy taxes for what purpose. Taxes have different names, too, including excise taxes, income taxes, capital….

Tax Equity and Fairness
Taxes on property are also known as ad valorem tax imposed on the real value of the estate or other assets that an individual owns. The local government imposes these property taxes and charges are on a recurring basis (Mikesell, 2014). For example, a homeowner either pays their taxes on a yearly basis or gives a monthly fee as part of the mortgage payments. It is worth noting that these taxes are subject to fluctuation basing on the jurisdiction assessment of the property's worth by looking at factors like its market value, condition, location and the changes to the apportioned amount to the various tax recipients. For instance, when residents of a given community vote to have the millage rate increased for their school system, this affects the tax rate on homeowners. Therefore, the tax levied is increased on their properties, and the reverse applies; when the….

If the decision is made to remain affiliated with the taxpayer, the member should ensure that the error is neither repeated nor perpetuated.
Conclusion

The rules and regulations implemented for tax service providers and other officials working with taxpayer clients are established in order to ensure the stability and ethical values of the position. Taxpayers are very important, as they uphold the economics and financial health of their community and their country. In this regard, it is the obligation of the tax service official to respect both the system and the client by upholding a high level of ethics.

In turn, the taxpayer should assist the preparer in the mission to provide accurate information that is free of errors. In the case of errors, it is important to emphasize that the system does provide for human error. If either the tax preparer or the taxpayer can be shown not to be in….

Sugary sodas contain corn syrup, but the American Agricultural Department subsidizes American farmers for growing corn, and this is one of the reasons that high-fructose corn syrup is so ubiquitous in the food supply. e are taxing corn syrup and subsidizing it at the same time, in other words. "The bigger issue, which the industry neither can nor particularly cares to rebut, is that the product [corn syrup] exists at all. e pump absurd quantities of cash into subsidizing corn (we also have a huge tariff on Brazilian sugar cane, incidentally). Over the past 10 years alone, Congress has appropriated more than $50 billion to encourage farmers to grow the stuff. But people don't want to eat $50 billion in subsidized corn. And if the cobs just sat around developing mold, Congress would cut off the spigot. Enter high fructose corn syrup, which sucks up the subsidies and created….

In the meantime, you have a normal, functioning economy. Keynes's theory impelled a host of interventionist economic policies during the Great Depression and formed the essence of Roosevelt's New Deal which influenced Britain and other countries in dealing with their own related depressions. The Great Depression in all countries had compelled people to hoard their money causing the economy to stop at a standstill. Keynes's theory urged governments to step in and to encourage public spending, which the government did by both increasing the money supply and buy buying things itself. In this way, government spending is more effective than taxes since raise in taxes will only serve to dissuade people from buying. An attitude which leads to reduced consumerism, more businesses closing, less employment, firing of current workers, and reluctance to engage in discretionary spending.
2. Division of Government Functions

Our federal system divides responsibilities between the various levels of….

They must never become complacent and assume that they have considered all factors and can now relax, or they can slip into the "boiling frog" phenomenon: circumstances may turn so gradually negative that they do not notice the changes until they have large problems instead of small ones to solve (Beckford, 2002).
Conclusion

Just as the example of the soldiers at the bridge faced with a battle situation for which they had no previous experience, business leaders must expect the unexpected. If they create a culture of lifelong learning within their businesses, their staff and employees will always be open to looking at old facts in new ways, ready to find forward-thinking solutions. uch a company philosophy and structure can keep even the oldest company packed with fresh ideas and innovative solutions to the new problems they face.

Annotated Bibliography

Barker, Randolph T., and Camarata, Martin R. 1998. "The Role of Communication in….

Accessed 15 September 2009. http://www.nchc.org/facts/coverage.shtml
Newhouse, J. (1993). Free for all?: Lessons from the RAND health insurance experiment. New York: Harvard University Press.

Physicians for a National Health Program. Accessed 15 September 2009. http://www.pnhp.org/

Quadagno, J. (2005). One nation, uninsured. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sains, a. (2002). "European and U.S. health insurance converging." Europe 420, pp. 11.

Salmon, K. (2007). "Ailing U.S. health insurance system under the spotlight." PharmacoEconomics & Outcomes News 524, pp. 3-4.

Stevens, W. (2003). Health insurance: current issues and background. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Publishing.

homasson, M. (2000). he importance of group coverage: How tax policy shaped U.S. health insurance. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Economic Research.

revino, F. (1999). "Quality of healthcare for ethnic/racial minority populations." Ethnicity & health 4(3), pp. 153-64.

U.S. Census Bureau. (2006). "Income Climbs, Poverty Stabilizes, Uninsured Rate Increases." Accessed 15 September 2009. http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/income_wealth/007419.html.

ith the extra money that businesses make, they not only invest it, but they pay some of that in taxes as well. Those taxes go to government, which can spend more. Government spending also fuels increases in business income. As governments collect more taxes from business, they can reduce consumer taxes further.
The net effect of all of this is that lowering taxes on consumers can have an exponential effect on increasing the Gross National Product. Tax reductions not only have a direct effect, but they have indirect effects that filter throughout the nation's economy. In this way, cutting taxes boosts the economy.

orks Cited:

Cloutier, R. (2009). Do tax cuts stimulate the economy? Investopedia. Retrieved November 29, 2009 from http://www.investopedia.com/articles/07/tax_cuts.asp?viewed=1

orks Cited:.

Thesis Statement Suggestions:

1. Income inequality has detrimental effects on society, leading to social stratification, political polarization, and economic stagnation.
2. Addressing income inequality requires comprehensive policies that focus on increasing wages for low-income earners, providing accessible education and healthcare, and creating a fairer tax system.
3. Income inequality is a systemic issue that necessitates a multifaceted approach, including progressive taxation, wealth redistribution, and investments in education and healthcare.
4. While income inequality is often framed as inevitable, it is in fact the result of policy choices and can be effectively addressed through collective action.
5. Income inequality poses a significant threat to economic growth,....