dangers of teenage smoking. Specifically, it will look at how teenagers begin smoking, and what can be done to help them quit.
THE DANGES OF TEENAGE SMOKING

The health hazards of smoking are well-known and documented. In 1992, over 400,000 people died from complications from smoking each year, including lung and throat cancer, stroke, and heart disease. The number today is even higher. Additionally, some studies have also shown that starting to smoke as a teenager has the potential to permanently damage lung tissue.

A study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute has shown that smoking in the teenage years causes dramatic and lifelong DNA damage in the lungs. In fact, the young smokers could be at a permanently higher risk of developing lung cancer, even if they later quit (Editors).

Teenagers begin smoking for a variety of reasons, including peer pressure and a concerted effort by advertisers to acquire…...

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References

Boseley, Sarah. "Film Icons Blamed for Teenage Smoking." The Guardian. 27 Feb. 2001. 20 Oct. 2002.  http://society.guardian.co.uk/Print/0,3858,4142939,00.html 

Breznicky, Steven, Anthony DiPietro, Lisa Fischer, Jessica Givner, Jennifer Lage and Carol Sarmiento. "Smoking Handbook: Teenage Smoking." Eastchester Middle School. 2002. 20 Oct. 2002. http://www.westnet.com/~rickd/smoke/smoke6.html

Brook, Judith S. "Cigarette Smoking in Young Adults: Childhood and Adolescent Personality, Familial, and Peer Antecedents." Journal of Genetic Psychology 158.2 (1997): 172-188.

Douglas, Stratford. "The Duration of the Smoking Habit." Economic Inquiry XXXVI.1 (1998): 49-64.

e. managerial, social, political, economic benefits are linked to the study's results) the proposed helpful outcomes are realistic (i.e. dealing with questions that can actually be answered through the type of data gathering and analysis you're proposing. The suggested helpful outcomes do not go beyond the data that's to be collected).
The increase in teen smoking may be abating, or may be taking a pause before it continues the climb seen in the past 10 years, from 1996 to 2005. In either case, reducing smoking at an early age has a lifelong effect on individuals' health, and can lead to better quality of life for millions of people who might otherwise take up smoking. A secondary benefit is that lessons learned may help to reduce the current 3.1 million teen smokers, many of whom try smoking and quit -- it would be useful to know why they started in the first…...

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Bibliography

Bobo, J.H. (2000). Sociocultural Influences on Smoking and Drinking. Alcohol Research & Health, 225-234.

Cooper, T.K. (2003). A prospective evaluation of the relationships between smoking dosage and body mass index in an adolescent, biracial cohort. Addictive Behaviors, 501-512.

Falba, T. (2005). Health events and the smoking cessation of middle aged Americans. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, n.p.

Gies, C.B. (2007). Effect of an Inpatient Nurse-Directed Smoking Cessation Program. Western Journal of Nursing Research, n.p.

In here, the teens are seeking for adventure and experiment with different ideas. During this time, the adolescent battles over his own set of values vs. The set established by parents and other adult figures. They also begin to take on more control of educational and vocational pursuits and advantages. It is during this time that adolescents' self-dependence and a sense of responsibility become apparent, along with their quest to contribute to society and find their place in it.
With the way they respond to peer pressure, social demands and other factors that lead to irresponsible actions, teens should know their consequences. Excessive drinking, smoking and drugs can cause damage to vital organs including liver, lungs, heart and pancreas. It can also cause death, not only of the person who consumed such but of a third party as well. Drinking while driving may cause an accident or worse, even death…...

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Bibliography

Robert Sherman. (2003). Teenage Behavior Problems - Parental Interventions

Retrieved April 22, 2007. At http://www.character-education.us/interventions.htm

Teenage Risk-taking: Biological and Inevitable? (2007). Retrieved April 22, 2007 from  http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/04/070412115231.htm 

Adolescence. (2007). Retrieved April 22, 2007 from  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence

Teen Girls and Media
Because of its pervasiveness, mass media such as magazines and television programs are increasingly in a position to influence the behavior and attitudes of teenage girls. In fact, television programs such as ER and sports-oriented teen magazines have been lauded for providing girls with positive role models.

Unfortunately, these programs and magazines remain the exception rather than the rule. Rather than promote healthy lifestyles or give positive role models, much of the media targeted to teens are both physically and psychologically harmful. This paper examines two of these main effects - the promotion of unhealthy habits and lifestyles and the growing tendency of these media to sexualize teens and turn them into consumers.

Unhealthy habits

For noted feminist Germaine Greer, the popularity of television shows such as Baywatch represent a growing pandemic, where all women are expected to conform to an unrealistic body shape. Greer terms this pandemic as "body…...

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Works Cited

Brumberg, Joan Jacobs and Jacquelyn Jackson. "The Burka and the Bikini." Boston Globe, November 23, 2001: A31.

Downey, Maureen. "Media give narrow view of women, study finds." The Atlanta Constitution, April 30, 1997: D11+.

Gardner, Marilyn. "Children and body images." Christian Science Monitor. December 16, 1998: 17+.

Gerhart, Ann. "Nipped in the Bud." The Washington Post, June 23, 1999: C01.

Over the last five years research has indicated that the brain of an adolescent is not as developed as researchers once thought. In fact, advances in technology have made it possible to further examine the development of the human brain. esearchers have found that part of the frontal lobe, referred to as the pre-frontal cortex that is believed to be the management center for the body, is not fully developed in adolescents (Sowell et al., 2001; Cobb, 1998). The article explains that the lack of development in this part of the brain explains some of the behaviors that are displayed by teenagers because it is responsible for advanced cognition ("Adolescence, Brain Development..,"2004). Advanced cognition permits human beings to prioritize thoughts, visualize, think in the abstract, predict consequences, plan, and manage impulses ("Adolescence, Brain Development..,"2004). With these things being understood the underdevelopment of this part of the brain could explain…...

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References

Achenbach T.M. (1978). "Psychopathology of childhood: Research problems and issues." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46,759-776.

Adams, Gerald R., Raymond Montemayor, and Thomas

Gullota, eds. Psychosocial Development during Adolescence. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications (1996).

Adolescence, Brain Development and Legal Culpability. (2004) Juvenile Justice Center

Teenage Drinking
How can the trend toward increased alcohol consumption in teenagers be reduced? The answer to this critical societal question is being addressed by a number of researchers. It is believed that advertising offers a potential explanation for the rise.

In 1999, the .S. Federal Trade Commission called for the alcohol industry to modify its practices in order to limit underage exposure to alcohol advertising (Federal Trade Commission [FTC], 1999). According to a report by the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY, 2002), however, the industry may not have responded. According to guidelines announced in September 2003 by the Beer Institute and the Distilled Spirits Council of the nited States, underage youth should not constitute more than 30% of the audience for alcohol advertisements. The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth (CAMY) at Georgetown niversity recently found that more than 25% of the radio commercials that aired for alcohol in…...

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U.S. Federal Trade Commission (1999). FTC Reports on Industry Efforts to Avoid Promoting Alcohol to Underage Consumers (FTC Press Release). Available:   / 1999/9909/alcoholrep.htm. Retrieved: November 20, 2002http://www.ftc.gov/opa 

US Newswire (2003) " African-American Youth Overexposed to Alcohol Advertising, According to Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth." 1066.

US Newswire ( 2003) "Hispanic Youth Exposed to More Alcohol Advertising Than Non-Hispanic Youth, Report Finds." 1008.

Stages of Change Model: 43-year-old Smoker
The first stage of the Transtheoretical Stages of Change model is that of pre-contemplation, in which the client is still not fully committed to the need to taking action to make a necessary change. In the case of a 43-year-old smoker who began smoking in childhood, the smoker may be reluctant to commit to change because of a history of failed attempts. At this stage, the counselor would need to give the smoker options to convince the client that the next time will be different—for example, the use of medications, patches, or supportive group or individual counseling, versus going cold turkey. Asking questions such as, “What needs does smoking serve in your life,” may be useful, to identify the social and physical needs smoking has fulfilled. A typical, Caucasian resident of the United States who has resided in the US for the entirety of his…...

Help her to realize that having a child may interfere with her future career, but that many mothers have successful home and job lives. There are an infinite number of options, and a determined teenager can find a way to success. Do not skirt around the issues of danger, however, as teenagers are more likely to miscarry or have other complications with their pregnancy such as premature labor and low birth weight of the child. Teenage mothers are more likely to need bedrest during the late stages of pregnancy, and a cesarian section during birthing, and the child is at greater risk for any number of complications.
Of course, while supporting a pregnant teen is vital, the key to solving the problems faced by teenagers dealing with pregnancy is to stop it before it happens.

Provide accurate and unashamed information about sex and pregnancy to children and teenagers, and encourage other…...

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Bibliography

Adolescent Anger and Aggression." Psychiatric Institute of Washington. 2001.  http://www.psychinstitute.com/mental_illness/adol_anger.html 

Combat Teenage Sexual Abuse." NSPCC. 2001.  http://www.nspcc.org.uk/html/home/informationresources/combatteenagesexualabuse.htm 

Getting a Sexually Transmitted Disease." Frequently Asked Questions. American Social Health Association. http://www.iwannaknow.org/faqs/getting.html

Lamprecht, Catherine. "Talking to your Child about STDs." KidsHealth. Nemours Foundation. 2001.  http://kidshealth.org/PageManager.jsp?dn=KidsHealth&lic=1&ps=107&cat_id=171&article_set=23006

Smoking becomes a symbol of anti-cultural rebellion and even more so it takes on the symbol of something holy unrealistic and undesirable. The basic affect is to create a sense of empowerment as a result of smoking they feel that they are now better than they were before, in both a sense of adulthood as well as "counter-culture" mentality. Teenagers all desire to rebel against the normalcy of society, this is a natural response to the restrictions that society institutes upon teenagers. The decision to "go against the grain" is one that teenagers make in subtle and forthright ways, whether it takes the form of not doing homework or arguing with parents. Smoking has become such a controversial subject, through it's almost bombardment of health information and anti-smoking campaigns, that it epitomizes the one thing that youth can do to fight against the establishment. This becomes a crucial reason…...

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Works Cited

Canada Tries Tough Smoking Labels,  http://www.discount-cigars-store.com/news/canada_tries_tough_smoking_labels.htm 

Dichter, Earnest, Why Do We Smoke Cigarettes?, the Psychology of Everyday Living,1947

Facts & Figures: Cigarette Smoking in Canada, Individual and Population Health, Canadian University,2000.

Kaiserman, Murray J, the Cost of Smoking in Canada, 1991, Chronics Diseases in Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada, Volume 18, No.1 -1997

Toward an Effective olution

In principle, the most effective solution to the tremendous problem of cigarette smoking in the U.. would simply be to impose legislation banning the manufacture, sale, or consumption of cigarettes altogether. In fact, it is impossible to justify any logical distinction between the current illegal status of marijuana (at the federal level and in almost all of the individual states) and the fact that a slightly different cultivated vegetation that is empirically linked to almost half a million preventable premature deaths annually is still perfectly legal to market at great financial profits. However, from a practical perspective, the U.. already had experience during the Prohibition era of the 1920s with the difficulties of trying to ban alcohol. In addition to widespread violation by otherwise law-abiding citizens, that ban created such a tremendous opportunity for profit associated with the black market production and distribution of alcohol that the…...

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Sources Cited

Anderson, S., Ling, P., and Pollay, R. "Taking Ad-vantage of Consumers: Advertising

Light Cigarettes: Reassuring and Distracting Concerned Smokers"

Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 63, No. 8 (2006): 1973-1985.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). Smoking and Tobacco Use: Health

West (1997) stated that clinicians, researchers, policy makers and others who work in the area of addiction, with addicts or who have to deal with the consequences of addiction, cannot easily ignore the strong ethical dimension to the problem. Ethics is concerned with determining the nature of normative theories and applying these sets of principles to practical moral problems. It is concerned with how we should live, as individuals and societies, what is right and wrong, what is good and bad and what is just and unjust. The bases on which such judgments can be made have been subject to systematic enquiry since before the time of Plato. Utilitarianism is perhaps the strongest thread running through the analysis of ethical and policy decisions in the field of addiction.
(Weissman, 1997) reported the following findings regarding tobacco companies and their advertising, He reported that the tobacco companies are expected to meet their…...

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References

Pollack, H., Lantz, P.M., & Frohna, J.G. (2000, March). Maternal Smoking and adverse birth outcomes among singletons and twins. American Journal of Public Health, 90(3), 395-400.

Schwartz-Bickenbach, D., Schulte-Hobein, B., Abt, S., Plum, C., & Nau, H. (1987, January). Smoking and passive smoking during pregnancy and early infancy: effects on birth weight, lactation period, and continue concentrations in mother's milk and infant's urine.. Toxicology Letter, 35(1), 73-81.

Weissman, R. (1997, July/August). The Great Tobacco Bailout. Multinational Monitor, 18(7/8), 9-18.

West, R. (1997, September). Addiction, Ethics and Public Policy. Addiction, 92(9), 1061-1071.

Sample Questionnaire:

The Topic Company: DN.

Interviewed:

Questionnaire:

1) Does the organization treat management and leadership as one in the same? YES or NO

2) Does the organization rely heavily on employee training and development? YES or NO

3) Does the program use employee feedback at the lowest levels in its overall decision making process? YES or NO

4) Do you believe all stakeholders are aware of the organizations goals and objectives and are willing to work towards the achievement of those goals? YES or NO

5) in your opinion is the organization structured in a way that inhibits innovation? YES or NO

6) Are there any other aspects that you believe should be improved within the organization? If so, how?

eferences:

1) Bulmer, M. And Warwick, D. (1993). Social research in developing countries: surveys and censuses in the Third World. London: outledge.

2) Ebbutt, D. (1998). Evaluation of projects in the developing world: some cultural and methodological issues. International Journal of…...

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References:

1) Bulmer, M. And Warwick, D. (1993). Social research in developing countries: surveys and censuses in the Third World. London: Routledge.

2) Ebbutt, D. (1998). Evaluation of projects in the developing world: some cultural and methodological issues. International Journal of Educational Development, 18, pp. 415-424.

3) Potter, C. (2006). Program Evaluation. In M. Terre Blanche, K. Durrheim & D. Painter (Eds.), Research in practice: Applied methods for the social sciences (2nd ed.) (pp. 410-428). Cape Town: UCT Press.

4) Potter, C. (2006). "Psychology and the art of program evaluation." South African journal of psychology 36 (1):

unning Head: QUITSAT MOBILE APPLICATIONS: AN INTEDISCIPLINAY EVIDENCE MATIX9QUITSAT MOBILE APPLICATIONSThis paper seeks to identify and explore available literature of relevance to a project that concerns itself with the development and deployment of a smoking cessation mobile app. In so doing, it highlights the search strategy that will condense what is presently known about the issue of teenage smoking and the various solutions that have been explored in the past in an attempt to reign in the concern. It also presents a matrix table comprising of a total of 5 articles that will inform the proposals background section.Description of Search CriteriaKey WordsTeenage smoking happens to be rather widespread. Further, the negative impact of smoking addiction among the youth is significant. It is important to note that to develop the most viable solutions to this particular problem, it would be prudent to assess the extent of the problem across the nation…...

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ReferencesAzagba, S., Manzione, L., Shan, L. & King, J. (2020). Trends in Smoking Behaviors Among US Adolescent Cigarette Smokers. Pediatrics, 145(3), 111-116. Barnett, A., Ding, H., Hay, K.E., Yang, I.A., Bowman, R.V., Fong, K.M. & Marshal, H.M. (2020). The effectiveness of smartphone applications to aid smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. Cinical eHealth, 3, 69-81. Harvey, J. & Chadi, N. (2016). Strategies to promote smoking cessation among adolescents. Paediatr Child Health, 21(4), 201-204. Hu, T., Gall, S.L., Windome, R., Bazzano, L.A., Burns, T.L., Daniels, S.R… Jacobs, D.R. (2020). Childhood/Adolescent Smoking and Adult Smoking and Cessation: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium. JAHA, 9(7), 45-49. Luscher, J., Berli, C., Schwaninger, P. & Scholz, U. (2019). Smoking cessation with smartphone applications (SWAPP): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 19(1400), 77-83. Matrix Table Source Citation Purpose/Problem Design/Sample Instruments/Measures[Include Reliability/Validity] Results[Include actual data] Strengths/Weaknesses Azagba, S., Manzione, L., Shan, L. & King, J. (2020). Trends in Smoking Behaviors Among US Adolescent Cigarette Smokers. Pediatrics, 145(3), 111-116. In the present paper, the authors sought to chart the smoking behaviors among teen smokers in the United States. In so doing, the authors hoped that findings would in this case help in the formulation of the most appropriate interventions to discourage cigarette smoking in this age group. The National Youth Tobacco Survey Data was utilized in the analysis of cigarette smoking frequency trends. The indicators (tobacco-related) provided by the National Youth Tobacco Survey were in relation to high school and middle school students – specifically grades 9 - 12 and grades 6 – 8 respectively. In essence, the National Youth Tobacco Survey utilized a stratified cluster sample design (3-stage). It is also important to note that for each student, it utilized a weighting factor resulting in data that could be deemed nationally representative. The authors made the finding to the effect that between the year 2011 and 2018, teenage smokers not only smoked fewer cigarettes per day, but also smoked fewer days. More specifically, the authors found that within the time period under consideration, “there was a decrease in smoking ?10 days (50.0% to 38.3%), ?20 days (37.2% to 26.3%), and 30 days (26.6% to 18.2%) among current smokers.” Strength: The utilization of stratified analyses could have come in handy in seeking to ensure that all population subgroups had the right representation in the sample. Weakness: Small sample sizes Barnett, A., Ding, H., Hay, K.E., Yang, I.A., Bowman, R.V., Fong, K.M. & Marshal, H.M. (2020). The effectiveness of smartphone applications to aid smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. Cinical eHealth, 3, 69-81. The present study sought to establish just how effective dedicated smartphone apps are (with or without the incorporation of other interventions) amongst those who would want to quit smoking. The authors of the study embraced a meta-analysis approach. The sample size range in this case was 11 – 1,599. A mixed-effects approach was used in the conduction of the meta-analysis.The said approach helped in the computation of pooled risk ratios. According to the authors, the confidence intervals in this case were 95%. The study made a finding to the effect that there is limited evidence that smartphone apps come in handy in the promotion of adult smoker quit rates. More specifically, in the words of the authors, the study clearly indicates “that at present, there is no such evidence with a small 15% (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.57) non-significant increase in abstinence rates at 2–6?months. Strength: Comprehensive review of current literature.Weakness: Short intervention period as well as follow-up time. Harvey, J. & Chadi, N. (2016). Strategies to promote smoking cessation among adolescents. Paediatr Child Health, 21(4), 201-204. The present study sought to review the various smoking interventions that have been implemented in the past in an attempt to encourage teen smokers to quit cigarette smoking. Some of the interventions that have been explored in the present study include, but they are not limited to; nicotine replacement therapy, psychological support, and individual counseling. This was a descriptive study. Towards this end, there were no human subjects. A systematic review of present/available literature was undertaken. The authors did not make use of any instruments in the present descriptive study. According to the authors, there are still many gaps in literature concerning the most effective methods to aid in smoking cessation among teenage smokers. As they further point out, there is need for various healthcare providers to rely on available literature in their attempts to help the youth quit cigarette smoking. Strength: Assessment of numerous interventions that have been deployed in the past. Weakness: Some of the sources that the authors rely upon appear to be quite dated, i.e. published over three decades ago. Hu, T., Gall, S.L., Windome, R., Bazzano, L.A., Burns, T.L., Daniels, S.R… Jacobs, D.R. (2020). Childhood/Adolescent Smoking and Adult Smoking and Cessation: The International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium. JAHA, 9(7), 45-49. The current study sought to make use of the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium to make a determination as to whether there was any significant relationship between adult daily smoking and teen smoking. The authors adopted a longitudinal research design – specifically cohort study design. The relevant data was sourced from a total of 6687 International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium participants. SAS software was used in the conduct of all analyses. The authors regarded P

05 confidence level with respect to socio-economic class.
No statistically significant relationship or correlation will exist between high school female smokers and college female smokers at the.05 confidence level with respect to parents who currently smoke.

No statistically significant relationship or correlation will exist between high school female smokers and college female smokers at the.05 confidence level with respect to grade point average.

No statistically significant relationship or correlation will exist between high school female smokers and college female smokers at the.05 confidence level with respect to involved sports activity.

No statistically significant relationship or correlation will exist between high school female smokers and college female smokers at the.05 confidence level with respect to birth order.

No statistically significant relationship or correlation will exist between high school female smokers and college female smokers at the.05 confidence level with respect to college major.

No statistically significant relationship or correlation will exist between high school female smokers and…...

arketing
Tobacco arketing: Get Them Young or Not at All

The tobacco industry has been in a battle to capture the youth market for decades mainly because of the degree of brand loyalty that is characteristic of cigarette smokers. Cigarette companies have a lot at stake in making sure that their brand is one of the first tried by the young smoker. In its bid to obtain young smokers, R.J. Reynolds created the Joe Camel campaign with a cool character that youths found highly appealing and the company created fierce advertising, promotional, and sales campaigns to take their message to market. The Joe Camel campaign proved to be one of the most successful bids to capture young smokers in tobacco history. Ultimately, its tremendous success was in part the reason for the campaign's eventual downfall, as public outcry demanded that cigarette companies stop marketing to adolescents and as courts gained legal leverage…...

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Magazine Ads. (26).http://www.costkids.org/targetingkids/magazineads.htm

Boyles, Salynn. "Joe Camel May Be Gone, But Legacy Lives On." WebMD Medical News, Aug 15, 2001.   Nov. 2002).http://my.webmd.com/content/article/1728.86774 (26

Tobacco Marketing To Young People, Young People: A Key Expansion Market. (26).http://www.infact.org/youth.html