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ReferencesAlper, M., & Durose, M.R. (2018, May 17). 2018 Update on Prisoner Recidivism: A 9-Year Follow-up Period (2005-2014). U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics. G., Cerritelli, F., & Urrutia, G. (2016). Using the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) as a Tool for Improving the Design and Reporting of Manual Therapy Interventions. Manual Therapy, 24(1), 85-89. Barett, D. E., & Katsiyannis, A. (2015). Juvenile offending and crime in early adulthood: A large sample analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(4): 1086-97. Bhuller, M., Dahl, G., Loken, K., & Mogstad, M. (2016). Incarceration, BGC Durham (2020). Youth Justice Department. Boys and Girls Club of Durham. Retrieved from https://www.bgcdurham.com/programs--2/youth-justice-departmentRecidivism and Employment, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working paper 22648. Boaz, A., Hanney, S., Borst, R., O’Shea, A. & Kok, M. (2018). How to engage stakeholders in research: Design principles to support improvement. Health Research Policy and Systems, 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0337-6 Brown, E., & Smith, A. (2018). Challenging mass incarceration in the City of Care: Punishment, community, and residential placement. Theoretical Criminology, 22(1), 4-21.California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (2015). Recidivism Report for Youth Released from the Division of Juvenile Justice in Fiscal Year 2014-15. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Fiscal Year 2014-15. Chetty, R., & Nathaniel, H. (2017). The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility II: Country-Level Estimates”. NBER Working Paper No. 23003, Reviewed Version. Davis, L. M., Bozick, R., Steele, J. L., Saunders, J., & Miles, J. (2013). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education: A Meta-Analysis of Programs that Provide Education to Incarcerated Adults. RAND corporation.Elrod, P., & Ryder, R. S. (2020). Juvenile justice: A social, historical, and legal perspective. Jones & Bartlett PublishersGifford, R. (2016). Research Methods for Environmental Psychology. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. Gilman, A. B., Hill, K. G., & Hawkins, J. D. (2015). When is a youth’s debt to society paid? Examining the long-term consequences of juvenile incarceration for adult functioning. Journal of developmental and life-course criminology, 1(1), 33-47.Grunwald, H. E., Lockwood, B., Mennis, J., & Harris, P. W. (2010). Influences of Neighborhood Context, Individual History, and Parenting Behavior on Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(1): 1067-79. Hunter-Reel, D. (2013). Interpersonal Factors and Addictive Disorders. Principles of Addiction, 1(1), 293-301. IDOC (2018). Juvenile Recidivism 2018. Indiana Department of Corrections (IDOC). Retrieved from https://www.in.gov/idoc/files/2018JuvRecidivismRpt.pdf Mallett, C. A. (2013). Factors Related to Recidivism for Youthful Offenders. Criminal Justice Studies, 26(1): 84-98. Mukku, V. K., Benson, T. G., Alam, F., Richie, W. D., & Bailey, R. K. (2012). Overview of substance use disorders and incarceration of African American males. Frontiers in psychiatry, 3, 98.Mulder,E., Brand, E., Bullens,R., & Marle, H.V. (2010). A Classification of Risk Factors in Serious Juvenile Offenders and the relation between Patterns of Risk Factors and Recidivism. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health, 20(1): 23-38. Nally, J. M., Lockwood, S., Ho, T., & Knutson, K. (2014). Post-Release Recidivism and Employment among Different types of Released Offenders: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study in the United States. Official Journal of the south Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology, 9(1), 16-34. New Jersey Department of Corrections. (2016). Release Outcome 2011: A Three-Year Follow-Up. New Jersey Department of Corrections. https://www.state.nj.us/corrections/pdf/offender_statistics/2016/Release_Outcome_Report_2011.pdf Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2017). Law Enforcement and Juvenile Crime. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/qa05103.asp?qaDate=2017 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2017). Literature Review: A Product of the Model Programs Guide. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. https://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/litreviews/Aftercare.pdf Pereira, M. B., & Maia, A. (2017). Persistence in Crime in Young Adults with a History of Juvenile Delinquency: The Role of Mental Health and PsychosocialSalkind, N. J. (2010). Encyclopedia of Research Design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Appendices Appendix A: Church Leaders’ Interview guideThe interview is scheduled to take 30 minutes and is to be focused on obtaining answers to the following questions in line with your role as a local church leader. Please be free to be as truthful as possible as the information provided will only be used only for purposes of this study and cannot be traced back to you.1. What age groups of youth mostly attend church service?2. What would you say is the extent of youth’s resilience or acceptance of spirituality form those that you interact with?3. In your view, is there any relationship between spirituality and criminality or recidivism?4. What programs or supports does the church offer youth to minimize their risk of delinquency?5. Are there any existing programs focused on rehabilitating and assisting previously-incarcerated youth to prevent them from recidivating? 6. What religious interventions (existing or potential) do you think the church could offer to reduce criminal tendencies among the youth in Durham? Thanks for your time and willingness to participate Appendix B: Social Workers’ Interview guideThe interview is scheduled to take 30 minutes and is focused on obtaining answers to the following questions in line with your role as a social worker in a local support organization (Insert Name). Please be free to be as truthful as possible as the information provided will only be used only for purposes of this study and cannot be traced back to you. 1. From your experience and interactions with juvenile delinquents, what factors do you believe have the greatest influence on criminality and recidivism among juveniles in Durham?2. Is there any specific age bracket at which most of the juveniles you deal with become delinquent? 3. Does your organization engage in any programs or supports geared at rehabilitating delinquent youth and fostering positive behavioral change? 4. Do you believe that you are doing enough to support juvenile delinquents in your area, and what changes (if any) would you propose to improve the current programs? Thanks for your time and willingness to participate Appendix C: Juvenile Detention Center Staff Interview guideThe interview is scheduled to take 30-40 minutes and is focused on obtaining answers to the following questions in line with your role at the Durham County Youth Home. Please be free to be as truthful as possible as the information provided will only be used only for purposes of this study and cannot be traced back to you. 1. What, in your view, are the risk factors for criminality and recidivism among juveniles from the experiences that you have had? 2. What are the crimes that are most commonly committed by juveniles?3. In your estimation, what proportion of juveniles reoffend within 1 year of release from the facility and to what factors do you attribute this reoffending? 4. Are there specific classes of juveniles that are more likely to reoffend?5. What services or placements are offered to juvenile delinquents during their stay at the facility and upon release to rehabilitate them and minimize the risk of reoffending?6. I your view, are the existing programs (if any) effective, and what changes (if any) would you propose? Thanks for your time and willingness to participate Appendix D – Intervention Manual using TIDieR templateBrief Name: 6-month Residential aftercare programs for juvenile delinquents Why: To foster positive behavioral change and minimize the risk of recidivism among juvenile delinquents Materials: magazines and publications on the negative effects of involvement in crime, publications on signs of mental health, videos on criminality and its negative impact on the individual and community, and testimonials from community champions and celebrities who changed from a life of crime. All these materials are to be made physically available to participants. Procedures (Strategies): Talks and seminars by role models and champions of behavioral change such as ex-offenders who turned from criminality and are now leading positive lives Spiritual talks and teachings to foster Godly behavior Involving participants as peer educators in school forums and community events to sensitize youth on the negative effects of engaging in crime Counseling services to help participants address mental health issues that could be risk factors for recidivism Workshops and talks geared at instilling basic life and job-related skills Apprenticeship opportunities for youth who show immense behavioral change Who Provides Intervention: juvenile detention center staff and chaplains, youth leaders, celebrities who changed from lives of crime, social workers, religious leaders, professional counselors How: teachings are to be provided to participants in a group setting through face-to-face delivery Where: at selected residential facilities to be constructed by private organizations and non-governmental organizations through donor support within major towns in Durham. To begin with, the program will be carried out at an old church hall at the World Overcomers Church, which has the capacity to house 20 participantsWhen and at How Much: intervention is to begin immediately a juvenile delinquent is released from incarceration or a juvenile detention facility. The aftercare program will serve as the channel for juvenile delinquents’ transition from the criminal justice system into the community and participants will be resident for a period of 6 months. The program is to be run by non-governmental organization through donor funding, and will thus be offered to participants free of charge Tailoring: talks and workshops will be provided based on the needs of participants at the time Modifications: program coordinators will be allowed to make relevant changes to the program curriculum if need be How well Planned: the intervention is executed based on primary input from key stakeholders who interact with juvenile delinquents in Durham and can thus be assumed to be both relevant and objective How well implemented: the impact of the intervention program and how well it was implemented is to be assessed at the end of every year. Success will be measured by the number of participants who obtain employment upon completion of the program and the number of participants who recidivate as a proportion of the total number of participants in a given year. The program coordinators expect that at least 75 percent of participants who go through the aftercare program will attain complete positive behavioral change https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=6266 Alvarez,
