Urban Education
In the recent past, research on the attitudes toward school of African-American students has suggested that the subculture within which many lived explained negative attitudes toward school success (Tyson, 2002). In this view, African-American students who excelled in school were teased by friends. This peer influence would prod students to either slough off school or attempt to hide the fact that they were good students. They would avoid bringing books home because completing homework was not a peer-supported value (Tyson, 2002).

However, Tyson (2002) has come to a different conclusion based on her research. She found that early school success or failure better accounted for the attitudes individual students hold toward school and school success. She found that African-American students who struggle in school during the elementary years would avoid academic work simply to avoid more failure. Her research suggested that the evolution of negative views of school was a…...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nolen, Jennifer L. 2003. "Multiple intelligences in the classroom." Education, Sept. 22.

Trepanier-Street, Mary. 2004. "Teachers mentors of children." Childhood Education, Dec. 22.

Tyson, Karolyn. 2002. "Weighing in: Elementary-age students and the debate on attitudes toward school among black students." Social Forces, June.

Issues Facing K-12 Leadership in Urban School Settings

What are the issues facing urban education in the K-12 environment and beyond? And to what extent is crime a hot topic among urban educators?

Some have attributed the complicated issues facing urban education including crime and poverty to school boards and administrations, but the larger issue seems to be funding and support from diverse institutions (Wilson, 1994). The need for high quality and universal educational standards is a must within the United States, where public schools vary tremendously in their ability to serve varying populations (Wilson, 1994).

At this time there is a great deal of support for education as a whole, but not enough emphasis on curing the ills that exist within the urban education sector of education.

There are many issues facing urban education, including poverty. Within the United States for example, the problem of child poverty exists, which impacts a students chances…...

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Reference:

Goldenberg, I.I.; Hamburger, M.; Kunz, D; Stevenson, J.M. (2003). "Urban education:

Connections between research, propaganda and prevailing views of education." Education, Vol. 123, Issue 3, p. 628.

Wilson, J.C. (1994). "Urban Education: A Board Members Perspective." Phi Delta

Kappan, Vol. 75, Issue 5, p. 382

Indeed, the structure of this particularly program will allow me to explore and refine some of my own ideas concerning educational equality through both theoretical and research-based modes of investigation. This is an exciting prospect as I have yet to truly test in a scholarly or empirical way many of the assumptions and concerns which have inclined me to take this path. Even as I seek admission into the program, I am inclined to consider the spectrum of possible avenues through which to validate, disprove or expand my existing knowledge of the subject.

This would, of course, be supplemented by the urban development, community and organization discussions which are a key component of the program. I consider these aspects essential to developing the tools necessary to actually apply to a resolution of the concerns cited at the outset of this essay. Particularly, much of my own experience and personal research suggests…...

Education
An Analysis of the book "Life in Schools" by Peter McLaren

Peter McLaren is a well-known proponent for enforcing social reform and teaching and discussing about new issues in education and critical theory, which is the critical pedagogy and multicultural education. His extensive works regarding the study of critical pedagogy has already made him popular and well received by students, scholars, and readers who are in line of thinking with Paulo Freire, one of the most famous educational thinkers who revolutionized the way scholars treat the problem of education in the contemporary American society. The book "Life in Schools: An Introduction to Critical Pedagogy in the Foundation of Education," (4th edition), published by Allyn & Bacon, is a reflection of McLaren's belief about the radical change the educational system needed, and the social reform the educational system needs in order relieve the poor, 'oppressed' people from suffering the commercialization and disintegration…...

Curriculum and Policy
DaSilva Iddings, Combs, and Moll (2012) discuss policies surrounding English language learners in the United States (ELL). The article begins by considering the nature and prevalence of this population, postulating that students from this category have come to outnumber native English speakers in American schools. This emphasizes the importance of effective English language instruction for such learners, since it would empower them to access better opportunities in the future and to become contributing members of society. According to the authors, however, educational policy in certain states hinders the ability of these students to access adequate language learning in English.

In Arizona, for example, the policy is based upon Proposition 203, which was approved for Arizona in November 2000. This initiative essentially replaces bilingual education in the state with what was known as "Structured English Immersion (SEI), by which students are to learn English only by means of using and…...

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References

DaSilva Iddings, A.C., Combs, M.C., and Moll, L. (2012). In the Arid Zone: Drying Out Educational Resource for English Language Learners Through Policy and Practice. Urban Education, 47:495

The three necessities of life, food, shelter, and clothing, will always remain fundamental for all world citizens. Food sources will shift scope from the factory farm model in place today to smaller-scale organic farms. Smaller in scale but larger in number, farms will also rely less on long-distance transportation for delivery of goods, which will reduce stress on the environment. Housing will also evolve into a more ecologically-conscious industry with emphases on sustainable building materials and efficient heating, cooling, and lighting systems. Finally, all industries including clothing will be regulated not necessarily by corrupt governments but by local watchdog organizations to ensure living wages, healthy working conditions, and quality goods and services.
eferences

Community Development." etrieved Feb 19, 2007 at http://www.mapl.com.au/ComDev.htm

Community Development." (2006). Federal eserve Board. etrieved Feb 19, 2007 at http://www.federalreserve.gov/community.htm

King, Martin Luther (1963). "Letter from Birmingham Jail." etrieved Feb 19, 2007 at http://almaz.com/nobel/peace/MLK-jail.html

Office of Community Planning and Development (CPD).…...

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References

Community Development." Retrieved Feb 19, 2007 at  http://www.mapl.com.au/ComDev.htm 

Community Development." (2006). Federal Reserve Board. Retrieved Feb 19, 2007 at  http://www.federalreserve.gov/community.htm 

King, Martin Luther (1963). "Letter from Birmingham Jail." Retrieved Feb 19, 2007 at http://almaz.com/nobel/peace/MLK-jail.html

Office of Community Planning and Development (CPD). U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Retrieved Feb 19, 2007 at  http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/

Urban Infrastructure and Services Changed in the Colonial Era to 1860
Urban infrastructure and connected services had a massive impact in the development of the colonies, all the way up to the end of the 19th century. In just a few decades, the quaint colonial townships which had once existed were no longer around, but had manifested into bustling metropolitan centers. This paper will demonstrate how much of that evolution was as a result of the values of Puritanism which guided and helped the colonies to evolve and develop into the modern era. The values of Puritanism spurred people to work and to thrive, causing the towns to work and to thrive into cities.

Pennsylvania is a shining example of how urban infrastructure and such related factors were able to modernize and urbanize such a colony. Philadelphia largely offers a clear example of how both privatism and a rejection of traditional values…...

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Works Cited

Anbinder, T. (2001). Five Points: The 19th-Century New York City . New York: Penguin Group.

Kang, N. (2009, December). Puritanism and Its Impact upon American Values . Retrieved from ccsenet.org: http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/res/article/viewFile/4585/3924

Warner, S. (1968). The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods. Phhiladelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

Urban Anthropology
Louis Wirth based his urbanism studies on the city of Chicago where he lived.

A his research, he has identified three definable factors for urbanism: large population, dense settlement and social diversity. A city is "a large and permanent settlement, densely inhabited by a heterogeneous population." His urbanism describes the typical Western, industrial city: dangerous, unhealthy, where, due to the largeness of the city they live in, people develop forms of alienation and anarchy and where there is no sentiment of community.

Sally Merry found that Wirth's model worked best at a macro level, where she agrees with the anonymity that people live in and the disorder. However, she is more preoccupied with people manifestations at the city's peripheries: boundaries are a source of tension for people because of the unknown, so, starting with is, she observes human behavior at the city's boundaries.

Stanley Milgram somewhat refuted Wirth arguments in stating the…...

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Bibliography

1. PRICE AND STATUS IN VIENNA'S NASCHMARKT.

ROBERT ROTENBERG

2. www.umsl.edu/~wolfordj/courses/hc353/profnotesintro-urban.html

3. cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/macionis9 / chapter15/objectives/deluxe-content.html

People need look no further than their own homes to see the interdependence of world trade; no further than their neighborhoods to see the results of international migration and multiculturalism; no further than the news to see the causes and effects of global economics, ecology and ethnic conflicts. "While domestic debate continues over the nature of these connections, few can doubt their existence. As these connections increase, educators, utilizing a global model, can provide a context that allows students to analyze and understand the impact of world events" (Baker, 1999).

Multiculturalism and globalism are obviously not unique to the United States. The majority of Western societies are racially, ethnically, and culturally diverse. Ethnic revival movements have come up in a lot of countries including quite a few Western European nations (Banks & Lynch, 1986). This type of revival movement occurs when an ethnic group organizes efforts to attain equality inside a…...

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References

Baker, F.J. (1999). Multicultural vs. global education: Why not two sides of the same coin? Retrieved from http://www.csupomona.edu/~jis/1999/baker.pdf

Cooper, G. (1995). Freire and theology. Studies in the Education of Adults, 27(1), 66.

Global education. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.glob-edu.net/en/global-education/

Global education guidelines. (2010). Retrieved from  http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/nscentre/ge/GE-Guidelines/GEguidelines-web.pdf

Education Literature eview
Whenever the disturbing news of yet another school shooting shatters the adolescence of innocent teenagers, the national media, concerned parents and strained educators alike once again focus their collective attention on the epidemic of bullying which is crippling American schools. In the wake of the Columbine High School massacre which claimed 13 lives and the 2007 Virginia Tech shootings that killed 32 students and faculty, recent tragedies like that which occurred at Sandy Hook elementary bring the consequences of rampant bullying in schools back to the forefront of the national consciousness. Although the loss of life associated with these terrible incidents, and the erosion of self-confidence that results from unchecked bullying, are tragedies that cause society to collectively mourn, it is possible that the diminished safety of our nation's schools has also reduced the ability of modern students to achieve academic excellence. While a causal link between the…...

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References

Cuero, K.K., & Crim, C.L. (2008). You Wish It Could Speak for Itself. Issues in Teacher

Education, 17, 117-140. Retrieved from www.eric.edu.gov.

Eipstein, M., Atkins, M., Cullinan, D., Kutash, K., & Weaver, R. (2008). Reducing Behavior

Problems in the Elementary School Classroom. IES Practice Guide. What Works

Urban Data eview
eades et al. (2007) presented some interesting ideas about the use of data collection and its practical application in an urban setting. The authors discussed spatiotemporal data as a new object of desire for those wishing to control and understand human behavior in large city. The authors called for a synthesis of data information from all available sources, including telecommunications companies to assist in urban planning and understanding the complex and chaotic idea of urban dynamics.

This paper discussed this topic by explaining the details of a study conducted by MIT and Telecom Italia (TI), in ome, Italy's largest city. TI supplied data that recognized bandwidth usage on mobile phones and classified them as Erlongs. The data was collected, synthesized and modeled to help paint a picture of how ome operates and how people move about and communicate. Ultimately, the paper concluded that "Our preliminary findings suggest that signature…...

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References

Reades, J. et al. (2007). Cellular Census: Explorations in Urban Data Collection. Pervasive Computing, 6(3), July-September, 2007.

Education
As the educational system continues to come unde inceasing amounts of scutiny, the teache is ultimately at the fulcum of pessue. They ae equied to digest new educational theoy and sot out the wheat fom the chaff. They ae asked to manage inceasing levels of divesity in the classoom, and students who come to class acoss a widening spectum of pepaedness. At the same time, they ae expected to be a students fiend, motivato, and at times suogate paent. Technological advances in the maketplace have made it necessay fo teaches to adapt to inceasing amounts of technology in the classoom. All of these issues ae coming at a time when fedeal mandates in the No Child Left Behind act ae demanding impoved pefomance, in some cased damatically impoved pefomance.

In light of the inceased levels of demands placed on teaches and the continuing decline of academic pefomance, it is no wonde…...

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references for ways and means of communicating and sharing information

The pedagogy takes into account the e-learning styles of different students, 4) Learners have no option other than to "hack" their way through a lesson, picking up tips and tricks as they stumble across them The pedagogy encourages the development of team communication skills, in order to reduce information overload, and leverage team learning and improve group practices and performance.

Adapted from C. Willet (2002) "eRoom for Power Users, http://www.akgroup.com/solutions/eRoom_powerusers.pdf

Part Seven: Miscellaneous.

The final section of this book contain a collection of essays that address larger cultural issues in the framework of the classroom. Equality in races, between black, white, Hispanic, and others is still a hotly debated topic. Some want to measure equality by equality of outcome. However, in an increasing diverse culture, this measuring stick often does not contain the correct units to make a valid evaluation. Schools cannot guarantee equality of outcome between students, because the outcome is a function of the input the student applies. The equality of opportunity is the cry which must be heard in educational institutions. Whether a student is male of female, white or colored, upper middle class or urban poor, schools need to provide equal access, and equal opportunity. The results, ultimately, are up to the child to take advantage of the opportunity, and become an educated person.

Education of omen in Renaissance
Several methods relating to the education of women in Renaissance changed the world. However, these methods of Humanists and the queries of religious reformers had no impact on the lives of early modern European omen. Education, changing drastically between the 15th and 17th centuries was certainly kept from women although the rich and powerful were able to receive some education: it was not always used. Opportunities arose for the daughters of the rich and wealthy. However, the eventuality of all their efforts in education narrowed down to the typical role of a woman: a housewife. They still faced choices and challenges unique to their gender. hile some women did receive this education alongside men, the options of what to do with that education were cut severely. It is evident from the study that women did not have a Renaissance because of lack of education and accompanying…...

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Works Cited

Bell, Susan G. Women: from the Greeks to the French Revolution. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth Pub. Co., 1973. Print 181-209

Rice, Eugene F., and Anthony Grafton. The foundations of early modern Europe, 1460-1559. 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994. Print. 77-109

While both gender and race are positionalities that are difficult to hide (not that one should need or want to, anyway), sexual orientation is not necessarily something that is known about a person, and its affects on the learning process can be very different. The very fact that sexual orientation can be hidden can create a situation where the learner closes off, hiding not only their sexuality but demurring away from other opportunities of expression and engagement as well. Conversely, if an individual with an alternative sexuality was open about this fact, it could very well cause discomfort in other adult learners who have a marked generational bias against many alternative sexualities and lifestyles (Cain). Both situations could provide useful grounds for personal growth in self-acceptance and self-security, for the learner of a minority sexual orientation and for the other learners in the class, respectively (Cain).

Situated Cognition v. Experiential Learning

One…...

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References

Cain, M. "Theorizing the effects of class, gender, and race on adult learning in nonformal and informal settings."

Cranton, P. (2002). "Teaching for transformation." New directions for adult and continuing education 93, pp. 63-71.

Hansman, C. (2001). "Context-based adult learning." New directions for adult and continuing education 89, pp. 63-71.

Isopahkala-Bouret, U. 92008). "Transformative learning in managerial role transitions." Studies in continuing education 30(1), pp. 69-84.

According to a British Study conducted on all students born in the first week of March 1958, and following them through adolescence and on until the age of twenty-three:
There were no average differences between grouped and ungrouped schools because within the grouped schools, high-group students performed better than similar students in ungrouped schools, but low-group students did worse. Students in remedial classes performed especially poorly compared to ungrouped students with similar family backgrounds and initial achievement. With low-group losses offsetting high-group gains, the effects on productivity were about zero, but the impact on inequality was substantial." (Gamoran 1992)

As Gamoran points out, grouping or "tracking" tended to accentuate a student's skills or lack thereof. High-ability students benefited from segregation, but low-ability students did even worse than before. And while low-ability pupils received no benefit whatsoever from the tracking system, neither did their schools. The net gain in performance among the…...

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References

 http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5000952855 

Barth, R.S. (2001). Teacher Leader. Phi Delta Kappan, 82(6), 443.

Brown Center on Education Policy, the Brookings Institution. (2000). "Part 2: A Closer Look at Mathematics Achievement." How Well are American Students Learning? Brown Center Report on American Education: 2000.

A www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104861000

Academic and Social Practices for Community Upliftment

Introduction

Empowering communities requires a holistic approach that incorporates both academic and social practices. These practices can foster knowledge, skills, and social connections necessary for sustainable development and well-being. This essay explores how academic and social practices can contribute to community upliftment, providing specific examples and outlining their transformative potential.

Academic Practices

Education and Training:

Providing access to quality education and vocational training equips individuals with the knowledge and skills to pursue fulfilling careers and contribute to the local economy.
Community colleges, adult education programs, and job training initiatives can offer flexible and relevant educational opportunities for....

1. Poverty significantly impedes educational outcomes in urban communities due to lack of access to quality education, limited resources for academic support, and environmental stressors that hinder cognitive development.

2. The correlation between poverty and educational attainment is evident in urban areas, where underprivileged students face greater challenges in literacy, numeracy, and higher-order thinking skills due to socioeconomic disparities.

3. The systemic inequality in urban communities perpetuates poverty and poor educational outcomes, as children from low-income families have fewer opportunities for early childhood education, adequate healthcare, and safe and stable housing.

4. Poverty-stricken urban environments often lack adequate school infrastructure, qualified teachers, and....