Despite having a licensed special needs teacher and a near-full-time aide, there were simply too many students needing attention and instruction for the two severely visually impaired students in the classroom to receive the level of individualized attention and instruction that was truly necessary. There was an assortment of materials, including a wide array of books in Braille and one Braille writing machine for each of the two students (the books were very well used; the machines were new and, I subsequently learned, had been purchased by the parents and in fact belonged to the students privately -- this was deemed for efficient and cost effective for all concerned). Group instruction, however, often found these two students only half paying attention.
The teacher and aide both made an obvious effort to include the two students as much as possible, but there were certain activities that were so visually based that….

http://www.surveymonkey.com/img/t.gif
3. Section Three: Importance of Play Activities to Learning

Please indicate how often each item is true of the need for play activities for the visually impaired student using a 5-point scale (1 = Strongly Agree to 5 = Strongly Disagree).

1. Visually impaired children need the same amount of play opportunities as their normally sighted peers. http://www.surveymonkey.com/img/t.gif

Visually impaired children need the same amount of play opportunities as their normally sighted peers. http://www.surveymonkey.com/img/t.gif

2. Off-the-shelf toys and games can be easily adapted for use by visually impaired children. http://www.surveymonkey.com/img/t.gif

Off-the-shelf toys and games can be easily adapted for use by visually impaired children. http://www.surveymonkey.com/img/t.gif

3. Visually impaired children can benefit from play activities involving sculpting a variety of media. http://www.surveymonkey.com/img/t.gif

Visually impaired children can benefit from play activities involving sculpting a variety of media. http://www.surveymonkey.com/img/t.gif

4. Play activities that include both visually impaired and normally sighted children help to foster a sense of inclusion and trust….

The educational needs created by a visual impairment are unique. Vision loss can result in delayed concept development and critically influence social, emotional, academic, and vocational development. These students must garner knowledge through alternative mediums using their other senses. Because of this students with visual impairments often require individualized instruction since group instruction for learning specialized skills may not be provided in a meaningful manner. These students require specialized skills as well as specialized books, materials and equipment for learning through alternate modes and are limited in acquiring information through incidental learning since they are often unaware of subtle activities in their environment. Curriculum areas that require unique strategies or adaptations for students with visual impairments include concept development, academic functioning, communication skills, sensory/motor skills, social/emotional skills, orientation and mobility, daily living skills, and career/vocational skills (AFB, 2011).

Conclusion

To ensure an appropriate education, families and staff with special training must work….

Visual Impairment on the Family
The incidence of visual impairment among young and old people alike is on the rise, and is expected to increase in the future. The purpose of the paper is to provide an overview of the problems that typically confront families when one or more of their family members has a visual impairment. The background of the problem is followed by a discussion of how visual impairments affect the individual child, followed by an analysis of how such conditions affect other family members. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.

Physical impairments can assume a variety of forms, such as a loss of limbs or a paralysis due to accident or disease. When one family member becomes disabled in one fashion or another, it will naturally have profound consequences for other family members, but it is important to remember that every family is unique.….

Visual Consciousness
Visual Perception

In conducting this study, the first step I took was to procure a book with a cover on it that I would attempt to read. I have read most of my books, but am unfamiliar with the text on the front of them. I actually selected one of my larger books (it is a coffee table book) in order to maximize my chances of reading. Next, I sat in a comfortable spot and entirely covered my left eye with my left hand. Once I was sure I could not see out of it, I fixated my right eye on a tiny crack in the wall. After doing so, I extended the book in my right hand as far to the right as I could, so that I could not even see it at first. Then, while maintaining my eye on the same crack, I slowly moved the….

Prosopagnosia
Agnosia is a clinical term that describes a condition where the individual fails to recognize certain types of objects in specific sensory domains (Farah, 2004). This failure of recognition cannot be due to some type of a sensory impairment or to an expressive language impairment. Visual agnosia is a specific agnosia for visually -- based stimuli. People who have the different types of visual agnosias can actually see the object, but they are not able to identify the object (Farah, 2004). A visual agnosia can be very specific and limited to an aspect of vision such as color, movement, or specific types of objects. The fact that a visual agnosia can be very specific supports the theory that various areas in the visual cortex are specialized for particular types of functions (Farah, 2004). One of the most interesting visual agnosias is called prosopagnosia, which is a difficulty in recognizing human….

As expected, NIHSS scores indicated mild stroke severity, while the FIM scores suggested moderate motor deficits. A comparison of the demographic variables for the patients that met the inclusion criteria with those that did not, revealed no significant differences except in terms of stroke severity, laterality, and comprehension impairment.
The results of the cognitive evaluations (MMSE vs. MoCA, r = .79, p < .001; MMSE vs. cFIM, r = .56, p < .000; MoCA vs. cFIM, r = .67, p < .000) revealed good agreement between the three instruments (Toglia et al., 2011) and mirrored the results of Stewart et al. (2012). A comparison of the mean scores for MMSE and MoCA, however, revealed a significant difference (24.4 vs. 17.8, respectively, p < .001) in terms of sensitivity to subtle changes in cognition. This finding supports the conclusion that the MoCA may be more sensitive to MCI than the MMSE.….

Assistive Technology
The "least restrictive environment" clause of the IDEA requires the student be placed in a standard learning environment whenever it is practical (Beard, Carpenter, & Johnston, 2011).

Technology allows students who have visual impairments to be able to admission to the general curriculum, to increase their options towards literacy, and to improve communication. There are a variety of assistive technology tools that are designed for students with visual impairments, but most require specialized instruction. Depending on the level of the child's visual level of impairment such devices include range from electronic Braille note takers to video magnifiers to screen reader software to auditory conversion devices.

eading and writing are the fundamental tools that young students learn in the early grades and assistive devices for Emily should concentrate on developing these skills. Students with impaired vision that are not blind may benefit from changes in the size of print and in typeface.….

The RN really became a part of the educational team, tailoring her assistance to the child to the classroom environment. In fact, because much of the education seemed tailored towards teaching the students basic life-skills information, such as the weather, the nurse was able to really interact with the child's education.
The best part of the experience was observing the inherent joy in children. From an outsider's perspective, the children in this school had very few reasons to express joy or feel happiness. Almost all of them had significant physical challenges in addition to mental retardation. None of these children has a childhood even approximating normalcy. However, many of the children seemed happy. In fact, it was seeing the joy that a small action could bring to these children was very uplifting. In fact, one particular child seemed especially joyful. Because of privacy concerns, I was not able to access….

ccording to 62.8% of the teachers supervising paraprofessionals in classrooms, the paraprofessionals with whom they work do not provide direct instruction. But 54.2% of the paraprofessionals stated that they do provide direct instruction in core curriculum areas. This troubling lack of consistency is alarming, moreover, the classroom size of the teachers made no difference in terms of the level of instructional support the paraprofessionals were called upon to perform, according to both teachers and paraprofessionals.
In the study of paraprofessionals, 107 of whom provided complete, usable responses to the Internet survey, although 68 of the paraprofessionals reported attending training sessions in Braille, 44 believed the required additional training in that area to be effective. Yet 18.8% of teachers and 29% of paraprofessionals reported they were called upon to perform direct instruction in language arts to visually-impaired students. Overall, although the study is small, the article provides an alarming heads-up regarding….

For instance, a decline in peripheral vision may impact the ability to pass approaching vehicles safely, and the decreased range of motion in an older person's neck may impair the ability to look behind when backing up. Also, reaction time decreases by almost 40% on average from age 35 to 65 (Jackson, 1999).
It also appears that the aging process may affect cognitive skills. Short-term memory loss, for instance, can decrease driving skills by interfering with an individual's ability to process information effectively when merging onto a highway into traffic or changing lanes. Such issues are magnified when driving under stressful situations. The higher incidence of cognitive impairment, particularly dementia, among older men and women leads to an increased risk of accident involvement (Jackson, 1999).

According to AAP, as a group, persons age 65 and older are relatively safe drivers. Although they represent 14% of all licensed drivers, they are involved….

81). Ambrose and Corn (1997) further define "functional vision" as vision that can be used to derive input for planning and performing tasks; the extent to which one uses his or her available vision is referred to as "visual efficiency."
eading Skills. According to Carver (2002), "reading usually means to attempt to comprehend language in the form of printed words"; therefore, for the purposes of this study, the term "reading skills" will refer to an individual's ability to comprehend language in the form of printed words.

Chapter Summary

This chapter provided an introduction to the study, including the background and a statement of the problem of vision impairment on students' academic performance; a discussion of the purpose and significance of the study was followed by a description of the research questions that will guide the research process. An assessment of the study's limitations and delimitations was followed by a delineation of key….

evised Introduction: Challenges and Strategies in Assisting Children with DisabilitiesHandling the needs of children with disabilities is a complex task for both families and professionals, whether at home or within educational environments. To effectively handle these issues, it is crucial to harness technology efficiently, particularly in selecting and comprehending the correct Assistive Technology (AT). As an element of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), AT has undergone substantial development since the rise of microcomputers in the 1970s, with its inception dating back to the earlier part of the 20th century. Advancements have heavily influenced the evolution of AT in fields including computer science, electronics, and information theory (Adebisi et al., 2015).Per the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA), learning disabilities are identified as impairments that affect fundamental cognitive functions concerning language understanding or use. These impairments can manifest as issues in areas like listening, reasoning, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or conducting mathematical….

Low Vision Literature Review
The impact of low vision on a person's quality of life can be devastating… people with low vision can improve their quality of life through rehabilitation services to teach them how to use their remaining vision more effectively. Using a variety of visual aids may bring them back or help them keep their independence (Kupfer, 1999 as cited in indsor & indsor, 2001).

Low vision or vision loss has been operationally defined most commonly as that associated with macular degeneration due to age that accounts for more than half of all reported cases of visual impairment. There are other known causes of vision loss that include but may not be limited to corneal degeneration, eye injuries, traumatic brain injury, brain tumors, stroke, toxoplasmosis, optic atrophy, glaucoma, retinal dystrophies, retinal detachment, retinopathy of prematurity, achormatopsia and histoplasmosis (indsor & indsor, 2001). Moreover, visual impairment is described as having the….

Prosopagnosia
According to A.J. Larner's book, "A Dictionary of Neurological signs," prosopagnosia is a neurological condition, "a form of visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize previously known human faces or equivalent stimuli (hence a retrograde defect) and to learn new ones (anterograde defect)" (Larner, 2010). Larner further distinguishes between two forms of prosopagnosia: apperceptive and associative agnosia. This "category-specific recognition disorder," as G, Neil Martin calls it in his "Human Neuropsychology" is often, but not always, associated with other forms of visual agnosia such as alexia or achromatopsia.

Prosopagnosia can be congenital or developmental, or a consequence of brain damage, following a stroke, a brain injury, or caused by a degenerative disease (Kinai, 2013) . There are two types of prosopagnosia: apperceptive prosopagnosia and associative prosopagnosia. This form of visual impairment has various degrees of manifestation, from mild to severe and can or cannot be associated with other types of….

I. Introduction
A. Introduce the book and its significance
B. Thesis statement: Highlight the importance of proper spacing and formatting in books

II. Importance of Spacing in Books
A. Enhances readability: Discuss how proper spacing between lines and paragraphs makes it easier for readers to navigate the text
B. Supports comprehension: Explain how appropriate spacing helps readers absorb and understand the content more effectively
C. Aesthetics: Explore how evenly spaced lines and balanced margins contribute to the visual appeal of books

III. Types of Spacing in Books
A. Line spacing: Explain the concept of line spacing, such as single, 1.5, and double spacing, and their effects on readability
B.....