One potential solution for farmers would be to switch to a subsurface drip irrigation system that could permanently cut farmers' water use by 25 to 50%. This would alleviate some of the need for conservation and free up more state water reserves for urban locations during times of regional drought. ("University of Arizona studies underground irrigation,"2005, U.S. ater News Online)
Arizona farmers are resistant to drip irrigation, however, and prefer so-called flood or rainwater-propelled irrigation, which is used on about 95% of Arizona crops. "Farmers have a hard time justifying drip irrigation because water is relatively cheap and drip systems can cost from $500 to $2,000 per acre to install." ("University of Arizona studies underground irrigation,"2005, U.S. ater News Online) But not only farmers place cost above conservation. Cost is another prohibition for private residents. Many persons have migrated to Arizona because of the region's cheapness, especially retirees. Converting a…...

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Works Cited

Las Vegas bans outdoor watering." (April 2006) U.S. Water News Online. Retrieved 12 Jun 2006 at  http://www.uswaternews.com/archives/arcconserv/6lasxvega4.html 

Las Vegas to restrict residents' water use." (March 2006) U.S. Water News Online. Retrieved 12 Jun 2006 at Online  http://www.uswaternews.com/archives/arcconserv/6lasxvega3.html 

Norton, Gail. (7 Jul 2003) "Growth loads strain on Arizona water supply." Editorials and opinions. Arizona Republic. Retrieved 12 Jun 2006 at  http://www.doi.gov/news/opeds/arizona.htm 

Phoenix snubs idea of wastewater reuse." (May 2005) U.S. Water News Online. Retrieved 12 Jun 2006 at Online  http://www.uswaternews.com/archives/arcconserv/5phoesnub5.html

Anthropological Analysis; The Water Resources of New York
This paper is an illustration of the supply problems of water resources of long island, New York. It has 5 sources.

The human being has certainly come a significantly long way in terms of exceptionally evolutionary development and advancement within all sectors and components constituting the geographical as well as intangible parameters of contemporary society. Though there have been various, monumentally significant outcomes and benefits accompanying most of the developmental establishments and advancements of mankind till date, however, there are almost an equal number of disadvantages that have also accompanied this significant rate of advancement.

Take into consideration, for instance, the primarily disadvantageous and deteriorative consequences of such achievements as the power to wage nuclear warfare and the ecologic downfall of inventions that give off harmful chemicals as by products. Moreover, the inherently destructive nature of man has also led him to largely exploit a…...

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Bibliography

Citizens Environmental Research Institute (2003); Water Resources @

http://www.ceriworld.org/programs/waterresources.html

New York Ground Water Conditions (Accessed 2003) @ http://216.239.33.100/search?q=cache:vU0mQjty_skC:www.gwpc.org/gwreport/Acrobat/New%2520York.pdf+supply+problems+of+water+resources+%22long+island%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8

Brown C.J., Walter D.A., & Colabufo Steven (1999); Iron in the Aquifer System of Suffolk County U.S., Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations

Clean Water
An Analysis of Worldwide Efforts to Bring About Clean Water Sustainability

he concept of clean water for everyone is very normal in the United States. here is nothing foreign about this concept, and nothing out of the ordinary. In fact, it is a given that all should have clean water in this country and it is because all people do have clean water, and an abundance of it. Yet there are hundreds of thousands of people around the world right now wishing and longing for clean water, and for any water at all maybe. In many parts of the globe, this precious resource is tough to find, and many have fought wars over it throughout history. hus, the importance of water cannot be underestimated, and must be analyzed in order to see just what those who are able can do in order to help those in need achieve clean water…...

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This self-professed mission is extensive, but it is also very noble. It is especially important to recognize this organization's acknowledgement that not all projects may work, and its attempt at transparency through the statement of showing donors where the money went and why this happened as such. Thus, this organization is very legitimate and very admirable.

The last of many efforts to be recognized here to provide clean water for all is that of Water.org, a website that aims to analyze both the roots of the water crisis and potential solutions. According to Water, "nearly one billion people -- about one in eight -- lack access to clean water. More than twice that many, 2.5 billion people, don't have access to a toilet."[footnoteRef:5] Another important scope of this organization, just as the one before it, is to work with all regions of the world, including Africa, Asia and Latin America, and achieve true results to the crisis. [5: "One Billion Affected," Water.org, accessed November 29, 2011,   ]http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/billion/ .

This paper aims to provide a clear understanding of the problem of clean water worldwide. In this regard, it has examined a variety of organizations and their aim to raise awareness and provide solutions to the problem of lack of clean water, especially in Africa. Though lasting solutions are far from being implemented in regards to this issue, it is important to recognize these organizations' efforts, as they are the stalwarts to what should become a citizen mobilized, help effort to provide clean water for all forever.

Ridgewood Reservoir - Introduction
The grand and historic location in Highland Park, New York -- that is known as the Ridgewood Reservoir -- sits on a ridge that was formed by the second Pleistocene Period (isconsin's ice sheet's terminal moraine) about 12,000 years ago. The site offers scenic views of the Atlantic Ocean, and of several nearby New York cemeteries (East New York, oodhaven, and the Rockaways). Presently it is what the New York Audubon Society calls an "accidental wilderness tucked alongside the Jackie Robinson Parkway" on the border of Queens and Brooklyn (www.nyaudubon.org).

This paper covers the beginnings of the enormous and critical water development that would provide the needs for a growing Brooklyn in the 19th century. This paper covers the legacy of that development -- including the characters that played central roles, the engineers and politicians -- with its many controversial and contentious issues and its hit and miss…...

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Works Cited

Bailey, Dan. "Cumbrian Reservoir to Return to Nature." UKClimbing.com. Retrieved March 16, 2016, from   2013.http://www.ukhillwalking.com .

Brooklyn Daily Eagle. "Mr. Dalton's Report Sent to The Mayor / Water Supply Situation in Greater City Reviewed at Length / Waste in This Borough." Retrieved March 12,

2016, from ProQuest Historical Newspapers, 1899.http://0-search.proquest.com.

Colangelo, Lisa L. "City has new plans but no cash for Ridgewood Reservoir." New York

Japanese Watersheds
An Island Nation's Freshwater esources

We think of Japan as an island nation, a nation defined by its shoreline with the Pacific Ocean. And, of course, this is a perfectly legitimate way to envision the country: It certainly is dwarfed by the Pacific. However, like all areas that sustain permanent human populations, it is also home to a number of fresh water sources. And while it is impossible to underestimate the importance of the Pacific to Japanese culture, economy, and psychology, its internal freshwater watersheds are no less important. Simply because its lake and rivers are no less important in terms of the country's psyche does not mean that they are not vital to its people. And yet, like the people of other nations, the Japanese are at times careless of their water sources. Water may be the essence of life, but this does not mean that we protect it…...

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References

EPA. (2012). What is a watershed?  http://water.epa.gov/type/watersheds/whatis.cfm 

Greater Tokyo. (2004). http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/case_studies/tokyo/tokyo_basin.pdf

   http://www.mediatinker.com/blog/upload/2006/12/10-year-roads.jpg http://aineo.com/images/uploads/japanese_river.jpg 

Mansfield University, 2012,  http://geoggeol.mansfield.edu/what-can-i-study/watershed-management/what-is-a-watershed/

The land could not resist to the saturation caused by the winds and the heavy rain and it had not been long before the aftermath materialized into swollen mountain streams. This later resulted into cascades of mud mixed with water running down the slopes in serious amounts. In spite of the fact that the island had several drains and catch basins which could be very effective in case of a small flood, they had been no match for the one on the February 20. The three rivers crossing Funchal, apparently meant to prevent flood water from entering the city, had been one of the motives for the waters quickly moving towards the streets.
A state of panic overtook the area, as the authorities were practically powerless. The intervention of the military had been crucial, as engineers could repair some of the structures that had suffered minor damage, while military rescue…...

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Works cited:

1. Elliot Larry & Tremlett Giles. "Madeira floods: death toll rises to 40." Retrieved April 27, 2010, from the Guardian Web site:  http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/feb/21/madeira-floods-death-toll-rises

But after local wastewater plants were "...upgraded and farms' management practices were improved, the amount of phosphorus declined and the copper sulfate was no long considered necessary" (Royte, 2007). The Times' story reports that to prevent the dumping of partially treated sewage water into the waterways, septic tanks need to be upgraded and "cleaning the water in sewage treatments plants even more thoroughly before it is discharged into the watershed..." is necessary. That will be quite a job, because "more than two dozen of the roughly 100 wastewater treatment plants that discharge into the city's watershed use a suboptimal cleaning process."
TO: The flooding problem. hy has it become a more serious problem in recent years? Taking New York City as an example of the problem and its roots, the New York Times article alluded to in the previous section points out that recently, as developers began clearing more and…...

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Works Cited

Clausen, Jan. (2000). Northwest Tribes Fight Against Formidable Odds to Save Endangered

Salmon. Nation. 270(3), 22-24.

Gelt, Joe. (2005). Managing the Interconnecting Waters: The Groundwater-Surface Water

Dilemma. University of Arizona. Retrieved Oct. 16, 2007, at  http://cals.arizona.edu/axwater/arroyo/081con.html .

Water Awareness and Education for Sustainable Watershed Management
Today, the human society continuously deals with the issue of limited resources, as compared to an extensively growing amount of needs. Among these limited resources, water is vital, not only because mankind cannot survive without it, but also because it is essential to producing so many other secondary items, including food and clothing. At the same time, water and watersheds are an essential part of the environment, home to numerous species of animals and plants. Conservationism and environmental protection has a definite impact on the existence and evolution of mankind as well.

With that in mind, this project proposal will focus on identifying a set of solutions that the inhabitants in the Medina River Watershed (exar & Medina County TX) can use to address water pollution in this area, as well as the means by which water conservation can be consolidated and promoted as…...

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Bibliography

1. Engel, F.L. (n.d.) Geomorphic Classification of the Lower San Antonio River, Texas. Texas Water Development Board. Project 0604830637. Retrieved on July 12, 2011 from website http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/RWPG/rpgm_rpts/0604830637_LowerSanAntonioRiver.pdf

2. HDR Engineering [HDR] (2000, December). The Edwards Aquifer Watershed Brush Control Planning Assessment & Feasibility Study. Texas State Soil & Water Conservation Board. Retrieved on July 12, 2011 from website http://www.nueces-ra.org/II/brush/

3. Moore, E.A., & Koontz, T.M. (2003). Research Note A Typology of Collaborative Watershed Groups: Citizen-Based, Agency-Based, and Mixed Partnerships. Society & Natural Resources, 16(5), 451. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

4. O'Neill, K.M. (2005). Can Watershed Management Unite Town and Country? Society & Natural Resources, 18(3), 241-253. doi:10.1080/08941920590908097

While on one hand, the Nile gets the highest discharge from rainfall on the highlands of Ethiopia and upland plateau of East Africa, located well outside the Middle East region; on the other hand, discharge points of the other two rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, are positioned well within the Middle East region, prevailing mostly in Turkey, Syria along with Iraq. In other areas, recurrent river systems are restricted to the more northern upland areas of Iran and Turkey, in common with the coastline of Levant (Peter eaumont, Gerald H. lake, J. And Malcolm Wagstaff, 1988).
The conflict in the Future

It is widely believed by many experts that those who control the waters in the Middle East; control the Middle East; and those who control the Middle East; control the oil supply of the world (David M. Hummel, 1995). From the above mentioned facts it is clear that the water resources…...

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Bibliography

Anthony H. Cordesman. Peace is Not Enough: The Arab-Israeli Economic and Demographic Crises. Part Two. Population Growth, Fertility and Population Doubling Rates, Regional Trends, National Trends, and the "Youth Explosion" Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1998.

Adel Darwish. Troubled waters in rivers of blood. Water Issues. 3 December 1992. http://www.mideastnews.com/water004.html

Adel Darwish. Inadequacy of international law. Taken at http://www.mideastnews.com/WaterWars.htm

Ashok Swain. A new challenge: water scarcity in the Arab world. Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ). January, 1998.

Other areas of water engineering include flood prevention and a multitude of environmental specialties, many of which relate to other areas of water engineering. Finding ways to divert runoff to prevent erosion, for example, has both civil and environmental applications, and involves identical principles in most situations (Kalle 2009). Effective strategies for collecting and draining runoff water in a way that doesn't simply divert the problem can be a lot more complex than it might at first seem, especially in environmental situations, and this is precisely why water engineers remain must have a comprehensive view of many different areas of engineering, including fluid mechanics, a knowledge of different materials for conducting water, effective ways of filtering and/or treating water, etc. The amount of knowledge required to take on any major water engineering project virtually guarantees that the engineer will have the knowledge and skill set for other jobs, too, meaning…...

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References

BLS. (2009). "Engineers." Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. Accessed 17 November 2009.  http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos027.htm 

DOT (2003). "Civil Engineering Occupations." Dictionary of Occupational Titles. Accessed 17 November 2009.  http://www.occupationalinfo.org/defset1_880.html 

Kalle, M. (2009). "Water engineer: Job description and activities." Accessed 17 November 2009.  http://www.prospects.ac.uk/p/types_of_job/water_engineer_job_description.jsp 

NACE (2009). "New & Emerging Occupations: Science and Engineering Occupations." National Association of Colleges and Employers. Accessed 17 November 2009. http://www.jobweb.org/studentarticles.aspx?id=1795

The Leblanc alkali production processes were especially pernicious, but they followed along the lines of previous industrial processes. In other words, the first British environmental legislation was a response not so much to a qualitative change in industrial processes and their environmental impact but more to a quantitative increase in sources of pollution that had up to that point been (if only barely) tolerable.
Legislation Arising From Public Anger

At the center of the first British environmental legislation was the Leblanc process, an industrial process that produced of soda ash (which is chemically sodium carbonate) that came into use in the first decades of the 19th century. Named after its inventor, Nicolas Leblanc, it replaced an older process in which soda ash had been produced from wood ash. However, as the availability of wood ash declined (because of deforestation, a process that was occuring both in Great Britain and across Europe…...

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Resources Act (WRA) of 1991. This act "establishes the duties of the Environment Agency (EA) on flood defence and other areas relating to water management and quality."

"The EA has discretionary powers to improve and maintain river conditions. This means that the EA is not obliged to construct or maintain such works. In practice, the EA will only proceed with schemes that are not only beneficial but cost-effective.

"The Act also grants the EA powers to issue flood warnings and regulate what can be discharged into rivers, estuaries, coastal waters, lakes and groundwaters."

Canadian law on flooding is similarly divided between common law and statutory law.

First Nations

Water in Sub-Saharan Africa is of special interest because of my background but water is a fascinating issue in general, one that I think will play an increasingly large role in the 21st century, as the effects of population growth and climate change bring about significant changes to our water usage and availability. A lack of water in particular has a substantial destabilizing effect.
Water as a social issue combines a lot of different elements. As an issue, water sits at the intersection of social justice, politics, economics and agriculture are all areas weather. This is probably because water is so essential to human life. We drink it, we use in for domestic purposes, agricultural, industrial, transportation. Yet clean water is not always easy to come by. Some feel that access to clean water is a human right. So there is a significant importance attached to water in most parts of…...

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References

Acerman, M. & Hollis, G. (1996). Water management and wetlands in sub-Saharan Africa. IUCN: Switzerland.

Bayliss, K. & Fine, B. (2007). Privatization and alternative public sector reform in sub-Saharan Africa: Delivering on electricity and water. Palgrave MacMillan.

Bojo, J. (1996). The costs of land degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. Ecological Economics. Vol. 16 (2) 161-173.

Conway, D., Persechino, A., Ardoin, S., Hamandawana, H., Dieulin, C. & Mahe, G. (2008). Rainfall and water resources variability in sub-Saharan Africa during the 20th century. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research Retrieved April 18, 2014 from  http://tyndall.ac.uk/sites/default/files/wp119.pdf

Sustainability of the Water Supply in the Caribbean
Water sustainability is not merely an environmental problem. It is a political and social issue as well. esearch articles such as "Challenges to manage the risk of water scarcity and climate change in the Mediterranean" by Iglesias (et al. 2007) focus on issues which specifically impact environmental changes such as global warming but do so in a manner to suggest specific policy prescriptions to scientists attempting to curtail crises created by the phenomenon. The paper suggests a different framework to cope with water scarcity that emphasizes preparation and prevention rather than taking a crisis management approach only after scarcity is in evidence. "The importance of local management at the basin level is emphasized, but the potential benefits depend on the appropriate multi-institutional and multi-stakeholder coordination" (Iglesias et al. 2007: 775). Stakeholder analysis is still required: something can be feasible on a technical level…...

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References

Iglesias, A., Moneo., M, Garrote, L., & Flores, F. 2007. Challenges to manage the risk of water scarcity and climate change in the Mediterranean. Water Resources Management, 21 (5): 775-788

Rijsberman, F. n.d., Water scarcity: Fact or fiction. Agricultural Water Management, 80 (1)

35-22

Xu, Z., Takeuchi, K., Ishidaira, H., & Zhang, X. 2002. Sustainability analysis for Yellow River.

Pricing Water From a Utility Perspective
Water is usually a scarce commodity but not in all situations, such as in Virginia, which is characterized by plentiful ground water supply. However, the relevant agencies in this state incur costs relating to drilling and pumping water from the ground, procurement and infrastructure costs. Because of this, pricing of water has become an important factor in water management. For utility companies in Virginia and other states, selling the water at the appropriate price is increasingly important since low costs do not cover operational costs, whereas high costs contribute to inadequate sales. The determination of the most suitable pricing model or scheme requires critical evaluation from a utility perspective and whether this commodity is affected by the same principles of economics as other goods and services or utilities.

Price Sensitivity of Water

From a utility perspective, water has seemingly weak price sensitivity as compared to other commodities…...

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References

Gaudin, Sylvestre, Ronald C. Griffin, and Robin C. Sickles (2001). Demand Specification for Municipal Water Management: Evaluation of the Stone Geary Form. Land Economics, 77(3), 399-422.

Gaudin, S. (2007, February 2). Effect of Price Information of Residential Water Demand.Applied Economics, 38(4), 383-393.

Gaudin, S. (2004, March).Transparent Prices for Municipal Water: Impact of Pricing and Billing Practices on Residential Water Use. Retrieved from Department of Economics -- Oberlin College website: https://new.oberlin.edu/dotAsset/96202.pdf

Howe, C.W. & Linaweaver, F.P. (1967).The Impact of Price on Residential Water Demand and Its Relation to System Design and Price Structure.Water Resources Research, 3(1), 13-32.

Operation and Data Management at the Water-Authority: will there be a sustainable water supply for the next century. A case study of Water Infrastructure Management in the Caribbean. As the research problem implies, I intend to conduct a case study examining water infrastructure management in the Caribbean with the goal of determining whether existing water infrastructure management will provide sustainable water usage for the next century. The nature of the research problem requires a comparison of the currently available water resources, the renewable water resources, current water usage, and projected water demand over the coming century to determine if the water resources are adequate and will continue to be adequate for the foreseeable time period. Although the question could be approached from a quantitative perspective or a mixed-methods perspective, I believe that water usage and water management are as much about perceptions and beliefs as they are about quantitative analysis…...

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References

Brikci, N., Green, J. 2007. A guide to using qualitative research methodology. Available from:

. [2 September 2014].

Shah, A. 2010. 'Water and Development', Global Issues. Available from:

. [2 September 2014].

1. The impact of deforestation in California on indigenous communities and their cultural traditions
2. The role of corporate interests in driving deforestation in California
3. The connection between deforestation in California and climate change mitigation efforts
4. The ethical considerations of deforestation in California for economic development
5. The potential solutions to combat deforestation in California and restore forest ecosystems
6. The intersectionality of deforestation in California with social justice issues, such as environmental racism
7. The long-term consequences of deforestation in California on biodiversity and ecosystem services
8. The challenges of enforcing deforestation regulations and protecting California's forests
9. The role of urbanization and agriculture in....

Outline of an Essay on the Topography of Palestine

I. Introduction
A. Definition and significance of topography in understanding Palestine's history and culture
B. Overview of Palestine's geographic location and boundaries
C. Thesis statement: The topography of Palestine has played a crucial role in shaping its history and the lives of its people

II. Major Geographic Regions
A. Coastal Plain
1. Western boundary of Palestine along the Mediterranean Sea
2. Fertile soil for agriculture and strategic location for trade
B. Galilee Hills
1. Northern region of Palestine, characterized by rolling hills
2. Important agricultural and religious center
C. Jordan Valley
1. Steep....

Certainly! Here are a few potential essay topics related to biofuel:

1. The environmental impact of biofuel production and use compared to traditional fossil fuels.
2. The economic benefits and challenges of transitioning to biofuel as a primary energy source.
3. The potential for biofuel to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.
4. The technological advancements and innovations driving the development of biofuel production methods.
5. The social and ethical considerations of using biofuel as a sustainable energy source.
6. The role of government policies and regulations in promoting the use and development of biofuels.
7. The potential for biofuel to reduce dependency on imported....

Biofuel Essay Topics: Comprehensive Guidance

Introduction

Biofuels, derived from renewable biomass sources, offer a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. They hold immense potential to address energy security concerns, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and promote rural development. To explore this multifaceted topic in an essay, consider the following key aspects:

Technological Advancements and Innovations

Recent breakthroughs in biofuel production technologies
Novel approaches to enhance conversion efficiency and yield
Advancements in biomass pretreatment and fermentation processes
Technological challenges and research directions

Environmental Impacts and Sustainability

Environmental benefits of biofuels (e.g., reduced carbon emissions, improved air quality)
Potential negative impacts on land use, water resources, and biodiversity
....