The following figures reveal what their findings were. Heavy Users in Detention All Detained Youth

Gender Gender

Male 82% Male 83%

Female 18% Female 17%

Race Race

Black 64% Black 63%

Hispanic 31% Hispanic 31%

White 5% White 4%

Other 0% Other 2%

Ages Ages

Source: Callahan (2001) Vera Institute of Justice Report

Treatment Options

Cognitive therapy is one form of treatment for substance abuse as well as collaboration with parents in the treatment options and therapies.

Summary & Conclusion

It is critical to note that the African-American is all too many times the primary face in the United States that is in the bracket delegated to those who live in poverty. That fact, in combination with the extremely pressured and loosely, and poorly defined role of the African-American male as well as the socialization of the African-American male being severely lacking in substantial provision of a role model by which to model themselves toward sadly results in many misdirected and misguided youths of this race leading to substance abuse, and resulting affective disorders and involvement in the criminal justice system. While television and other forms of media clearly set out the boundaries of role models for the white male and female and even for the African-American female, the African-American role is all too often one of negative and decadent behavior which does not serve the African-American male well to model themselves toward. Societal forms of direction for modeling of a positive nature do not exist in qualitative or quantitative form to any great extent leaving the African-American male floundering as to what they should or could represent.

The African-American male in times past suffered untold misery and stripping of their manhood and even in contemporary times the influences of the past are yet present although veiled and semi-hidden. However, the socialization of the African-American male has far to go to bring this individual to the place where they can flourish as individuals and as members of the male race.

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African-American Males