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, reads Moran's research and realizes the possibilities of synthesizing an analog to DCI that would be clinically useful.
1959
Black's ICI report contradicts Waring's arguing that the "altered fat metabolism with associated changes in blood coagulability interact, permissively, with sympathetic neurohumoural stress responses to produce fatal damage."
1962
Black synthesizes propranolol (Inderal)
1963
ICI launches Black's first beta blocker treatment -- pronethalol (Alderlin).
1964
The first clinical studies are conducted for the use of proopranolol.
1965
ICI launches propranolol, the replacement for propranolol as it was found to cause thymic tumors in mice.
1966
Propranolol is first marketed in the U.S.
1967
Lands identifies a variety of models of sensitivity to a variety of sympathomimetic amines and postulates that there are two types of beta-receptors -- beta 1 (primarily cardiac) and beta 2 (primarily found at the bronchial and vascular level). This results in three primary types of beta blockers being developed -- cardioselective beta blockers, non-selective beta blockers, and those with alpha and beta blocker properties.
1970
ICI launches practolol (Eraldin).
1975
The clinical outcome of the first seven beta blocker patients are reports. All seven experienced an improvement in their clinical condition shortly after beginning treatment (Swedberg, 1998).
1976
ICI launches atenolol (Tenormin).
1978
FDA approves metoprolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL) ("Metoprolol," 2008).
1985
FDA approves betaxolol (Kerlone) ("Betaxolol," 2008).
1989
Sir James Black wins Nobel Prize for Medicine for propranolol.
1992
FDA approves bisoprolol (Zebeta) ("Bisoprolol," 2008).
1995
FDA approves carvedilol...
(2 Feb 1982), New class of drugs revolutionizes therapy for heart disease, [Online], Available: http://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/02/science/new-class-of-drugs-revolutionizes-therap-y-for-heart-disease.html?&pagewanted=print [22/10/09].
Archard, G. (2005), Beta-Blocker Use in CHF Patients: History of CHF Treatments, [Online], Available: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/510212_2 [22/10/09].
Betaxolol, (2008), [Online], Available: http://www.medicinenet.com/betaxolol/article.htm [22/10/09].
Bisoprolol, (2008), [Online], Available: http://www.medicinenet.com/bisoprolol/article.htm [22/10/09].
Brygg, R. (7 Mar 2009), Heart disease and beta-blocker therapy. [Online], Available: http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/beta-blocker-therapy [22/10/09].
Carvedilol, (2008), [Online], Available:http://www.medicinenet.com/carvedilol/article.htm [22/10/09].
Fitzgerald, J. 2000, "Trails of Discovery: The importance of chance and the prepared mind in the discovery of the beta-blockers," Dialogues in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol.5: pp. 172 -- 176.
Heart failure: Treatment with beta blocker medication, (2005) [Online], Available:http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/heart-failure-beta-blocker
Menghini, F. (4 Sept 2008), the role of beta-blocker therapy in the treatment of arterial hypertension, [Online], Available: http://www.gfmer.ch/TMCAM/Hypertension/beta-blocker_therapy_arterial_hypertension.htm [22/10/09].
Metoprolol, (2008), [Online], Available: http://www.medicinenet.com/metoprolol/article.htm [22/10/09].
Swedberg, K. (1998), " History of Beta blockers in congestive heart failure," Heart, Supp 2: pp. S29-S30.
Quirke, V. (2006), Putting Theory into Practice: James Black, Receptor Theory and the Development of the Beta-Blockers at ICI, 1958 -- 1978, [Online], Available:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1369014 / [22/10/09].
References
Altman, L. (2 Feb 1982), New class of drugs revolutionizes therapy for heart disease, [Online], Available: http://www.nytimes.com/1982/02/02/science/new-class-of-drugs-revolutionizes-therap-y-for-heart-disease.html?&pagewanted=print [22/10/09].
Archard, G. (2005), Beta-Blocker Use in CHF Patients: History of CHF Treatments, [Online], Available: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/510212_2 [22/10/09].
Betaxolol, (2008), [Online], Available: http://www.medicinenet.com/betaxolol/article.htm [22/10/09].
Bisoprolol, (2008), [Online], Available: http://www.medicinenet.com/bisoprolol/article.htm [22/10/09].
Brygg, R. (7 Mar 2009), Heart disease and beta-blocker therapy. [Online], Available: http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/beta-blocker-therapy [22/10/09].
Carvedilol, (2008), [Online], Available:http://www.medicinenet.com/carvedilol/article.htm [22/10/09].
Heart failure: Treatment with beta blocker medication, (2005) [Online], Available:http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/heart-failure-beta-blocker
Menghini, F. (4 Sept 2008), the role of beta-blocker therapy in the treatment of arterial hypertension, [Online], Available: http://www.gfmer.ch/TMCAM/Hypertension/beta-blocker_therapy_arterial_hypertension.htm [22/10/09].
Metoprolol, (2008), [Online], Available: http://www.medicinenet.com/metoprolol/article.htm [22/10/09].
Quirke, V. (2006), Putting Theory into Practice: James Black, Receptor Theory and the Development of the Beta-Blockers at ICI, 1958 -- 1978, [Online], Available:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1369014 / [22/10/09].
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