Hall vs. Goffman
Goffman (1959) defines identity in a metaphoric manner as a type of theatrical performance that is shaped by the motives of the actor and the audience. Thus, person's identity is dependent on the social and relational aspects of the situation. There is degree as to how much someone actually believes that the performance one is giving represents reality. At one extreme, a person/performer believes whatever they are doing represents reality and at the other extreme the performer has no belief at all that their actions stand for anything sincere or real. Goffman's analogy is an attempt to relay the notion that identity is social in nature and a social construction.
A central concept in Goffman's analogy is the concept of front, the standardized expressive equipment that people use to define situations in a fixed way. There are several components of a front: The setting represents the environmental parts of expressive equipment. The personal front is other items of expressive equipment such as looks, race, sex, speech patterns, etc. The appearance consists of those aspects that relay social status. Manner relates to those aspects of communication that that tell of others the type roles the performer expects to play in a situation. The appearance is a relatively changeless condition that signifies who we are; the manner is how we want to be perceived during a specific situation.
Actions in the presence of others are undertaken not for their intrinsic sake, but with the reactions of others in mind. The actor typically dramatizes their actions highlighting and emphasizing whatever messages/impressions they most want to convey to their audience. With respect to the actual acting, people such as physicians or police have no problem with this dramatization, whereas those in other professions may face more difficulty. When this happens there can be a crisis concerning...
One aspect of this idealization is that we may conceal aspects of our lives that we do not want observers to see. Or performers may exaggerate the relationships they have with others as being special. Identity is sensed as feelings of the participants that they are of special significance to one another. One form of impression management is mystification, a technique employed to keep the observers in awe of oneself. This requires the maintenance of social distance and regulating contact with others.
Goffman argues against the historical tendency to distinguish between two types of actions: (1) the real performance, uncontrived and occurring as the unconscious response to the environmental conditions surrounding the actor; and (2) the false performance, which is not a response to the specific conditions around the actor. There is no intrinsic relationship between appearance and reality. An actor can manage their own impressions of reality by acting in a dishonest fashion. All reality is socially constructed.
Hall (1996) does not fully side with the notion that all reality is socially constructed. Identity can form out of a reaction or rebellion to social constructions that limit the individual or group to being stigmatized. Hall places a little more emphasis on the individual's choices and the ability of the individual to act voluntarily in response to his surroundings, but he still invokes quite a bit of structuralism. Identity is shaped in part by historical events, the environment, others impressions, and a person's perceptions; however, based on changes in how blacks were able to adapt and change their selfhood and their impressions on others, he…
